介詞和動詞短語【考情分析】介詞在英語中比較活躍，然而在高考中直接考查介詞的題不是很多，但是介詞卻是考生最容易犯錯誤的語法項目之一。預(yù)計2022年高考對介詞的考查將不再局限于單個介詞，將會更加注重對介詞固定搭配中的介詞的考查，精細(xì)化考查介詞短語的辨析。在學(xué)習(xí)介詞時，應(yīng)重點掌握介詞的基本用法，同時注意總結(jié)其與名詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞等搭配構(gòu)成的短語的意思和用法。高考英語側(cè)重考查動詞和動詞短語在不同語境中的運用。同學(xué)們在學(xué)習(xí)時，最好把動詞或動詞短語放在具體的句中中，加以領(lǐng)會具體用法。還可以借助閱讀，在短文中理解動詞及動詞短語的實際意義，因為通過具體語境可以獲得更好的學(xué)習(xí)效果?！究键c梳理】考點一介詞一.介詞的分類分類特點例詞簡單介詞即一個介詞about,across,after,against,among,around,at,below,

beyond,during,in,on等等。合成介詞由兩個介詞構(gòu)成的合成詞into,onto,throughout,upon,within短語介詞由短語構(gòu)成accordingto,becauseof,insteadof,upto,dueto,

owingto,thanksto等等。雙重介詞由兩個介詞搭配而成fromamong,frombehind,fromunder,tillafter,in

between等等。分詞介詞由現(xiàn)在分詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來considering(就……而論),

including，regarding，concerning等。兼類介詞由形容詞直接轉(zhuǎn)化而來like,unlike,near,next,

opposite等等。

二.介詞短語的語法功能

介詞不能獨立在句中做成份，介詞后必須與名詞、代詞、或動名詞構(gòu)成介詞短語在句中充當(dāng)一個成分，表示人、物、事件等與其它人、物、事件等之間的關(guān)系。介詞短語的功能

例

句作定語

Theydidn’tfind

thesolution

totheproblem.作狀語

Wehavebreakfast

atseven.（表時間）

Theywerelateforthemeeting

becauseoftheheavyrain.（表原因）

Whatdoyoumean

bydoingsuchathing?（表方法）

Nothingintheworldcouldlive

withoutairorwater.（表條件）作表語

WhenIpaidavisittoyouyesterday,youwerenot

athome.作賓語補(bǔ)足語

Ifoundtheoldbuilding

inabadcondition.

三.

表示相同或相似概念的介詞（短語）的區(qū)別表示的概念介詞（短語）區(qū)

別例

子時間in

on

atat在一個時間點上；in在一段時間之內(nèi)；on在具體某一天或具體的上午、下午、晚上。①at8o'clock,atnoon②inthe1990s,inJanuary③onMonday,onawarmmorningsince

fromsince指從過去到現(xiàn)在的一段時間，和完成時連用；from指從時間的某一點開始。①Wehavenotseeneachothersince1995.②Ihopetodomorningexercisesfromtoday.in,

afterin指在一段時間之后，用于一般將來時，也可以指一段時間之內(nèi)=within；after表示某一具體時間點之后，用于一般過去時。①We’llbebackinthreedays.②Aheend

attheendof

bytheendofintheend作“最后”、“終于”解，單獨作句子成分，后不接介詞of；attheendof表示“在……末梢”，“到……盡頭”，既可指時間，也可以指地上或物體。不可單獨使用；bytheend

of作“在……結(jié)束時”，“到……末為止”解，只能指時間。不可單獨使用。①Intheendtheyreachedaplaceofsafety.②Attheendoftheroadstandsabeautifulgarden.③TheydecidedtohaveanEnglisheveningattheendofthisweek.④Bytheendoflastmonthhehadfinishedthenovel.位置betweenamong一般說來，between表示兩者之間；among用于三者或三者以上之間。①Youaretositbetweenyourfatherandme.②Heisalwayshappyamonghisclassmates.注意：但有時說的雖然是三個以上的人或東西，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是兩兩相互間接關(guān)系時、在談到一些事物或一組事物，而把它們視為分居兩邊時以及在談事物間的差別時，要用between。①Agreementsweremadebetweenthe

differentcountries.②Thelittlevalleyliesbetweenhigh

mountains.③Theydon’tknowthedifferencebetweenwheat,riceandcoin.in

on

toin表示在某范圍內(nèi)；on指與什么毗鄰；to指在某范圍之外。①ChangchunisinthenortheastofChina.②MongoliaisonthenorthofChina.③JapanistotheeastofChina.on

inon只表示在某物的表面上，而用in表示占去某物一部分。①Thereisabookonthepieceofpaper.

