PAGEPAGE19UnitOneCUSTIOMSANDHABITSFastmodernairplanesseemtohavemadetheworldamuchsmallerplace．Withincreasingfrequency，peopletravelfromonecountrytoanothertoconductbusinessorjusttovisit．ManyvisitorstotheUnitedStates，inparticular，findthatcustomsandhabitsinAmericaarequitedifferentfromthoseobservedintheirowncountries．1.Hi,FolksIthinkthefirstthingyououghttoknowaboutAmericancustomsishowintroductionsaremadeintheStates．ThegreatdifferencebetweenAmericansocialcustomsandthoseofothercountriesliesinthewayinwhichnamesareused．MostAmericansdon’tlikeusingMr．，Mrs．orMiss．Theyfindthesetermstooformal．IntheStates，peopleofallagesmayprefertobecalledbytheirfirstnames．Forexample，onemaysay，“MynameisWilson．JamesWilson．CallmeJames．”“Gladtomeetyou．I’mMiller．ButcallmePaul．”Aladvthatyoumeetforthefirsttimemightsay，“Don’tcallmeMrs．Smith．JustcallmeSally．”So，yousee，addressingpeople

bytheirfirstnamesusuallyindicatesfriendliness．Veryoften，introductionsaremadebyusingpeople’sfirstorlastnames；forexample，“MarySmith，thisisJohnJones．”Inthissituation，youarefreetodecidewhethertocallthelady“Mary”or“MissSmith”．Sometimesbothofyouwillbeginaconversationbyusingfamilynames，thatis，surnames(Mr．Smith；MissWhite)andafterawhileoneorbothofyoumaybeginusingthefirstnamesinstead．Ofcourse，foreignerswhocometotheStatesmayfeeluncomfortableofusingonlythefirstnames．Forthemitisquiteacceptabletobemoreformal．Apersonmayjustsmileandsay，“ExcusemybeingformalwhenImeetnewfriends．Iamaccustomedtoit．AfterawhileI’11usetheirfirstnames．”IfAmericanfriendsdonotuseyourlastnamesortitles，thatreallydoesn’tmeananylackofrespect．Theyareusedtobeinginformal．Icangiveyouanotherexampleoftheirinformality．Yesterday，somemembersofanAmericandelegationandIcameacrossafewAmericantouristshereinShanghai．Oneofthetouristsasked，“Hi，folks，wherefrom?”“LosAngeles，”answeredonedelegatemember．SoyoucanseehowinformalweAmericansare．Theuseof“nicknames”isfairlycommonamongpeopleintheUnitedStates．Anicknameisnottheperson’srealnamebutanameassignedtohimorherbecauseofcertainphysicalcharacteristics，behaviorpatterns，orsomeotherfactors．ForeignstudentsoftengetnicknamesiftheirnamesseemtoolongorunpronounceabletotheirAmericanfriends．Beingcalledbyanicknameisnotusuallyuncomplimentary；onthecontrary，itmayindicatethatthestudentisviewedwithrespectandevenaffection．WordsandExpressions1．frequency／'fri：kwonsi／n．therepeatedorfrequenthappeningofsomething經(jīng)常性；頻繁性2．conduct／kon‘dAkt／v．todo，directorlead經(jīng)營；管理；引導(dǎo)3.observe／ob‘zo：v／口．toobeyorfollowacustom；tocelebrate遵守習(xí)俗；(正式)舉行儀式或慶祝4.liein(phrasalverb)toremainorbekeptinthestatedconditionorposition；tolocate在于；位于5.term／to：m／n．a(chǎn)wordwithaspecialmeaning專用名詞；術(shù)語6.indicate／'indikeit／v．toshoworpointtosomething表示；表明7.afterawhile(aphrase)afteraperiodoftime一會兒；一段時間8.be(become，get)accustomedto(phrasalverb)tobe(get)usedto習(xí)慣于9.informality／,infa：mmliti／n．