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UNITTHREE
Metal-CuttingProcessChipFormationText1CuttingSpeed,FeedandDepthofCutText2SurfaceQualityText3
Grammars(語(yǔ)法)Text4UNITTHREE
Metal-CuttingProc
TEXT1ChipFormationNewWordsandPhrases(生詞和短語(yǔ))Notes(課文注釋)ReadingMaterials(閱讀材料)
TEXT1ChipFormationNewNewWordsandPhrases
(生詞和短語(yǔ))
cutting[5kQtiN]
n.切削
interaction[7intEr5AkFEn]
n.相互作用workpiece[5w?:kpi:s]
n.工件select[si5lekt]
v.挑選,選擇rigidity[ri5dViditi:]
n.剛性,硬度f(wàn)luid[5flu:id]
n.液體clamp[klAmp]
v.夾住,夾緊assume[E5sju:m]
v.假定,假設(shè)appearance[E5piErEns]
n.外觀,外表indicate[5indikeit]
v.指出,顯示geometry[dVi5Cmitri]幾何學(xué)differentiate[7difE5renFieit]
v.區(qū)別,區(qū)分discontinuous[5diskEn5tinjuEs]
adj.不連續(xù)的NewWordsandPhrases
(生詞和短語(yǔ))
segmental[seg5mentEl]
adj.部分的,斷節(jié)的represent[7repri5zent]
v.表現(xiàn),象征shear[FiE]
v.剪,剪切strain[strein]
n.應(yīng)變,張力exceed[ik5si:d]
v.超越,勝過fracture[5frAktFE,5frAktFE(r)]
n.破裂,骨折ductile[5dQktEl,-7tail]
adj.易延展的,柔軟的rake[reik]
n.斜度
angle[5ANgl]
n.角,角落friction[5frikFEn]
n.摩擦,摩擦力curl[[kE:l]
v.使卷曲grinding[5graindiN]磨,碾recess[ri5ses]
n.凹進(jìn)處brazing[5breiziN]焊接screwing螺栓連接
機(jī)電專業(yè)英語(yǔ)unit-3課件Notes
(課文注釋)[1]Thisinteractionisinfluencedbytheselectedcuttingconditions(cuttingspeed,feed,anddepthofcut),cuttingfluids,theclampingofthetoolandworkpiece,andtherigidityofthemachine.翻譯:影響這個(gè)相互作用過程的主要因素包括:選定的切削條件(切削速度、進(jìn)給量和切削深度)、使用的切削液、刀具和工件的裝夾方式以及機(jī)床的剛度。Notes
(課文注釋)[1]Thisinteracti[2]Thistypeofchip,inthiscase,whichrepresentsthecuttingofmostbrittlematerialssuchascastironandcastbrass,thestressesaheadofthecuttingedgecausefracture.翻譯:這類切屑在加工某些脆性材料時(shí)產(chǎn)生,例如,鑄鐵以及鑄造黃銅,切削刃作用在切削上的切削力促使其斷裂。[2]Thistypeofchip,inthis[3]Continuousandlongchipsmaybedifficulttohandleand,consequently,thetoolmustbeprovidedwithachipbreaker,whichcurlsandbreaksthechipintoshortlengths.翻譯:長(zhǎng)而連續(xù)的切屑在生產(chǎn)過程中往往難以處理,因此,刀具上必須具有斷屑器,用來將切屑卷起來并斷為小段。[3]ContinuousandlongchipsReadingMaterials
(閱讀材料)MotionsofMetalCutting(金屬切削加工時(shí)的運(yùn)動(dòng))Theunwantedmaterialinmetal-cuttingprocessesisremovedbyarigidcuttingtool,sothatthedesiredgeometry,tolerances(公差),andsurfaceroughnessareobtained.Examplesofprocessesinthisgroupareturning,drilling,reaming,milling,shaping,planing,broaching,grinding,honing,andlapping.在金屬切削加工中,多余的材料由剛性刀具切除,以獲得需要的幾何形狀、公差和表面粗糙度。屬于此類加工方法的例子有車削、鉆削、鉸削、銑削、牛頭刨削、龍門刨削、拉削、磨削、珩磨和研磨。ReadingMaterials
(閱讀材料)MotionMostofthecuttingormachiningprocessesarebasedonatwo-dimensionalsurfacecreation,whichmeansthattworelativemotionsarenecessarybetweenthecuttingtoolandtheworkmaterial.Thesemotionsaredefinedastheprimarymotion,whichmainlydeterminesthecuttingspeed,andthefeedmotion,whichprovidesthecuttingzonewithnewmaterial.大多數(shù)切削加工(或稱機(jī)械加工)過程是以二維表面成形法為基礎(chǔ)的。也就是說,刀具與工件材料之間需要兩種相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)。一種定義為主運(yùn)動(dòng)(決定切削速度),另一種定義為進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)(向切削區(qū)提供新的加工材料)。MostofthecuttingormachiniInturningtheprimarymotionisprovidedbytherotationoftheworkpiece,andinplaningitisprovidedbythetranslationofthetable;inturningthefeedmotionisacontinuoustranslationofthetool,andinplaningitisanintermittenttranslationofthetool.車削時(shí),工件的回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)是主運(yùn)動(dòng);龍門刨床刨削時(shí),工作臺(tái)的直線運(yùn)動(dòng)是主運(yùn)動(dòng)。車削時(shí),刀具連續(xù)的直線運(yùn)動(dòng)是進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng);而在龍門刨削時(shí),刀具間歇的直線運(yùn)動(dòng)是進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)。機(jī)電專業(yè)英語(yǔ)unit-3課件