②Thereisaninterestingarticleinthenewspaper.③Hedugaholeinthewall.in

intoin通常表示位置（靜態(tài)）；into表示動向，不表示目的地或位置。①Wewalkedinthepark.②Wewalkedintothepark.through

acrossthrough表示從內(nèi)部通過，與in有關(guān)；across則表示從一端至另一端在表面上的通過，與on有關(guān)。①Waterflowsthroughthepipe.②Theoldmanwalkedacrossthe

hecorneronthecorneratthecornerinthecorner表示在角落里，in指角的內(nèi)面；onthecorner表示“在角上”，on指的不是內(nèi)面，也不是外面，而含內(nèi)外兼有之意；atthecorner指“在拐角處”，at指的是拐角外附近的外面。①Thelampstandsinthecorneroftheroom.②Imetwithhimatthestreetcorner.③Hesatonthecornerofthetable.除了besides

except

but

exceptforbesides指“除了……還有；except指“除了，減去什么”，不能放在句首。but與except意思近似，表示“除了…..外”經(jīng)常用在no,all,nobody,anywhere,everything等和其他疑問詞后面。exceptfor表示“除...外，撇開”。①Allwentoutexceptme.②Ineversawhimreadinganythingbutthenewspaper.③Hisdiaryisgoodexceptforafewspellingmistakes.

動作at+名詞atdinner/table在吃飯

atwork在工作

atwar交戰(zhàn)atcards在玩牌

atwork在辦公

atplay在玩耍

atrest在休息

atschool在上學(xué)

atpress正在排印atchurch在做禮拜beyond+名詞beyond

belief難以置信

beyond

control無法控制

beyond

compare

無可比擬

beyond

description

難以形容beyond

expression

無法表達(dá)

beyond

suspicion

無可懷疑in+名詞或in

+名詞+of+名詞inthearmy在當(dāng)兵

inneedof需要

inaction在運轉(zhuǎn)inprogress在進(jìn)行

inoperation在運行中

in

use

開始使用in

sight看得見

in

store貯藏著in

course

of

construction正在興建當(dāng)中

in

(good)

repair維修良好的

in

course

of

shipment定的貨正在運輸途中

in

charge

of

負(fù)責(zé)

in

the

charge

of

由……負(fù)責(zé)