inawayofbeingfriendlvandrelaxedorsuitablefornotserioussituation非正式；不拘禮節(jié)10.comeacross(phrasalverb)tomeetsomeoneorfindsomethingthatonedoesnotexpect偶遇11．a(chǎn)ssign／o。sain／n．togiveasashareorforuse分配；分給12.unpronounceable／'Anpra,naunsobl／adj．unabletobepronounced無法發(fā)音的13.uncomplimentary／An．kompli‘mentori／agj．notexpressingadmiration，praise，respect，etc．無法恭維的；不能稱贊的14.affection／o‘feklon／n．gentle，lastingloveorfondness愛情；深情；喜愛ContentQuestions1．WhatisthegreatdifferencebetweenAmericansocialcustomsandthoseofothercountries?2．WhatnamesdoAmericansprefertousewhentheyaddresseachother?Andwhy?3.WhatnamesdoAmericanpeopleliketousewhentheyareintroducedtoeachother?4.Howdoforeignvisitorsfeelwhentheyarecalledonlybytheirfirstnames?5.WhatistheAmericancharacteristicdisplayedinthispassage?AQuestionforThinkingandDiscussionHowdoChinesedifferfromAmericansinusingnames?2．HowTitlesAreUsedInadditiontoMr．，Mrs．a(chǎn)ndMiss，thereisonemoreterm,Ms,whichisbecomingmoreandmorepopularintheUnitedStates．Msisusedeitherforamarriedwomanorunmarriedwoman．Sowhenyouarenotcertainwhethertocallthelady“Miss”or“Mrs．”youmayjustcallherMs．Butbesurethatthefourterms，Mr．Mrs．MissandMs，arefollowedbythelastnames．WhenyoufirstmeetanAmericanandwanttoberespectful，youcanalwaysuse“sir"or“madam"inplaceoftheirnames．Thepersonyouaddress(so)willprobablyrealizethatyouarenotsureofthepropertitletouseandwillhelpyoubytellingyouthecorrectterm．However,you’llfindformaltitlesveryseldomusedintheUnitedStates，exceptinsomespecialoccupations--judges，highgovernmentofficials，certainmilitaryofficers，medicalworkers，doctors，professorsandreligiousleaders．Mostofthesetitlesarefollowedbysurnames．Forexample，JudgeHarley,SenatorSmith，GeneralClark，Dr．Brown(medical)，Dr．Green(professor)，BishopGray．Butforaprofessor，whoisnearlyalwaysauniversityprofessor，youmaycallhimprofessor,withorwithouthissurname．Onemorepointabout“sir”and“madam．”Theyarenotfollowedbyeitherthefirstnamesorthelastnames．Don’tsay“SirFord，”“MadamSmith”exceptwhen“sir”isusedasthetitleofaknightorbaronetinEngland，e．g．SirJohn．HiswifeisaddressedasDameorLadySmith．“Sir”and“madam”showrespectforpositionandseniority．butthereissomeslightdifferenceinactualusage．Forinstance，atschool，studentsaddresstheirmanteacher“sir，”butseldomaddresstheirwomanteacher“madam”．InChina，Ioftenhearstudentsaddresstheirteacher“TeacherWang，”“TeacherLi．”ThisisnotpracticedintheUnitedStates．Andadministrativetitleslikedirector，manager，principal，dean，chancellor，etc．a(chǎn)renotusedasformsofaddress．WordsandExpressions1.title／Itaitl／n．a(chǎn)wordusedinfrontprofession，rank，etc．尊稱；頭銜2.address／o。dres／v．(formal)tosomeoneorsomething稱呼(正式)3.Ms/miz/n.awordusedbeforeawoman’sname女士（專用名詞）4.inplaceof(aphrase)insteadofsomeoneorsomething代替；替代5.occupation／,akju。peion／n．a(chǎn)joborprofession工作；職業(yè)6.bishop／'bifop／咒．a(chǎn)nimportantandhighrankedpriest主教7.knight／nait／n．a(chǎn)manofhighrankintheMiddleAgeswhileridingahorse騎士；武士；勇士8.baronet／。baeronit／n．a(chǎn)memberofnoblerankingbelowbaron(英國的)從男爵(世襲)9.dame／deim／n．