TEXT2
CuttingSpeed,FeedandDepthofCutNewWordsandPhrases(生詞和短語(yǔ))Notes(課文注釋)ReadingMaterials(閱讀材料)
TEXT2
CuttingSpeed,FNewWordsandPhrases
(生詞和短語(yǔ))
cuttingspeed切削速度instantaneous[7instEn5teinjEs]
adj.瞬時(shí)的,瞬間的motion[5mEuFEn]
n.運(yùn)動(dòng)edge[edV]
n.刀口,利刃turning[5t?:niN]車削drilling[5driliN]鉆削milling[5miliN]銑削diameter[dai5AmitE]
n.直徑spindlerotation主軸kinematic[7kaini5mAtik]
adj.運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)的feedmotion進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)primarymotion主運(yùn)動(dòng)repeated[ri5pi:tid]
adj.重復(fù)的NewWordsandPhrases
(生詞和短語(yǔ))
enhance[in5ha:ns]
v.增強(qiáng),提高removal[ri5mu:vEl]
n.移動(dòng),切除proceed[prE5si:d]
v.進(jìn)行,繼續(xù)下去revolution[7revE5lu:FEn]
n.旋轉(zhuǎn),革命stroke[strEuk]
n.行程tooth[tu:W]
n.牙齒,文中指刀具的齒displacement[dis5pleismEnt]
n.位移,轉(zhuǎn)移successive[sEk5sesiv]
adj.連續(xù)的engagement[in5geidVmEnt]
n.接合,婚約,文中指吃刀深度original[E5ridVinEl]
adj.原始的dimension[di5menFEn]
n.尺寸,尺度axial[5Aksi:El]
adj.軸的,軸向的decrease[di:5kri:s]
v.減少radius[5reidjEs]
n.半徑機(jī)電專業(yè)英語(yǔ)unit-3課件Notes
(課文注釋)[1]Thecuttingspeedistheinstantaneousvelocityoftheprimarymotionofthetoolrelativetotheworkpiece(ataselectedpointonthecuttingedge).翻譯:切削速度是主運(yùn)動(dòng)中刀具(在切削刃的指定點(diǎn))相對(duì)工件的瞬時(shí)速度。Notes
(課文注釋)[1]Thecuttingsp[2]Whereisthecuttingspeedinm/min,dthediameteroftheworkpiecetobecutinmeters,andtheworkpieceorspindlerotationinr/min.翻譯:式中為切削速度,其單位為m/min;d是工件上將要切削部分的直徑,其單位為m;n是工件或主軸的轉(zhuǎn)速,單位為r/min。[2]Whereisthecuttingspe[3]Thefeedmotionfisprovidedtothetoolortheworkpieceand,whenaddedtotheprimarymotion,leadstoarepeatedorcontinuouschipremovalandthecreationofthedesiredmachinedsurface.翻譯:在主運(yùn)動(dòng)之外,當(dāng)?shù)毒呋蚬ぜ鬟M(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)f時(shí),便產(chǎn)生重復(fù)的或連續(xù)的切屑切除過程,從而形成所要求的加工表面。[3]Thefeedmotionfisprovi[4]Forturninganddrilling,thefeedfismeasuredperrevolution(mm/rev)oftheworkpieceorthetool;forplanningandshaping,thefeedrismeasuredperstroke(mm/stroke)ofthetoolortheworkpiece.Inmillingthefeedismeasuredpertoothofthecutterfz(mm/tooth);thatis,fzisthedisplacementoftheworkpiecebetweenthecuttingactionoftwosuccessiveteeth.perrevolution(mm/rev):每轉(zhuǎn)的相對(duì)移動(dòng)量(mm/rev)perstroke(mm/stroke):每次行程的相對(duì)移動(dòng)(mm/stroke)pertooth(mm/tooth):每齒進(jìn)給量(mm/tooth)。翻譯:對(duì)于車削和鉆削,進(jìn)給量f以工件或刀具每轉(zhuǎn)的相對(duì)移動(dòng)量(mm/rev)來表示;對(duì)于龍門刨削和牛頭刨削,進(jìn)給量r以刀具或工件每次行程的相對(duì)移動(dòng)量(mm/stroke)來表示。對(duì)于銑削,以刀具的每齒進(jìn)給量fz(mm/tooth)來表示,fz是相鄰兩齒間工件的移動(dòng)距離。[4]Forturninganddrilling,ReadingMaterials
(閱讀材料)Vibration(振動(dòng))Shopsoftenoverlookvibrationissueswheninstallingmachinetoolsorequipment.However,planningforvibrationcontrol,optimallybeforeconstructinganowfacilityorduringredesignofanexistingone,cansaveshopsalotofmoneyinthelongrun.That’sbecauseisolatingmachinesandprocessesfromunwantedvibrationreducesfutureproblemssuchasbadpart-surfacefinishes,partsoutoftolerance,andevenphysiologicaldamagetoshoppersonnel.車間在安裝機(jī)床及設(shè)備時(shí)經(jīng)常忽視振動(dòng)問題。然而從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)角度來看,最好是在建造新的設(shè)施之前或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)有設(shè)備重新設(shè)計(jì)的過程中就規(guī)劃振動(dòng)問題,這樣可為車間節(jié)約許多費(fèi)用。這是因?yàn)閷?duì)于機(jī)器和加工來說,隔離有害的振動(dòng)會(huì)減少將會(huì)出現(xiàn)的一些麻煩,例如:局部粗糙度較差,零件超出公差范圍,甚至對(duì)車間工作人員生理上的傷害等。ReadingMaterials