in

possession

of

擁有

in

the

possession

of

被……擁有on+名詞onbusiness辦事/出差

onholiday/vacation/leave在休假onwatch值班

onduty值勤/日onguard在值勤

onstrike在罷工onsale出售

onloan借貸onthemove在移動，搬遷，離開

onthemarch在行軍ontheair在廣播

on

fire在燃燒on

trial在試用

on

show/display/exhibition在展出under+名詞undercontrol在被控制之中

underdiscussion在被討論中underdevelopment在被發(fā)展中

underobservation在被觀察中undertest在被測試

underconstruction在被建設(shè)中underfire在炮火中

underexamination在被檢查/調(diào)查中underconsideration在被考慮中

underrepair在被修理中under

arrest被被逮捕中

under

attack在被襲擊中under

medical

treatment在被治療中

under

study在被研究中

其他againstone’sopinion反對某人的見解forone’sopinion同意某人的見解above

reproach無可指責(zé)，無可非議

above

suspicion不受懷疑above

criticism無可指責(zé)atthemercyof在……支配下；任由……擺布for

sale供出售

for

rent供出租

within

sight看得見四.容易混淆的介詞固定搭配的詞組類

型舉

例差一冠詞，大相徑庭infrontof（在……前面)——inthefrontof（在……前部）

inchargeof（負(fù)責(zé)）——inthechargeof（由……負(fù)責(zé)）

outofquestion（毫無疑問）——outofthequestion（不可能）

attable（在吃飯；在吃飯時）——atthetable（在桌子旁邊）有無介詞，意義不同knowsb.認(rèn)識某人——knowaboutsb.了解某人

shootsb.擊中某人——shootatsb.向某人射擊searchsb.搜身——searchforsb.搜尋某人

believesb.相信某人的話——believeinsb.信任某人的人格

benefitsb.使某人受益——benefitfromsb.從某人那里得到益處畫蛇添足，誤加介詞servethepeople為人民服務(wù)（容易在serve后加for）