(titleofa)womanwhohasbeenawardedthehighestgradeoftheOrderoftheBritishEmpire(古)夫人；貴婦人10.seniority／ai：nibriti／咒．highrankorpositioninanorganization地位高的；資格老的11.actual／'a!ktfuol／adj．exactorreal真實的；確切的12．a(chǎn)dministrative／od’ministrotiv／adj．executive；managing行政上的；管理的13.principal／。prinsopol／n．a(chǎn)personinchargeofaschool，aschoolmaster(中、小學(xué))校長14．dean／dim／n．theheadofacademicfaculty院長；系主任；教務(wù)長15．chancellor／'tla：nsMa／n．a(chǎn)highgovernmentofficial；theheadofauniversity政府首腦；(大學(xué))校長1．Whyhas“Ms”becomeamorepopulartermtoaddressawoman?2．Whattitlesdoyouusetoshowyourrespectforpeople?3．Whenareformaltitlesusedtoaddresspeople?4．WhattitlesdoAmericansusewithoutbeingfollowedbysurnames?5．Forwhatpurposedopeopleuse“sir”“madam”?6．WhattitlesarerarelyusedjntheU．S．a(chǎn)sformsofaddress?AQuestionforThinkingandDiscussionWhatisthedifferencebetweenChineseandAmericansinusingtitles?3.ReasonsforBeingInformalOftenyouseemenworkingatofficedeskswithouttheirsuitcoatsandties．Theymayleanfarbackintheirchairsandevenputtheirfeetuponthedeskwhiletheytalkonthephone．Butthisisnotmeanttoberude．Theyareinformal，mostlikelybecausetheyarealwaysinagreathurry：citypeoplealwaysappeartobehurryingtogetwheretheyaregoingandwouldbeveryimpatientiftheyaredelayedevenforabriefmoment．Butwhentheydiscoverthatyouareastranger，mostAmericanswillbecomequitekindlyandwillmakeapointofhelpingyou．Ifyouneedhelporwanttoaskaquestion，chooseafriendlylookingpersonandsay，“Excuseme，Iamastrangerhere．Canyouhelpme?”Mostprobably，Ibelieve，hewillstop，smileatyou，andhelpyoufindyourwayoransweryourquestions．Occasionally，youwillfindthepersontoobusy，toorushedtogiveyouaid．Pleasedonotbediscouraged．Justasksomeoneelse．AndmostAmericansareespeciallyfriendlytoChinese．SoifyougototheUnitedStatesandareinneedofhelp，donothesitatetoaskforit．ThereisonemorepointI’dliketotellyousothatyouwillnotmisunderstandtheAmericanswhenyouvisittheUnitedStates．WhenyouhavejustgotacquaintedwithanAmerican，hemayaskyou：“Wheredoyouwork?”“Howmanychildrendoyouhave?”“Howlargeisyourhouse?”or“Haveyouhadavacationyet?”SuchquestionsareconsideredtoopersonalinEuropeandarenotsupposedtobeaskediftwopeoplearenotonverycloseterms．ButAmericansdoasksuchquestionstolearnwhattheymayhaveincommonwithyouorjustinordertobeginaconversation．ThisisalsothewaythatAmericansthemselvesbecomefamiliarwithoneanother．BecausepeoplemovefromplacetoplaceintheUnitedStatesSOoften，thistypeofaskingquestionshasbecomethenormalwaythattheygettoknowthemanynewpeopletheymeet．Insomecountries，itmaytakeavery10ngtimebeforeavisitorisaskedquestionsaboutpersonalsubjects，suchashisfamily，job，orhome．BecausethingsmovemuchfasterintheUnitedStates,Americansdonothavethetimeforformalities．Theymustgettoknowyoutodaybecauseinashorttimetheymaymovetoanothercityfaracrossthecountry．WordsandExpressions1.lean／li：n／v．torestagainstsomething，orrestsomethingagainstsomethingelse依靠；傾斜2.makeapointof(phrasalverb)todosomethinginaverydeliberateorobviousway明確表示(刻意)要做3.toorushtogiveaid(aphrase)toobusytoofferapersonahelp太忙而無法給予幫助4.hesitate／'heziteit／v．