(閱讀材料)VibratAccordingtoFabreekaInternationalInc.,Stoughton,Mass.,allstructures,includingmachinetoolsandotherequipment,vibrate,oroscillate,whendisplacedfromtheirequilibrium(static)positionandcontinuevibratingnaturallyuntildissipatingalltheenergyreceived.Vibrationisexpressedinfrequency,ornumberofoscillations/unitoftime.Theunit-cycles/seciscalledaHertz(Hz).根據(jù)美國(guó)馬薩諸塞州Fabeeka國(guó)際公司斯托頓先生的說法,包括機(jī)床及其他設(shè)備在內(nèi)的所有結(jié)構(gòu),離開它們的平衡位置并且連續(xù)自然地振動(dòng)直到耗盡所有接收到的能量,就是振動(dòng)或振蕩。振動(dòng)用頻率或單位時(shí)間的振動(dòng)次數(shù)來表達(dá)。周期/秒稱之為赫茲(Hz)。AccordingtoFabreekaInternatEveryphysicalsystempossessesanaturalvibration-frequencyproperty.Forsomesuchasaslabofsteel,thenaturalfrequencyishigh,andforothers,suchasrubber,itislow.Anisolator,whichsuppressesunwantedvibration,alsohasadampingpropertythatdecreasesthefrequencyamplitudeofanoscillatingsystem.每個(gè)物理系統(tǒng)都有其固有的振動(dòng)-頻率特性。比如像一塊鋼板,它的固有頻率高,而其他的,例如,橡膠,它的固有頻率低。抑制振動(dòng)的阻尼器也具有減小振蕩系統(tǒng)的頻率振幅阻尼特性。Everyphysicalsystempossesse
TEXT3TheSurfaceQualityNewWordsandPhrases(生詞和短語(yǔ))Notes(課文注釋)ReadingMaterials(閱讀材料)
TEXT3TheSurfaceQualiNewWordsandPhrases
(生詞和短語(yǔ))
satisfactory[7sAtis5fAktEri]
adj.滿意的deviate[5di:vieit]
v.背離,偏離theoretical[7WiE5retikEl]
adj.理論的,理論上的landscape[5lAndskeip]
n.風(fēng)景,山水畫roughness[5rQfnis]
n.粗糙度achievement[E5tFi:vmEnt]
n.成功,成就absence[5AbsEns]
n.缺席,缺乏particular[pE5tikjulE]
adj.特殊的,專門的attain[E5tein]
v.達(dá)到,獲得aspect[5Aspekt]
n.方面。【例】aspectof:某方面smooth[smu:?]
adj.光滑的specify[5spesifai]
v.指定,確定
simplicity[sim5plisiti]
n.簡(jiǎn)單NewWordsandPhrases
(生詞和短語(yǔ))
enhance[in5ha:ns]
v.增強(qiáng),提高arithmetical[7AriW5metikEl]
adj.算術(shù)的paragraph[5pArEgr:f]
n.段落interior[in5tiEriE]
adj.內(nèi)部的?!纠縤nteriorsurface:內(nèi)表面hydraulic[hai5drC:lik]
adj.液壓的?!纠縣ydrauliccylinder:液壓缸strut[strQt]
n.支柱?!纠縣ydraulicstrut:液壓支柱cylinder[5silindE]
n.汽缸piston[5pistEn]
n.活塞pistonrod活塞桿O-ringpackingsO型密封圈plainbearing滾動(dòng)軸承camface凸輪表面antifriction潤(rùn)滑劑moderately[5mCdErEtli]
adv.適當(dāng)?shù)?,合適地objectionable[Eb5dVekFEnEbEl]
adj.討厭的,有異議的enhance[in5ha:ns]v.增強(qiáng),提高enhance[in5ha:ns]
v.增強(qiáng),提高rotatingshaftbearing高速轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的軸承l(wèi)oadedbearings載重的軸承sealing-ringsgroove密封環(huán)槽commercial[kE5mE:FEl]
adj.商業(yè)的static[5stAtik]
adj.靜態(tài)的,靜止的plain[plein]
adj.簡(jiǎn)單的,平常的tension[5tenFEn]
n.張力,緊張subject[5sQbdVikt]
n.主題,學(xué)科concentration[7kCnsEn5treiFEn]
n.集中vibration[vai5breiFEn]
n.振動(dòng)precision[pri5siVEn]
n.精密度,精確度tolerance[5tClErEns]
n.耐受性severe[si5viE]
adj.嚴(yán)重的reversal[ri5v?:sEl]
n.反向,相反sliding[5slaidiN]
n.滑磊,滑動(dòng)bracket[brAkit]
n.支enhance[in5ha:ns]v.增強(qiáng),提高Notes
(課文注釋)[1]Withoutneedingtoknowhowtooperateaparticularmachinetoattainthedesireddegreeofsurfaceroughness,therearecertainaspectsofallthesemethodswhichshouldbeunderstoodbythedesignengineer.翻譯:設(shè)計(jì)工程師并不需要知道如何操縱一臺(tái)專門的機(jī)床去獲得所需要的表面粗糙度,但是他應(yīng)該清楚這些加工方法的某些情況。Notes