entertheroom進(jìn)入房間（容易在enter后加into）followme跟在我后面（容易在follow后加behind）

marrysb.與某人結(jié)婚（容易在marry后加with）goabroad出國（容易在go后面加to）

liveupstairs住在樓上（容易在live后面加in）母語思維，誤用介詞becaughtintherain被雨淋著（不用by）

leaveforsomeplace動身去某地（不用to）

setanexampleto

sb.為某人樹立榜樣（不用for）

inthedirection朝著……方向（不用to）

doafavorforsb.幫某人一個忙（不用to）

differentfrom和……不同（不用with）

withthehelpof在……的幫助下（不用under）

stealsth.fromsb.偷某人的東西（不用of）readsth.tosb.給（為）……讀（念）……（不用for）?？冀樵~短語：Ａ1.accordingto根據(jù)2.aheadof在…之前3.allover遍及4.apartfrom除了,（除…以外尚有）5.asfor至于；就…方面說來6.asfaras遠(yuǎn)至,到...程度7.asgoodas和...幾乎一樣8.attheendof在……結(jié)尾7.anumberof許多的10.aswellas和……一樣11.alongwith一道Ｂ12.becauseof由于13.bymeansof依靠;借助于14.badlyoff急缺15.butfor要不是16.dueto由于；因…造成Ｅ17.eversince從那以后18.exceptfor(不同類中的)除此以外Ｆ19.farfrom遠(yuǎn)非;遠(yuǎn)離20.forfearof以免；以防21.forthesakeof為了,為了...的利益Ｉ22.inspiteof盡管23.infrontof在…前面24.inregardto關(guān)于；對于25.intermsof根據(jù);以…為單位26.insteadof而不是；反而27.inneedof需要；缺少28.infavorof贊同;支持29.in(the)chargeof主管；負(fù)責(zé)30.inhonorof為慶祝；為紀(jì)念31.insearchof搜索;為了尋找32.intouchwith與…保持聯(lián)絡(luò)33.inaccordancewith與...一致,按照34.inadditionto除...之外(還)35.incaseof假如,防備36.inlinewith與...一致37.inplaceof代替,取代,交換38.inreturnfor作為對...報答39.instepwith與...一致/協(xié)調(diào)40.inthecourseof在...期間/過程中41.intheeventof如果...發(fā)生,萬一42.inmemoryof為了紀(jì)念Ｌ43.lessthan少于，不到Ｍ44.morethan超過;不只是45.nothingbut僅僅；只不過Ｎ46.nextto緊鄰;在…近旁;僅次于Ｏ47.onbehalfof代表48.otherthan不同于49.outof.出于；出自50.onthepointof即將...的時刻51.oppositeto在對面52.otherthan除了;不同于Ｒ53.regardlessof不顧54.ratherthan而不是Ｓ55.suchas比如56.shortof缺少Ｔ57.thanksto幸虧；由于Ｕ58.upto達(dá)到；多達(dá)Ｗ59.withreferenceto關(guān)于,參照60.withrespectto關(guān)于，（至于）談到【對點訓(xùn)練】單項選擇Group11．Sheisproudthatbothherchildrenhaveatalent________music.A．in B．of C．for D．a(chǎn)t【答案】C2．What’swrongwithTom?Hedisagreed________whateverIsaidyesterday.A．on B．to C．with D．in【答案】C3．________thetopconcernsofthecollegeteachers,theytrytomakethenewstudentsadapt________thenewcollegelifehere.A．On;at B．Between:with C．Over;in D．Among;to【答案】D4．Astourismdevelops,peoplearebecomingincreasinglyconcerned______theenvironment.A．a(chǎn)bout B．to C．of D．than【答案】A5．______argumentsover“stupidthings”nowandthen,Alistairagreesthathavingabrotherisanadvantage.A．Unless B．Thus C．Therefore D．Despite【答案】D6．______butterfliesinmystomach,Ibreatheddeeplytointroducemyself.A．As B．On C．To D．With【答案】D7．Whenheapplied__________college,hedecidedtoworkhardathissubject.A．of B．on C．to D．a(chǎn)bout【答案】C8．Thenewtechnologywasapplied________farming.Iwanttoapply________theposition.A．on,for B．to,on C．for,to D．to,for【答案】DGroup21．Mr.Wangis__________ourclass.A．inthecharge B．inchargeof C．inthechargeof D．incharge2．Thenarratordoubtsifthere’sanybodytherewhoisindifferentbetweenthechoices,indifferent________thechoicebetweenthesetwolives.A．infavorof B．inhonorofC．inplaceof D．inregardto3．Theyweregivennothing________drybreadandwaterfortheireveningmeal.A．otherthan B．ratherthan C．morethan D．lessthan4．