towaitslightlybeforeyoudosomething猶豫；躊躇5.get(be)acquaintedwith(phrasalverb)togettoknowsomeoneorsomething熟悉；了解6.beon(close,good，bad)termswithsomeone(aphrase)tohavea(close，good，bad)relationshipwithsomeone與某人……(關(guān)系密切，關(guān)系好，關(guān)系不好)7.have(1ittle，much，something)incommonwith(aphrase)tohavethesameinterest,experiences，tastes，etc．a(chǎn)ssomeoneelse與某人……(沒有多少，有許多，有一些)共同點1．HowdoAmericansbehaveintheiroffice?2．WhatarethereasonsforAmericansbeinginformal?3．WhatsuggestiondoestheauthorgivetotheChinesewhoareinneedofhelpintheUnitedStates?4．WhatquestionsdoyouusuallyavoidaskinginEuropebutyouneedn’tdosojnAmerica?5HowdoAmericansgetfam…arwithoneanother?6．WhvdoAmericanshavenotimeforformality?AQuestionforThinkingandDiscussionHowdoChineseusuallybehaveandactintheoffice?4．ConceptofPrivacyHowever，therearestillquiteafewquestionswhichyouarenotsupposedtoaskevenintheUnitedStates．Itisconsideredimpolitetoinquireaperson7sage，mar—riage，status，income，religiousbelief，choiceinvoting，andotheraspectsofprivacy．Itis，therefore，advisabletogetfamiliarwiththeAmericanideaofpersonalprivacybeforegoingtotheStates，forpeopleinChinamighthavequiteadifferentconcept．InordertounderstandtheAmerican，orWesternideaofpersonalprivacy，youshouldstartbythinkingofanation’sconceptof“territoriality．”Anationhasbordersorboundaries，andeverythingwithinthoseboundariesbelongstothatnationandnoother．Andsoisitinthecaseofaprivatehouse．Ifoneentersaprivatehousewithoutaskingforpermission，heislikelytobeaccusedoftrespassingorevenburglary．Andthereis，again，individualterritory，eveninahouse：aperson’sbedroom，forexample，ishisorherterritory．Thosewhodonotliveinthatbedroommustnotenterwithoutpermissionandmustnotopenthecloset，deskordrawerinthatroom．Onthetopofthedesk，theremaybeletters，businesspapersorotherarticles．Youmustnotpickuponeoftheseandreadit．Ifapersonisreadingsomething，youmustnotleanoverhisshoulderto“share”itwithhim．Itishisprivateproperty．Thesameconceptistrueintheoffice．Ifitissomebodyelse’soffice，alwaysask，“MayIcomein?”andwaitforanaffirmativeanswerbeforeenteringtheroom．IntheUnitedStates，one’sincomeisthetopsecret．Peopleworkinginthesameofficehavethefaintestideaofhowmucheachpersonearns，excepttheboss．Itisalsoconsideredimpolitetoinquireaboutone’sproperty．IfoneofyourAmericanfriendsshowsyousomethingthathehasjustbought，youwill，ofcourse，say，“Whataniceskirt．Itlooksfabulous．”orsomethinglikethat，butdon’tinquireaboutitsprice．IntheUnitedStates，onemustnotaskaboutpeople’sage．Ifyoudo，theywillfeelunhappy，especiallyladies，youngandold．Americanshatetofindtheyaregettingold．IfanAmericanladytellsyouaboutherage，youmaysay，“Oh，dearme!Youdon’texpectthat．Ibelieveyou．”or“No，reallyyoudon’tlookit．”WordsandExpressions1．concept／'kansept／咒．notion概念；觀念2．privacy／Ipraivosi／n．personallifeordetailsunknowntootherpeople隱私3．inquire／in‘kwaio／u．toaskforinformation詢問，打聽，咨詢4．