(課文注釋)[1]Withoutneedi[2]Knowledgeofsuchfactsasdegreeofroughnessobtainedbyanyoperation,andtheeconomicsofattainingasmoothersurfacewitheachoperation,willaidhimindecidingjustwhichsurfaceroughnesstospecify.翻譯:各種工序所能得到的表面粗糙度數(shù)值的大小,以及采用每一種工序來獲得更為光滑表面的經(jīng)濟(jì)性方面的知識(shí)都會(huì)幫助設(shè)計(jì)工程師決定采用何種表面粗糙度。aid在本句中表示幫助。[2]Knowledgeofsuchfactsas[3]Thesurfaceroughnessisnormallyfoundonpartssubjecttostressconcentrationsandvibrations,forbroachedholes,gearteeth,andotherprecisionmachinedparts.翻譯:這種表面粗糙度通常見于有應(yīng)力集中和承受振動(dòng)載荷的零件以及拉削的孔,齒輪齒面和其他精密加工的零件。[3]ThesurfaceroughnessisnReadingMaterials
(閱讀材料)TheProductionTooling(生產(chǎn)工具)Atypicalproductiontoolingitemmustmeetexactingdimensionalstandards,butmustalsobeconvenienttosetupinthemanufacturingprocess.Theprocessoperatorshouldbeabletoeasilyloadandunloadthetoolingwithproductionpartsduringmanufacturing.Ifthetoolingistobeusedinconventionalmachiningorgrindingoperations,provisionsshouldbemadetoclearchipseasilyandquicklybeforenewpartsareloadedinthefixture.一個(gè)典型的生產(chǎn)工具的指標(biāo)是必須嚴(yán)格地滿足尺寸標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但在生產(chǎn)過程中也必須能夠方便地安裝。在生產(chǎn)過程中,操作工應(yīng)該能夠容易地在工具上裝卸零件。如果工具用于普通加工或者磨削加工上,在新零件裝夾到夾具上之前,應(yīng)該采取簡(jiǎn)單快捷的切屑清除措施。ReadingMaterials
(閱讀材料)ThePrTheproductiontoolingwilloftenhavemanyheattreatedpartssothatitsaccuracyanddurabilitywillbepreservedthroughmuchharduse.Mostmanufacturerswillidentifyandcatalogspecialtoolingsothatitcanbelocatedquicklyforusewheneveraneedarises.生產(chǎn)工具常常包括許多熱處理零件,這樣在艱苦的環(huán)境下使用工具也將保證它的精確性和耐用性。大多數(shù)廠商對(duì)特殊工具標(biāo)識(shí)和編目,以便在需要該工具時(shí)能夠迅速地找到它。TheproductiontoolingwillofDesignandproductionoftoolingofteninvolveasmucheffortasdesignandproductionofamanufactureproduct.Inmanycases,thecostoftoolingpriortomanufacturingrepresentsthemajorcostofproduction.Thereforeitisoftennecessarytoproduceaminimumnumberofproductionpartsjusttounderwritethetoolingcost.Onlythendoesfurtherproductioncontributetotheearningstreamofthebusiness.Inlargeindustrieswithcomplexproducts,thepaybackprocessontoolingexpensescantakeseveralyears.設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)工具與設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)成品一樣包含同樣多的工作。在多數(shù)情況下,生產(chǎn)之前的工具費(fèi)用占據(jù)了主要的產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)費(fèi)用。因此,常常需要一個(gè)正好承擔(dān)刀具費(fèi)用的最小零件生產(chǎn)量。唯有如此,進(jìn)一步生產(chǎn)才對(duì)企業(yè)的利潤(rùn)作出貢獻(xiàn)。在生產(chǎn)復(fù)雜產(chǎn)品的大型企業(yè),刀具費(fèi)用的償還期可能需要好幾年。DesignandproductionoftooliGrammars(語(yǔ)法)
狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句原因狀語(yǔ)從句目的狀語(yǔ)從句結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句方式狀語(yǔ)從句
比較狀語(yǔ)從句讓步狀語(yǔ)從句條件狀語(yǔ)從句狀語(yǔ)從句在句子中常用作表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、方式、比較、讓步、條件等。Grammars(語(yǔ)法)
狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句狀語(yǔ)從句1.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句表示時(shí)間的從屬連詞有when,while,as,after,before,since,till,once,assoonas,hardly…when,nosooner…than,themoment等。例句:We’llstayheretillitstopsraining.Onceyouunderstandthisrule,youwillhavenofurtherdifficulty.1.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句表示時(shí)間的從屬連詞有when,while,a2.地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句表示地點(diǎn)的從屬連詞有where,wherever等。例句:Theteacherstartedwherehestoppedyesterday.VJohnwentwhereverhecouldfindwork.2.地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句表示地點(diǎn)的從屬連詞有where,wherev3.