Mygoalwastolose150poundsinoneyearandraise$50,000________amovementfounded30yearsagotoendhunger.A．infavourof B．inneedof C．inplaceof D．insearchof5．Wehavemuchtolookforwardtointhefuture,thankstoadvancesintechnology.I’msurethatAIdoctorsare________.A．intheway B．onthespot C．intheend D．onthehorizon6．Thelittlegirldancedaroundhermother________her.A．a(chǎn)tthesightof B．catchsightof C．a(chǎn)tfirstsight D．outofsight7．Toourjoy,thehotelitselfcanhold70guestsand,______,thereareseveralself-cookingapartments.A．inparticular B．inturn C．inadvance D．inaddition8．Thesteamboatwasfullyfurnishedwithrescueequipment.Thepassengersmightbesaved______accidents.A．inspiteof B．insearchof C．incaseof D．inplaceof9．Thecompanyisputtingmoremoneyintothebuildingofanewfactory_______thefastgrowingdemandfortheproductsinthemarket.A．inresponseto B．inreturnfor C．incaseof D．inchargeof10．Manyenterprisingyoungpeoplepresenttheirideas________gettinginvestmentandadvicetostarttheirownbusiness.A．a(chǎn)tthecostof B．bymeansof C．a(chǎn)saresultof D．inthehopeof11．WithMother’sDay____,Maxwantstoseizetheopportunitytoexpresshisloveforhismother.A．onthewhole B．onthecontrary C．onthehorizon D．onthecorner12．Thecustomerpraisedthemanager,who,______praisedhisstaff.A．a(chǎn)trandom B．bychance C．inturn D．onoccasion13．—Hey,Leo,doyoufancyseeingmovies?—Definitely.SomeofthemarenotbadandthefilmTheShawshankRedemption,________isexcellent.A．incommon B．intotalC．inparticular D．ingeneral14．Studentsareencouragedtotakecontroloftheirownlearning,________justdependingontheteacher.A．ratherthan B．inspiteof C．dueto D．inturn15．JaneandTomaregoodfriends.Sheisgivinghimpianolessons__________hishelpwithherEnglish.A．infavorof B．inexchangeforC．inhonorof D．inplaceof16．Ihaveofferedtopaintthehouse________aweek’saccommodation.A．inrespectof B．inexchangefor C．bymeansof D．inplaceof17．Ilikeallsortsofsports,badminton_________.A．inturn B．infact C．inpanic D．inparticular18．Thestocklost60penceashare,________lastyearwhenitgained21pence.A．insteadof B．inreturnforC．incontrastto D．ratherthan19.Itakethreemealsadayatthesametimeeachday,________holidays.A．regardlessof B．becauseof C．insteadof D．inchargeof單句語法填空11．Mr.Mengsaidthatchallengesatseniorhighmightputthem________pressure.12．Asyoungpeople,wearesupposedtoshowrespectforthosewhoaresenior________us.13．Itwillbeashorttimebeforeweadapt________thenewenvironment.14．PeoplesaythattheBritishalwaysplaysafe________whattheyeat.15．Rather________cuttingoutthefoodsIenjoyed,Iaddedhealthyfoodstomymeals.16．________(like)HainanIsland,theclimateinthenorthisusuallycoolinautumn.Thehungryandexhaustedboyscheeredup________thesightofdeliciousfood.18．Theyfellinlove________firstsightandthengotmarried.19．________________yourrequest,IamwritingtogiveyousometipsonhowtolearnChinesewell.20．_______hiscredit,theboygavebackthemoneyhefoundandbecamearesponsibleman.【上海高考真題及模擬試題精選】語法填空A（2022·上海嘉定·二模）Directions:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagescoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,

useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.WillRobotsTakeYourJobintheFuture?In2013,researchersatOxfordUniversitydidastudyonthefutureofwork.Theyconcludedthatalmostoneineverytwojobshaveahighriskof____1____(automate)bymachines.Machinelearningisthetechnologythat’sresponsibleformostofthissituation.It’sthemostpowerfulbranchofartificialintelligence.Itallowsmachinestolearnfromdataandimitatesomeofthethings____2____humanscando.Machinelearningstartedmakingitswayintoindustryintheearly1990s.Itstartedwithrelativelysimpletasks.Itstartedwiththings____3____assessingcreditriskfromloanapplications,sortingthemailbyreadinghandwrittencharactersfromzipcodes.Overthepastfewyears,we____4____(make)dramaticbreakthroughs.Machinelearningisnowcapableoffar,far____5____(complex)tasks.In2012,Kagglechallengeditscommunity____6____(build)analgorithm(算法)thatcouldgradehigh-schoolessays.Thewinningalgorithmswereabletomatchthegradesgivenbyhumanteachers.Now,____7____(give)therightdata,machinesaregoingtooutperformhumansattaskslikethis.Ateacher____8____read10,000essaysovera40-yearcareer.Amachinecanreadmillionsofessayswithinminutes.Wehavenochanceofcompetingagainstmachinesonfrequent,high-volumetasks.Buttherearethingswecandothatmachinescan’tdo.____9____machineshavemadeverylittleprogressisindealingwithnovelsituations.Theycan’thandlethingstheyhaven’tseenmanytimesbefore.Thefundamentallimitationofmachinelearningisthatitneedstolearnfromlargevolumesofpastdata.Now,humansdon’t.Wehavetheabilitytoconnectseeminglydifferentthreadstosolveproblemswe’veneverseenbefore.Machinescannotcompetewithuswhenitcomestodealingwithnovelsituations,andthis_____10_____(put)afundamentallimitonthehumantasksthatmachineswillautomate.B（2022·上?！じ裰轮袑W(xué)模擬預(yù)測）Directions:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagescoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.TheNewZealandgovernmenthasbannedthesaleofexistinghomestoforeignbuyers,sayingNewZealandersweresickofbeing“tenantsinourownland”.AssociateministeroffinanceDavidParkersaidthebanwouldmeanhousingwouldbecome____11____(affordable)forlocals,andsupplywouldincrease.“WethinkthemarketforNewZealandhomesandfarmsshouldbesetbyNewZealandbuyers____12____overseasbuyers,”saidParkerinaninterviewwiththeGuardian.“ThatistobenefitNewZealanderswhohavetheirshouldertothewheeloftheNewZealandeconomy,paytaxhere,havefamilieshere.Wedon’tthinkthey____13____beoutbid(出價高于)bywealthierpeople____14____overseas.”O(jiān)nlyaquarterofadultsinNewZealandowntheirownhome,____15____(compare)withhalfin1991,andinthelastfiveyearshomelessfigureshaveincreased,____16____someNewZealandersforcedtoliveincars,garagesandunderbridges.AreportbytheEconomistin2017foundNewZealandhadthemostunaffordablehousepricesintheworld,withpricesinAuckland____17____(climb)75%inthelastfouryears,____18____themarkethascooledinrecentmonths.NewZealandhasbecomeadestinationforChinese,AustralianandAsianbuyersand____19____(gain)areputationasabolthole(refuge)fortheworld’swealthy,whoviewitasasafehavenfromapotentialnuclearconflict,theriseofterrorismandcivilunrest,orsimplyasaplacetogetawayfromitall._____20_____thelatestfiguresfromstatisticsNewZealand,3.3%ofhomessoldinthelastquarterweretoforeigners,withthebulkofthebuyersChinese,followedbyAustralians.TaxresidentsoftheUK,USandHongKongwerealsoamongthebiggestbuyersofproperty.閱讀理解（2023·上海中學(xué)模擬預(yù)測）Asartificial-intelligenceproductssteadilyimproveatpretendingtobehuman—anAIproducedvoicethatbooksrestaurantreservationsbyphone,forexample,orachatrobotthatanswersconsumers’questionsonline—peoplewillincreasinglybeputintheunsettlingsituationofnotknowingwhethertheyaretalkingtoamachine.Butthetruthmaymakesuchproductslesseffective:recentresearchfindsatrade-offbetweentransparency(透明度)andcooperationinhuman-computerinteractions.Thestudyusedasimplegameinwhichpairedplayersmakeaseriesofdecisionstocooperatewithorbetraytheirpartner.Inthelongrun,itpaysforbothtokeepcooperating—butthereisalwaysthetemptationtobetrayandearnextrapointsshortterm,atthepartner’sexpense.TheresearchersusedanAlalgorithm(算法)that,whenposingasaperson,implementedastrategythatwasbetterthanpeopleareatgettinghumanpartnerstocooperate.Butpreviousworksuggestedpeopletendtodisbelievemachines,sothescientistswonderedwhatwouldhappeniftherobotrevealeditselfassuch.Theteamhopedpeopleplayingwithaknownrobotwouldrecognizeitsabilitytocooperate(withoutbeingapushover)andwouldeventuallygetpasttheirdisbelief.