Itisadvisable…todosomethingorthat(aphrase)Itiswiseordesirabletodosomething做……是明智的5．territoriality／,teri．ta：ri。aeliti／”．1andthatbelongstoaparticularcountryororganization領(lǐng)土；領(lǐng)地6.border／lba：do／，z．theplacewheretWOcountriesmeet邊境；國界7.boundary／'baundari／n．thelimitinganddividinglinebetweenspaces，countries，etc．疆界；邊界8．inthecaseof(aphrase)anexampleofasituation，oralegal，businessproblem在……事例、案例中；在……情形、場合下9．beaccusedof(phrasalverb)tosaythatsomeonehasdonesomethingwrongorillegal指控；譴責(zé)10．trespass／'trespos／v．togoontolandorplaceownedbysomeonewithoutpermission擅自進(jìn)入；侵入11．burglary／'bo：olori／，n．thecrimeofenteringhousesorbuildingsbyforcewiththeintentionofstealing盜竊；夜盜12.property／’prapoti／n．somethingthatonepossessesorowns所東蝴；賦產(chǎn)13．a(chǎn)ffirmative／o。fo：motiv／adj．sayingyes，makingsure肯定的；確定的14．faint／feint／adj．difficulttosee，hear，know，etc．不清楚；模糊的15．fabulous／'f甕bjulos／adj．extremelygoodorbeautiful極好的；絕妙的1．WhatquestionsareyousupposednottoaskpeopleinAmerican?2．Whatisanation’sconceptof“territoriality”?3．WhatwillhappenifapersonentersaprivatehousewithoutpermissionintheUnitedStates?4．WhatareconsideredindividualterritoriesintheWest?5．Whenyouareinsomeone’sbedroom，whatshouldn’tyoudo?6．WhatisthoughtofasanimpolitequestioninAmerica?7．Whatdoyouavoidaskingwhenyoumeetalady?8．Whatwillyoudoevenifaladytellsyouaboutherage?AQuestionforThinkingandDiscussionWhatisthecontrastbetweentheWesternersandChineseintheconceptofprivacy?5．ThanksandApologiesAstheAmericanpeople’sconceptofbeingpoliteisdifferentfromthatheldhere。I’dliketodiscussnowtheuseof“please，”“excuseme”and“thankyou．”IhavenoticedthattheChinesepeopleuse“please”asoftenaswedoonmostoccasions．Butonsomeoccasionstheydon’tusethisword．Forinstance，Chineseteachersrarelysay“pleasesitdown”whentheirstudentshaveansweredtheirquestionsandthetrafficpoliceherearealsonotaccustomedtousing“please”whentheyareonduty．Atthedinnertablewhenyouwantsomesalt，yousay“pleasepassmethesalt”insteadofstretchingoutyourarmstoreachforit．Soneverforgettosay“please”wheneverthesituationrequiresitifyouareintheStates．Ibelievewesay“excuseme”moreoftenandonmoreoccasionsthantheChinesepeople．Wesay“excuseme”whenweneedtopassinfrontofsomeone，to1eaveapartyorthedinnertableorwhenwewanttoexcuseourselvesfromcompanyorfindourselveslateforanappointmentandsoon．“Thankyou”meansthatyouappreciatewhatsomeonehasdoneforyouveryoften，verysmallandmostordinarythings．SoweintheWestthankpeoplea11daylong．Forinstance，youwillthankthesales—womanaftershehasattendedtoyou．Youwillsay“thankyou”tothewaitresswhenshebringsyouacupofcoffee．Youwillsay“thankyou”tothecashierwhenyouhavepaidforyourfoodandgotyourchange．Andateacherwillsay“thankyou”toastudentwhohasjustansweredthequestion．Athome，thehusbandwillthankthewifewhenshebringshimaglassofwater．Thewifewillthankthehusbandifhehelpsherwithherchair．AstheChinesecustomsaresomewhatdifferent，someChinesestudentsabroadmayappearnotpoliteenough．