原因狀語(yǔ)從句表示原因的從屬連詞有because,as,since,now(that)等。例句:AsMaryisnotready,wemustgowithouther.Nowthattheweatherhasimproved,we’llbeabletoenjoythegame.3.原因狀語(yǔ)從句表示原因的從屬連詞有because,as,s4.目的狀語(yǔ)從句和結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句目的狀語(yǔ)從句表示目的的從屬連詞有that,sothat,lest,inorderthat,forfearthat等。例句:Weclimbedhighsothatwemightgetabetterview.結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句表示結(jié)果的從屬連詞有sothat,so…that,that,suchthat等。例句:Johnwassoshythateveryonenoticedhim.4.目的狀語(yǔ)從句和結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句目的狀語(yǔ)從句5.方式狀語(yǔ)從句表示方式的從屬連詞有as,asif,asthough等。例句:YoumusttrytoholdthetoolasIdo.Undercertainconditionslightandsoundmaybothactasthoughtheywerewaves.5.方式狀語(yǔ)從句表示方式的從屬連詞有as,asif,as6.比較狀語(yǔ)從句表示比較的從屬連詞有as…as,notso…as,more…than,less…than,the…the等。例句:Itislesshotthanitwasyesterday.Thesmallertheparticles,themorefreelydotheymove.6.比較狀語(yǔ)從句表示比較的從屬連詞有as…as,notso7.讓步狀語(yǔ)從句表示讓步的從屬連詞有though,although,as,evenif,whether…or,whoever,whatever等。例句:Allmagnetsbehavethesamewhethertheyarelargeorsmall.Thoughitisraining,Istillbelievehewillcome.7.讓步狀語(yǔ)從句表示讓步的從屬連詞有though,alth8.條件狀語(yǔ)從句表示條件的從屬連詞有if,incase,solongas,ifonly,onlyif,unless,solongas,butthat等。例句:Wecansurelyovercomethedifficultiessolongaswecloselyunited.Thelittlegirlwouldhavefallenintotheriverbutthattheoldmancaughtherintime.在某些條件狀語(yǔ)從句、目的狀語(yǔ)從句、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句和方式狀語(yǔ)從句中,有時(shí)需使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,這一點(diǎn)要特別注意,否則時(shí)態(tài)和其他方面容易搞錯(cuò)。8.條件狀語(yǔ)從句表示條件的從屬連詞有if,incase,sUNITTHREE
Metal-CuttingProcessChipFormationText1CuttingSpeed,FeedandDepthofCutText2SurfaceQualityText3
Grammars(語(yǔ)法)Text4UNITTHREE
Metal-CuttingProc
TEXT1ChipFormationNewWordsandPhrases(生詞和短語(yǔ))Notes(課文注釋)ReadingMaterials(閱讀材料)
TEXT1ChipFormationNewNewWordsandPhrases
(生詞和短語(yǔ))
cutting[5kQtiN]
n.切削
interaction[7intEr5AkFEn]
n.相互作用workpiece[5w?:kpi:s]
n.工件select[si5lekt]
v.挑選,選擇rigidity[ri5dViditi:]
n.剛性,硬度f(wàn)luid[5flu:id]
n.液體clamp[klAmp]
v.夾住,夾緊assume[E5sju:m]
v.假定,假設(shè)appearance[E5piErEns]
n.外觀,外表indicate[5indikeit]
v.指出,顯示geometry[dVi5Cmitri]幾何學(xué)differentiate[7difE5renFieit]
v.區(qū)別,區(qū)分discontinuous[5diskEn5tinjuEs]
adj.不連續(xù)的NewWordsandPhrases
(生詞和短語(yǔ))
segmental[seg5mentEl]
adj.部分的,斷節(jié)的represent[7repri5zent]
v.表現(xiàn),象征shear[FiE]
v.剪,剪切strain[strein]
n.應(yīng)變,張力exceed[ik5si:d]
v.超越,勝過fracture[5frAktFE,5frAktFE(r)]
n.破裂,骨折ductile[5dQktEl,-7tail]
adj.易延展的,柔軟的rake[reik]
n.斜度
angle[5ANgl]
n.角,角落friction[5frikFEn]
n.摩擦,摩擦力curl[[kE:l]
v.使卷曲grinding[5graindiN]磨,碾recess[ri5ses]
n.凹進(jìn)處brazing[5breiziN]焊接screwing螺栓連接
機(jī)電專業(yè)英語(yǔ)unit-3課件Notes
(課文注釋)[1]Thisinteractionisinfluencedbytheselectedcuttingconditions(cuttingspeed,feed,anddepthofcut),cuttingfluids,theclampingofthetoolandworkpiece,andtherigidityofthemachine.翻譯:影響這個(gè)相互作用過程的主要因素包括:選定的切削條件(切削速度、進(jìn)給量和切削深度)、使用的切削液、刀具和工件的裝夾方式以及機(jī)床的剛度。Notes
(課文注釋)[1]Thisinteracti[2]Thistypeofchip,inthiscase,whichrepresentsthecuttingofmostbrittlematerialssuchascastironandcastbrass,thestressesaheadofthecuttingedgecausefracture.翻譯:這類切屑在加工某些脆性材料時(shí)產(chǎn)生,例如,鑄鐵以及鑄造黃銅,切削刃作用在切削上的切削力促使其斷裂。[2]Thistypeofchip,inthis[3]Continuousandlongchipsmaybedifficulttohandleand,consequently,thetoolmustbeprovidedwithachipbreaker,whichcurlsandbreaksthechipintoshortlengths.翻譯:長(zhǎng)而連續(xù)的切屑在生產(chǎn)過程中往往難以處理,因此,刀具上必須具有斷屑器,用來將切屑卷起來并斷為小段。[3]ContinuousandlongchipsReadingMaterials