“Sadly,wefailedatthisgoal,”saysTalalRahwan,acomputerscientistatNewYorkUniversityinAbuDhabiandaseniorauthoronthepaper,publishedlastNovemberinNatureMachineIntelligence.“Nomatterwhatthealgorithmdid,peoplejuststucktotheirprejudice.”Arobotplayingopenlyasarobotwaslesslikelytogetcooperationthananotherhuman,eventhoughitsstrategywasclearlymorebeneficialtobothplayers.(Ineachmode,therobotplayed50roundsagainstatleast150individuals.)Inanadditionalexperiment,playersweretold,“Datasuggestthatpeoplearebetteroffiftheytreattherobotasifitwereahuman.”Ithadnoeffect.VirginiaDignum,wholeadstheSocialandEthicalArtificialIntelligencegroupatUmeaUniversityinSwedenandwasnotinvolvedinthestudy,praisestheresearchersforexploringthetransparency-efficacytrade-off,butshewouldliketoseeittestedbeyondthepaper’sparticularsetup.Theauthorssaythatinthepublicfield,peopleshouldbeaskedforagreementtobedeceivedaboutarobot’sidentity.Itcannotbeonaninteraction-byinteractionbasis,orelsethe“deception”obviouslywillnotwork.Butblanketpermissionforoccasionaldeception,evenifitcanbeobtained,stillraisesethicalquandaries(道德困境).Dignumsayshumansshouldhavetheoptiontoknowaftertheyhaveinteractedwitharobot-butifsheiscallingcustomerservicewithasimplequestion,sheadds,“Ijustwanttogetmyanswer.”5．Theword“trade-off”isclosestinmeaningto__________.A．balancing B．combining C．distinction D．a(chǎn)greement6．Accordingtothepassage,whatattitudedopeoplegenerallytaketowardsrobots?A．Highlypositive. B．Casual. C．Stronglyopposed. D．Distrustful.7．Whatcanbeinferredabouttheresearchfindingsfromthepassage?A．Theyfailtosupporttheresearchers’assumption.B．Theywilldrawpeople’sattentiontorobots’problems.C．Theyaredifferentfromthepreviousresearchfindings.D．Theycanexplainwhypeopletreatarobotlikeahuman.8．Accordingtothepassage,whatisVirginiaDignummostlikelytoagreewith?A．TalalRahwan’sresearchfindingscan’tapplytothereal-worldsituations.B．Blanketpermissionforinteractingwitharobotdoesmoreharmthangood.C．Peopleneedn’tbetoldthattheyareinteractingwitharobotonalloccasions.D．Therelationshipbetweentransparencyandefficacyhasbeenfullyexplored.六選四（2020·上海寶山·二模）As2019drawstoaclose,itcanbehelpfultothinkaboutfinishingwhatyouhavestarted.Withthatinmind,herearesomethoughtsonfinishingprojectsandseasonswell.FinishingprojectsOnesteptofinishingaprojectcomesnearthebeginning:definewhatitmeansfortheprojecttobefinished.Thiscouldmeangettinganarticlepublished,submittingareporttoyourbossorteacher,orcreatingdesignsforaproduct.___17___.Inordertofinishprojects,youmustalsoplanoutthestepsyouwilltake.Breakyourbigtaskintosmallerones,andgiveyourselfashort-termdeadlineforeachofthem.___18___.Thenwhenyoudofinish-celebrate!Takesometimetoenjoyyouraccomplishmentandrewardyourselfforallyourhardwork.Alsotakesometimetoconsiderhowtheprojectwentwhatyoudidwell,andwhatneedsimprovement.___19___.FinishingtheyearAswecometotheendof2019,it’sgoodtotakesometimetopauseandreflectonthepastyear.Whatgoalsdidyoureachorwhathaveyoulearned?Whatwouldyouliketododifferentlynextyear?Whileyou’rethinking,considerthingsyou’rethankfulforfromtheyear.Youcouldmakealistof12,oneforeachmonth,or52,oneforeachweek.Orjustwritedownasmanythingsasyoucanthinkof.Thiswillhelpyouendtheyearwithapositiveattitude.___20___.Ifyoumademistakes,recognizethemandthenmoveon.Noonecanchangethepast,butyoucanlearnfromitandcreateanewfuture.Byfinishingprojectsandyearswell,youcanmovetowardyourlong-termgoalsandsetyourselfupforfuturetriumphs.A．LearningfromyourachievementsandmistakeswillsetyouupforcontinuedsuccessB．TheanswerstothesequestionsmayhelpyoudevelopresolutionsforthenextyearC．Whateveritis,ifyoudon’tknowwhatyourgoalis,you’renotlikelytoreachitD．Anddon’tneglectsayingthankyoutothepeopleresponsibleforthingsonyourlistE．ThencommittofollowingyourplantotheendF．