Veryoften，theyneglecttoexpressthanksforthesmallfavorsthatothershavedoneforthem．Ontheotherhand，however，someChinesestudentsmakeexcessiveexpressionsofgratitude，whichgivesUS，Westerners，thesenseofemptythanksandinsincerity，andmakesUSfeeluncomfortable．Forexample，ifanAmericanadvisorhasspenthalfanhourhelpingyoueditsomeletters，youwill，ofcourse，wanttosay，“Thankyou，Ireallyappreciateyourtime(oryourhelp)．”That’senough．Ifyougoonandonwithstatementsofthanks，andevenadd“I’msorrytohavewastedSOmuchofyourtime．”，youwillbeembarrassingtheAmerican．Hewillfeelhimselfnotthankedbutannoyedandwillnotbeanxioustohelpyouagain．Andifhegetsreallyannoyed，hemightsay，“Well，ifyoureallythinkthatyouarewastingmytime，youhadbetterstayoutofmyway．”O(jiān)verdoingapologyactuallyisanawkwardbehaviorintheAmericansociety，evenifitisdoneonlytobepolite．ThereisalsononeedforyoutOapologizeforyournotbeingabletospeakgoodEnglishwhereveryougoandwhomeveryoumeet．Youmustalsostopsayingthatyoudon’tknowanythingaboutyourspecialty．YoucertainlyknowsomethingthatAmerieanscholarsdon’tknow．Sopleasesaywhatyoumeanandmeanwhatyousay．WordsandExpressions1．a(chǎn)pology／@alad3i／咒．statementofexpressingregretfordoingsomethingwrongorhurtingsomeone’Sfeelings道歉；賠不是2．stretch／stretJ'／v．tomoveone’Sbodyorpartofthebodyasfarasonecan伸展tomakesomethingbecomebiggerorlooser擴(kuò)展3．company／'kamponi／，z．a(chǎn)personorpeoplewhoarewithyou同伴4．a(chǎn)ppreciate／o。priffieit／v．tobegratefulforsomething感激5．a(chǎn)ttendto(phrasalverb)toserve，totakecareof為……服務(wù)；照料6．cashier／ka‘Iio／n．a(chǎn)personwhotakesthemoneywhenacustomerpaysforitems收款員；收銀員7.somewhatpsamhwat／ad．tosomeextent在某種程度上alittle；rather一點；幾分8．neglect／ni。91ekt／v．nottogiveenoughattentionorcaretosomeoneorsomething疏忽；忽略9．favor／'feivo／n．somethingthatonedoestohelpotherpeople恩惠；好事10．excessive／ik‘sesiv／adj．toomuch，morethanneeded過多的；過分；極度的11．gratitude／19raetitju：d／n．thefeelingthatonewantstothanksomeoneforhishelporfordoingsomething感激；感激之情12．insincerity／．insin‘seriti／咒．nothavingthequalityofbeingsincere不真誠；非真心13．a(chǎn)dvisor／od。vaizo／n．a(chǎn)personwhotellssomeonewhatheshoulddo指導(dǎo)人；忠告者14．stayoutofone’sway(aphrase)tostayawayfromone’splace別妨礙；別擋道15．a(chǎn)wkward／。a：kwod／adj．uncomfortable；uneasy；difficulttodealwith令人難堪的；棘手的16．specialty／'spej'olti／以．thethingthatoneknowsmostaboutandisbestat專長；特點1．WhichwordsareoftenusedtoshowpolitenessintheWesterncountries?2．onwhatoccasionsdoAmericansuse“excuseme”?3．ForwhatpurposesdotheWesternersusethewords“thankyou”?4．WhywillanAmericanteachergetannoyedwhenaChinesestudentmakesexcessiveexpressionsofgratitude?5．WhatisconsideredanawkwardbehaviorintheAmericansociety?AQuestionforThinkingandDiscussionWhatisthebigcontrastinChineseandtheWesterners’expressionsofthanksandapologies?Americansoftenplansocialgatheringsonshortnotice，sodon’tbesurprisedifyougetinvitedtosomeone’shomeortoseeamovieorabaseballgamewithoutmuchwarning．Ifthetimeisconvenientforyou，byallmeansaccepttheirinvitation．