(閱讀材料)MotionsofMetalCutting(金屬切削加工時(shí)的運(yùn)動(dòng))Theunwantedmaterialinmetal-cuttingprocessesisremovedbyarigidcuttingtool,sothatthedesiredgeometry,tolerances(公差),andsurfaceroughnessareobtained.Examplesofprocessesinthisgroupareturning,drilling,reaming,milling,shaping,planing,broaching,grinding,honing,andlapping.在金屬切削加工中,多余的材料由剛性刀具切除,以獲得需要的幾何形狀、公差和表面粗糙度。屬于此類加工方法的例子有車削、鉆削、鉸削、銑削、牛頭刨削、龍門刨削、拉削、磨削、珩磨和研磨。ReadingMaterials
(閱讀材料)MotionMostofthecuttingormachiningprocessesarebasedonatwo-dimensionalsurfacecreation,whichmeansthattworelativemotionsarenecessarybetweenthecuttingtoolandtheworkmaterial.Thesemotionsaredefinedastheprimarymotion,whichmainlydeterminesthecuttingspeed,andthefeedmotion,whichprovidesthecuttingzonewithnewmaterial.大多數(shù)切削加工(或稱機(jī)械加工)過程是以二維表面成形法為基礎(chǔ)的。也就是說,刀具與工件材料之間需要兩種相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)。一種定義為主運(yùn)動(dòng)(決定切削速度),另一種定義為進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)(向切削區(qū)提供新的加工材料)。MostofthecuttingormachiniInturningtheprimarymotionisprovidedbytherotationoftheworkpiece,andinplaningitisprovidedbythetranslationofthetable;inturningthefeedmotionisacontinuoustranslationofthetool,andinplaningitisanintermittenttranslationofthetool.車削時(shí),工件的回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)是主運(yùn)動(dòng);龍門刨床刨削時(shí),工作臺(tái)的直線運(yùn)動(dòng)是主運(yùn)動(dòng)。車削時(shí),刀具連續(xù)的直線運(yùn)動(dòng)是進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng);而在龍門刨削時(shí),刀具間歇的直線運(yùn)動(dòng)是進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)。機(jī)電專業(yè)英語(yǔ)unit-3課件
TEXT2
CuttingSpeed,FeedandDepthofCutNewWordsandPhrases(生詞和短語(yǔ))Notes(課文注釋)ReadingMaterials(閱讀材料)
TEXT2
CuttingSpeed,FNewWordsandPhrases
(生詞和短語(yǔ))
cuttingspeed切削速度instantaneous[7instEn5teinjEs]
adj.瞬時(shí)的,瞬間的motion[5mEuFEn]
n.運(yùn)動(dòng)edge[edV]
n.刀口,利刃turning[5t?:niN]車削drilling[5driliN]鉆削milling[5miliN]銑削diameter[dai5AmitE]
n.直徑spindlerotation主軸kinematic[7kaini5mAtik]
adj.運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)的feedmotion進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)primarymotion主運(yùn)動(dòng)repeated[ri5pi:tid]
adj.重復(fù)的NewWordsandPhrases
(生詞和短語(yǔ))
enhance[in5ha:ns]
v.增強(qiáng),提高removal[ri5mu:vEl]
n.移動(dòng),切除proceed[prE5si:d]
v.進(jìn)行,繼續(xù)下去revolution[7revE5lu:FEn]
n.旋轉(zhuǎn),革命stroke[strEuk]
n.行程tooth[tu:W]
n.牙齒,文中指刀具的齒displacement[dis5pleismEnt]
n.位移,轉(zhuǎn)移successive[sEk5sesiv]
adj.連續(xù)的engagement[in5geidVmEnt]
n.接合,婚約,文中指吃刀深度original[E5ridVinEl]
adj.原始的dimension[di5menFEn]
n.尺寸,尺度axial[5Aksi:El]
adj.軸的,軸向的decrease[di:5kri:s]
v.減少radius[5reidjEs]
n.半徑機(jī)電專業(yè)英語(yǔ)unit-3課件Notes
(課文注釋)[1]Thecuttingspeedistheinstantaneousvelocityoftheprimarymotionofthetoolrelativetotheworkpiece(ataselectedpointonthecuttingedge).翻譯:切削速度是主運(yùn)動(dòng)中刀具(在切削刃的指定點(diǎn))相對(duì)工件的瞬時(shí)速度。Notes