Butreflectingonthepastdoesn’tmeanbeinginvolvedinyourfailures完形填空（2023·上海中學(xué)模擬預(yù)測）Withbillionsofstarsinourgalaxy(銀河系),manycircledbyplanets,thechancesarethereshouldbeadvancedlifecapableofreachingouttous.Yetafterdecadesoflookingandlistening,wehavefound_____48_____.ThisapparentconflictisknownasFermi’sparadox-Somehaveusedittoarguethatthesearchforextraterrestrial(外星球的)intelligence(SETI)issureto_____49_____.ButamathematicalanalysisofSETIsearchesdonesofarclaimsthattheusualexplanationfortheparadox—thatthereisnobodyoutthere—is_____50_____.Instead,itsuggeststhebestexplanationissimplythatwehavebarelyscratchedthesurfaceinour_____51_____forextraterrestrialintelligence.JasonWrightatPennsylvaniaStateUniversityandhiscolleaguesanalysedthemanyvariablesinvolvedinSETI,whichinvolvessearchingforradiosignalsfromother_____52_____.Theseincludewhattolookfor,wheretolook,howoftenandforhowlong.Theythendevisedanequationthatcomputesthe_____53_____ofthegalaxycheckedsofar.TheteamsaysthatthevolumeofthegalaxythathasbeencheckedbySETIsofarisroughly_____54_____tojustasinglebathtubofwaterintheworld’soceans.“Youdon’thavetodoacalculationtosaywe’veonlyjust_____55_____,”saysDuncanForganattheUniversityofStAndrews,UK,whoisamemberoftheUKSETIresearchnetwork.”Butthey’vedoneanicejobofshowingthehugescaleoftheproblem_____56_____.“AswellasputtingSETIincontext,theequationcanhelpresearchersseewhichsearchtechniqueshavebeenusedlessthanothers.______57______,weonlydevelopedthetechnologytolistenforhigherradiofrequenciesquiterecently.”Butwe’regettingbetteratthat,sothatvariablewillnowshrink,“saysForgan.However,advancesin______58______willonlytakeussofar.Certainvariables,suchashowoftenamessagefromspacemightberepeated,cannotbe______59______.Asignalsentonceayearcanonlybelistenedoutforonceayear.”Therearethingswecandobetterandthingswecan’t,”saysForgan.“Wejusthaveto______60______andwaitfortheuniversetodoitsthing.”Forganhasabookcomingoutthatdiscusses66potential______61______forFermi’sparadox.TheyincludethepossibilitythatEarthissomehowunusualinitsabilitytoharbourintelligentlifeorthattechnologicalcivilisationsarerare.Orperhapstheyare______62______butshort-lived.“Geneticornucleardisastersmightwipeyouout,”saysForgan.48．A．nothing B．something C．a(chǎn)nything D．everything49．A．a(chǎn)rrive B．join C．fail D．improve50．A．possible B．simple C．relative D．false51．A．hunt B．love C．service D．region52．A．individuals B．civilisations C．surroundings D．organisations53．A．source B．centre C．edge D．part54．A．subject B．equivalent C．a(chǎn)vailable D．committed55．A．remembered B．mentioned C．described D．started56．A．progressively B．mathematically C．synthetically D．occasionally57．A．Forexample B．What’smore C．Insummary D．Bycomparison58．A．technology B．computation C．radioactivity D．a(chǎn)stronomy59．A．measured B．challenged C．changed D．interpreted60．A．setoff B．sitback C．putup D．takedown61．A．demands B．benefits C．explanations D．a(chǎn)pplications62．A．weird B．boring C．exciting D．common概要寫作（2022·上海市光明中學(xué)模擬預(yù)測）Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaofthepassageandhowitisillustrated.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.HowWeFindOurDirectionPsychologistshavefoundthattherearetwomainwaysthatsuccessfultravelersusetonavigate(確定位置)theirenvironment.Thefirstistofollowafixedroutefromheretothere.Cognitive(認(rèn)知的)psychologistBarbaraTverskydescribesroutenavigationasaseriesofpathsandchoicepointsthatisbasicallyselfcentered:itisconstructedforthepurposeofreachingoneparticulargoalfromafixedstartingpoint,andtheentirejourneyisexplainedfromthepointofviewofthetraveler.Thesecondnavigationalstrategyinvolvesabird’s-eyeview—amapofthegeneralarea.Mapsareoverviews,“surveysofaspaceofpossibilities,”

thatlayoutavarietyofpossiblepaths.Mapsalmostalwaysrelyoncardinaldirections(基本方位),usuallyeast-westandnorth-south,thatanchorthemtoalargerspace.Whenweuseamaptogetsomewhere,itisuptoustofigureoutthemostproperroute,orthealternatives,forourselves.Sohowdoesthisworkoutintherealworld?Inher2019book,MindinMotion,Tverskyacknowledgesthatmostofusdonotcarryafiledrawerofmapsinourheads.Instead,weuseacombinationofmethodstogetwherewearegoing:parttum-by-tumdirections,partbird’s-eyeview,andpartgeneralmap-likeinformation(it’ssomewherenearthecenteroftown;we’llbe