Butifyouarebusy，donotbeafraidtodeclinetheinvitation，perhapssuggestingatimethatwouldbebetter．Yourhostwillnotfeelinsulted．Ifafriendhasinvitedyoutodropinbyanytime，itisbesttocallbeforevisitingtomakesureitisconvenientforthem．Donotstaytoolong，sinceyoudonotwanttooverstayyourwelcome．Ifyouarewillingtoacceptaninvitation，youmustmakeitapointtoinquireaboutthedayoftheweek，thedate，thetime，andtheplace．Ifyoudon’tknowthewaytotheplace，besuretoaskforinstructions．Iflateryoufindthatyoucannotattend，youshouldtelephonethehostorhostessandexplainwhyyoucannotcome．Youshouldinformyourhostessasfaraheadoftimeaspossible，becauseshemaywishtoinvitesomeoneelseinyourplace．Ifyouhaveacceptedtheinvitation，youshouldgettotheplaceatthefixedtime，ortenminutesafterthat．Ifyouhappent0beearlierthanexpected，youhadbetterwait．AstheUnitedStatesisa“do—it—for—yourselves”country．thehostessislikelytobealsothecook．Shemaybebusycookinguntilthelastmoment．Andshemayhavenotimetochangeherclothesuntilfiveminutesbeforethepartybeginsandwillcertainlynotbeveryhappyiftheguestsfindherinamess．Andifyouarelikelytobe15minuteslate，youshouldmakeatelephonecalltoyourhostess．Butyoumusthaveaproperreasonforbeinglate．Ifyouareinvitedtoattendotheractivities，suchascocktailorteaparties，oradance，thetimewillbesomewhat1ike“5：00to7：00P．m．”Thenyouarefreetoarriveanytimewithinthehours．IntheUnitedStates，peoplearekeenlyawareoftimeand，asaresult，Americanstendtoorganizetheiractivitiesbymeansofschedulesandareusuallyontimeforbusinessmeetingsandsocialactivities．Indeed，somevisitorsfromothercountrieshavecometotheconclusionthattheU．S．societyis“ruledbytheclock．”So，ifyougoandworkorstudythere，pleasebepunctual．Onyourarrivalattheparty，youmaypresentsomeflowerstoyourhostess．ButitisnotnecessarytodoSO，exceptonsomespecialoccasions，suchasbirthday，Christmas，NewYearandSOon．Then，ifyouaregoingtostayovernightorovertheweekend，itiscustomarytobringthehostessasmallpresent，oftenabook，aboxofcandy，abottleofwine，orsomeothersimilargift．WordsandExpressions1．byallmeans(aphrase)definitelyorcertainly盡一切方法；一定；務(wù)必2．decline／di-klain／v．torefuse，toreject拒絕；謝絕3．insult／in—salt／v．tospeakordosomethingrudelyoroffensively侮辱；凌辱4.dropin(phrasalverb)tovisitsomeonewhenheorsheisnotexpectingyou隨便拜訪一下5.overstay／'ouvo‘stei／V．tostaytoolonger待得超過……限度6.instruction／in‘strakJ'an／咒．a(chǎn)ctoractionofteachingoradvising指導(dǎo)；指示7.inform／in‘fo：m／口．totellorgiveinformation告知；通知8.inamess(nphrase)inastateofdisorder混亂一片9.punctual／'pArjktjual／adj．a(chǎn)rrivingatexactlythetimethatwasarranged準(zhǔn)時的；嚴(yán)守時刻的10.overnight／,ouvo‘nait／ad．forawholenightorduringthenight整夜；夜里11.customary／'kastamori／adj．habitual；inagreementwithoraccordingtocustom習(xí)慣的；風(fēng)俗的1.WhatdoyouusuallydowhenyouareinvitedbyAmericanfriend?2.WhatdoyouhavetokeepinmindwhenyoudropinanAmericanfriend’shome?3.Whatwillyoudothenifyouarewillingtoaccepttheinvitation?4.Whatwillyoudoifyoucannotattendapartyoradinnertowhichyouareinvited?5.Whatisthepropertimethatyoushouldgettotheplacewhereyouareinvited?6.Whydoyouhavetobepunctualtoadinnerorahomeparty?7.Whatdoyouhavetodoifyouarelikelytobel5minuteslate?8.Onwhatoccasionsdoyouhavemorefreedomtoarriveataplacewhereyouareinvitedto?9.WhyistheUnitedStatessocietydescribedas“ruledbytheclock”l0．