(課文注釋)[1]Thecuttingsp[2]Whereisthecuttingspeedinm/min,dthediameteroftheworkpiecetobecutinmeters,andtheworkpieceorspindlerotationinr/min.翻譯:式中為切削速度,其單位為m/min;d是工件上將要切削部分的直徑,其單位為m;n是工件或主軸的轉(zhuǎn)速,單位為r/min。[2]Whereisthecuttingspe[3]Thefeedmotionfisprovidedtothetoolortheworkpieceand,whenaddedtotheprimarymotion,leadstoarepeatedorcontinuouschipremovalandthecreationofthedesiredmachinedsurface.翻譯:在主運(yùn)動(dòng)之外,當(dāng)?shù)毒呋蚬ぜ鬟M(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)f時(shí),便產(chǎn)生重復(fù)的或連續(xù)的切屑切除過程,從而形成所要求的加工表面。[3]Thefeedmotionfisprovi[4]Forturninganddrilling,thefeedfismeasuredperrevolution(mm/rev)oftheworkpieceorthetool;forplanningandshaping,thefeedrismeasuredperstroke(mm/stroke)ofthetoolortheworkpiece.Inmillingthefeedismeasuredpertoothofthecutterfz(mm/tooth);thatis,fzisthedisplacementoftheworkpiecebetweenthecuttingactionoftwosuccessiveteeth.perrevolution(mm/rev):每轉(zhuǎn)的相對(duì)移動(dòng)量(mm/rev)perstroke(mm/stroke):每次行程的相對(duì)移動(dòng)(mm/stroke)pertooth(mm/tooth):每齒進(jìn)給量(mm/tooth)。翻譯:對(duì)于車削和鉆削,進(jìn)給量f以工件或刀具每轉(zhuǎn)的相對(duì)移動(dòng)量(mm/rev)來表示;對(duì)于龍門刨削和牛頭刨削,進(jìn)給量r以刀具或工件每次行程的相對(duì)移動(dòng)量(mm/stroke)來表示。對(duì)于銑削,以刀具的每齒進(jìn)給量fz(mm/tooth)來表示,fz是相鄰兩齒間工件的移動(dòng)距離。[4]Forturninganddrilling,ReadingMaterials
(閱讀材料)Vibration(振動(dòng))Shopsoftenoverlookvibrationissueswheninstallingmachinetoolsorequipment.However,planningforvibrationcontrol,optimallybeforeconstructinganowfacilityorduringredesignofanexistingone,cansaveshopsalotofmoneyinthelongrun.That’sbecauseisolatingmachinesandprocessesfromunwantedvibrationreducesfutureproblemssuchasbadpart-surfacefinishes,partsoutoftolerance,andevenphysiologicaldamagetoshoppersonnel.車間在安裝機(jī)床及設(shè)備時(shí)經(jīng)常忽視振動(dòng)問題。然而從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)角度來看,最好是在建造新的設(shè)施之前或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)有設(shè)備重新設(shè)計(jì)的過程中就規(guī)劃振動(dòng)問題,這樣可為車間節(jié)約許多費(fèi)用。這是因?yàn)閷?duì)于機(jī)器和加工來說,隔離有害的振動(dòng)會(huì)減少將會(huì)出現(xiàn)的一些麻煩,例如:局部粗糙度較差,零件超出公差范圍,甚至對(duì)車間工作人員生理上的傷害等。ReadingMaterials
(閱讀材料)VibratAccordingtoFabreekaInternationalInc.,Stoughton,Mass.,allstructures,includingmachinetoolsandotherequipment,vibrate,oroscillate,whendisplacedfromtheirequilibrium(static)positionandcontinuevibratingnaturallyuntildissipatingalltheenergyreceived.Vibrationisexpressedinfrequency,ornumberofoscillations/unitoftime.Theunit-cycles/seciscalledaHertz(Hz).根據(jù)美國(guó)馬薩諸塞州Fabeeka國(guó)際公司斯托頓先生的說法,包括機(jī)床及其他設(shè)備在內(nèi)的所有結(jié)構(gòu),離開它們的平衡位置并且連續(xù)自然地振動(dòng)直到耗盡所有接收到的能量,就是振動(dòng)或振蕩。振動(dòng)用頻率或單位時(shí)間的振動(dòng)次數(shù)來表達(dá)。周期/秒稱之為赫茲(Hz)。AccordingtoFabreekaInternatEveryphysicalsystempossessesanaturalvibration-frequencyproperty.Forsomesuchasaslabofsteel,thenaturalfrequencyishigh,andforothers,suchasrubber,itislow.Anisolator,whichsuppressesunwantedvibration,alsohasadampingpropertythatdecreasesthefrequencyamplitudeofanoscillatingsystem.每個(gè)物理系統(tǒng)都有其固有的振動(dòng)-頻率特性。比如像一塊鋼板,它的固有頻率高,而其他的,例如,橡膠,它的固有頻率低。抑制振動(dòng)的阻尼器也具有減小振蕩系統(tǒng)的頻率振幅阻尼特性。Everyphysicalsystempossesse
TEXT3TheSurfaceQualityNewWordsandPhrases(生詞和短語(yǔ))Notes(課文注釋)ReadingMaterials(閱讀材料)
TEXT3TheSurfaceQualiNewWordsandPhrases
(生詞和短語(yǔ))
satisfactory[7sAtis5fAktEri]
adj.滿意的deviate[5di:vieit]
v.背離,偏離theoretical[7WiE5retikEl]
adj.理論的,理論上的landscape[5lAndskeip]
n.風(fēng)景,山水畫roughness[5rQfnis]
n.粗糙度achievement[E5tFi:vmEnt]
n.成功,成就absence[5AbsEns]
n.缺席,缺乏particular[pE5tikjulE]
adj.特殊的,專門的attain[E5tein]
v.達(dá)到,獲得aspect[5Aspekt]
n.方面?!纠縜spectof:某方面smooth[smu:?]
adj.光滑的specify[5spesifai]
v.指定,確定
simplicity[sim5plisiti]
n.簡(jiǎn)單NewWordsandPhrases
(生詞和短語(yǔ))
enhance[in5ha:ns]
v.增強(qiáng),提高arithmetical[7AriW5metikEl]
adj.算術(shù)的paragraph[5pArEgr:f]
n.段落interior[in5tiEriE]
adj.內(nèi)部的?!纠縤nteriorsurface:內(nèi)表面hydraulic[hai5drC:lik]
adj.液壓的?!纠縣ydrauliccylinder:液壓缸strut[strQt]
n.支柱?!纠縣ydraulicstrut:液壓支柱cylinder[5silindE]
n.汽缸piston[5pistEn]
n.活塞pistonrod活塞桿O-ringpackingsO型密封圈plainbearing滾動(dòng)軸承camface凸輪表面antifriction潤(rùn)滑劑moderately[5mCdErEtli]
adv.適當(dāng)?shù)?,合適地objectionable[Eb5dVekFEnEbEl]
adj.討厭的,有異議的enhance[in5ha:ns]v.增強(qiáng),提高enhance[in5ha:ns]
v.增強(qiáng),提高rotatingshaftbearing高速轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的軸承l(wèi)oadedbearings載重的軸承sealing-ringsgroove密封環(huán)槽commercial[kE5mE:FEl]
adj.商業(yè)的static[5stAtik]
adj.靜態(tài)的,靜止的plain[plein]
adj.簡(jiǎn)單的,平常的tension[5tenFEn]
n.張力,緊張subject[5sQbdVikt]
n.主題,學(xué)科concentration[7kCnsEn5treiFEn]
n.集中vibration[vai5breiFEn]
n.振動(dòng)precision[pri5siVEn]
n.精密度,精確度tolerance[5tClErEns]
n.耐受性severe[si5viE]
adj.嚴(yán)重的reversal[ri5v?:sEl]
n.反向,相反sliding[5slaidiN]
n.滑磊,滑動(dòng)bracket[brAkit]
n.支enhance[in5ha:ns]v.增強(qiáng),提高Notes
(課文注釋)[1]Withoutneedingtoknowhowtooperateaparticularmachinetoattainthedesireddegreeofsurfaceroughness,therearecertainaspectsofallthesemethodswhichshouldbeunderstoodbythedesignengineer.翻譯:設(shè)計(jì)工程師并不需要知道如何操縱一臺(tái)專門的機(jī)床去獲得所需要的表面粗糙度,但是他應(yīng)該清楚這些加工方法的某些情況。Notes
(課文注釋)[1]Withoutneedi[2]Knowledgeofsuchfactsasdegreeofroughnessobtainedbyanyoperation,andtheeconomicsofattainingasmoothersurfacewitheachoperation,willaidhimindecidingjustwhichsurfaceroughnesstospecify.翻譯:各種工序所能得到的表面粗糙度數(shù)值的大小,以及采用每一種工序來獲得更為光滑表面的經(jīng)濟(jì)性方面的知識(shí)都會(huì)幫助設(shè)計(jì)工程師決定采用何種表面粗糙度。aid在本句中表示幫助。[2]Knowledgeofsuchfactsas[3]Thesurfaceroughnessisnormallyfoundonpartssubjecttostressconcentrationsandvibrations,forbroachedholes,gearteeth,andotherprecisionmachinedparts.翻譯:這種表面粗糙度通常見于有應(yīng)力集中和承受振動(dòng)載荷的零件以及拉削的孔,齒輪齒面和其他精密加工的零件。[3]ThesurfaceroughnessisnReadingMaterials
(閱讀材料)TheProductionTooling(生產(chǎn)工具)Atypicalproductiontoolingitemmustmeetexactingdimensionalstandards,butmustalsobeconvenienttosetupinthemanufacturingprocess.Theprocessoperatorshouldbeabletoeasilyloadandunloadthetoolingwithproductionpartsduringmanufacturing.Ifthetoolingistobeusedinconventionalmachiningorgrindingoperations,provisionsshouldbemadetoclearchipseasilyandquicklybeforenewpartsareloadedinthefixture.一個(gè)典型的生產(chǎn)工具的指標(biāo)是必須嚴(yán)格地滿足尺寸標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但在生產(chǎn)過程中也必須能夠方便地安裝。在生產(chǎn)過程中,操作工應(yīng)該能夠容易地在工具上裝卸零件。如果工具用于普通加工或者磨削加工上,在新零件裝夾到夾具上之前,應(yīng)該采取簡(jiǎn)單快捷的切屑清除措施。ReadingMaterials
(閱讀材料)ThePrTheproductiontoolingwilloftenhavemanyheattreatedpartssothatitsaccuracyanddurabilitywillbepreservedthroughmuchharduse.Mostmanufacturerswillidentifyandcatalogspecialtoolingsothatitcanbelocatedquicklyforusewheneveraneedarises.生產(chǎn)工具常常包括許多熱處理零件,這樣在艱苦的環(huán)境下使用工具也將保證它的精確性和耐用性。大多數(shù)廠商對(duì)特殊工具標(biāo)識(shí)和編目,以便在需要該工具時(shí)能夠迅速地找到它。Thepro
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