Whatisapropergiftthatyoushouldtaketothehostess?AQuestionforThinkingandDiscussionIstheremuchdifferencebetweenAmericansandChineseinthecustomsofacceptinganinvitation?7．LadiesFirstThehostusuallyshowstheguestuponhisarrivaltothesittingroom．Iftheguestisalady，mostmenintheroomwillstandupwhenshecomesin．Womenofallagesstillappreciatethiscourtesy。althoughthecustomisfollowedbyfewerpeoplenowthaninthepast，especiallyamongtheyoungergeneration．IntheUnitedStates，asinEurope，youwillseemenusuallyopendoorsforwomen，andwomengenerallywalkaheadofmenintoaroomorarestaurant。unlessthemenhavetobeaheadoftheladiestochoosethetable，toopenthedoororacarorrenderotherservices．0nthestreet，menalmostalwayswalkorcrossthestreetonthesideoftheladieswhichisclosertothetraffic．Butifamanwalkswithtwo1adies，heshouldwalkin—betweenthem．Thenifthehostorhostessorbothofthemcomeinacartofetchtheirguestfordinner，theguestshouldsqueezeintoandsitatthefrontseatandleavetherearseatvacant，asthehostorhostessisalsothedriver．Well，let’scomebacktoourdinnerparty．Supposewhenthehostessentersthesittingroomwithamanguestandseesherdaughterthere，shewillsay，“Jane，I’dlikeyoutomeetMr．WangfromChina．Mr．Wanghascomeonanexchange—studentprogram，orsomethinglikethat．”(Here，IassumethatthedaughterisJaneandtheguestisMr．Wang．)So，youcansee，amanisintroducedtoawoman，unlessheiSmucholderandmoresenior．Asageneralrule，youngeronesareintroducedtoelderones．TheladiesinthesittingroomwillnotstandupwhetherthenewcomeriSamanorawoman．WordsandExpressions1.courtesy／‘ka：tisi／，n．verypolitebehavior殷勤；禮貌2.render／。rendo／v．todo，show，orfurnish給予；提供；致使3.squeeze／skwi：z／v．topresseachsideofsomethingwithhandsortools擠；壓4.rear／ria／adj．inoratthebackof后部的；后面的5.vacant／'veikont／adj．empty；notoccupied空的；未被占用的1．Whataremenexpectedtodowhenawomanguestcomesintothesittingroom?2．Howdogood-manneredmenintheWestbehaveinpublic?3．Whereshouldtheguestsitifthehostorhostessorbothofthemcomeinacartofetchhim／herfordinner?4．Whatrulesdopeoplehavetofollowwhenanewcomerisshownintothesittingroom?AQuestionforThinkingandDiscussionWhatisthedifferencebetweenAmericansandChinesewhenpeopleareintroducedtoeachother?8．SmallTalkManyAmericansfindsilenceuncomfortableduringabuffetoraformaldinner．SointheStatesthereisawidespreadpracticeofmaking“smalltalk”incertainsocialsituations．Smalltalkdealswithvarioustopicssuperficiallysimplyforthesakeofkeepingaconversationgoing．Thetopicsmightincludetheweather，sports，collegecourses，clothing，food，etc．．Smalltalkisespeciallyusefulatsocialgatheringswhenyoumeetsomeoneforthefirsttime，orwhenpoliteconversationisexpectedbutnoseriousdiscussionisdesired．Itiscommonbutnotnecessarilyexpectedthatoneknowssomeoneinagroupbe