CollegeEnglishTranslation

英語翻譯

2021-2021學(xué)年第1學(xué)期IntroductionName:FuYuanlan/ElleGraduation:MTIofGDUFSQQ:2578074667Requirement

Beontime!Bringanotebookandtakenoteswhennecessary.Discussactivelyintheclass.Practiceasmuchaspossible.Useadictionary.Don’tguess!Finishtheassignmentseverytime!

Unit1Preface1.Whatistranslation?Differentdefinitionsoftranslation.Thetermtranslationitselfhasseveralmeanings:itcanrefertothegeneralsubjectfield,the

productorthe

process.(Munday,00)Anincrediblebroadnotionwhichcanbeunderstoodinmanydifferentways.Forexample,onemaytalkoftranslationasaprocessoraproduct,andidentifysuchsub-typesasliterarytranslation,technicaltranslation,subtitlingandmachinetranslation;moreover,whilemoretypicallyitjustreferstothetransferofwrittentexts,thetermsometimesalsoincludesINTERPRETING.(Shuttleworth,97)Anumberofscholarshavealsosuggestedfurtherdistinctionsbetweendifferenttypesoftranslation,e.g.,“covertvs.overttranslation〞(House:1977),“communicativeandsemantictranslation〞(Newmark:1988),DomesticatingandForeignizingTranslation〞(Venuti:1995).“Translationisfrequentlycharacterizedmetaphorically,andhas--amongstmanyotherthings–beencomparedtoplayingagameoramap.〞Eachoftheseanalogies,however,isonlyintendedtocaptureoneparticularfacetoftranslation.〞Catforddefinestranslationas“thereplacementoftextualmaterialinonelanguage(SL)byequivalenttextualmaterialinanotherlanguage(TL).〞Catfordfurtherexplainedthat:“Intranslation,thereissubstitutionofTLmeaningsforSLmeanings:nottransferenceofTLmeaningsintotheSL.IntransferencethereisanimplantationofSLmeaningsintotheTLtext.Thesetwoprocessesmustbeclearlydifferentiatedinanytheoryoftranslation.〞

J.C.Catford,ALinguisticTheoryofTranslationLondonJakobson’s(1959)definition:Intralingualtranslation,or‘rewording’:‘a(chǎn)ninterpretationofverbalsignsbymeansofothersignsofthesamelanguage’;Interlingualtranslation,or‘translationproper’:‘a(chǎn)ninterpretationofverbalsignsbymeansofotherlanguage’;Intersemiotictranslation,or‘transmutation’:‘a(chǎn)ninterpretationofverbalsignsbymeansofsignsofnon-verbalsignsystems〞.Lawendowskidefinestranslationas“thetransferof‘meaning’fromonesetoflanguagesignstoanothersetoflanguagesigns〞[1].NidaandTaber’sdefinitionoftranslationisbasedonpreservingtheeffectoftheoriginal:“Translatingconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosetnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguagemessage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.〞[2][1]BoguslawLawendowski“onSemioticAspectsofTranslation〞,inThomasA.Sebeok(ed.)Sight,SoundandSense[2]EugeneNida&CharlesR.Taber,TheTheoryandPracticeofTranslationNewmarkregardstranslationasacraft“consistingintheattempttoreplaceawrittenmessageand/orstatementinonelanguagebythesamemessageand/orstatementinanotherlanguage.Eachexerciseinvolvessomekindoflossofmeaningduetoanumberoffactors.Itprovokesacontinuoustension,adialectic,anargumentbasedontheclaimsofeachlanguage.Thebasiclossisacontinuumbetweenovertranslation(increaseddetail)andundertranslation(increasedgeneralization).〞[1]

[1]PeterNewmark,ApproachestoTranslationMargaritaBrandessays“Translationisanactivity,bothspiritualandpractical,relatedtotheactivityofcommunicating.Asaresultitsharesinallthecharacteristicsfeaturesofthecategoryofactivityinitsbroadestsense.Translationisnotaproductivebutareproductiveactivity,notaprimarybutasecondaryactivity.〞[1]

[1]MargaritaBrandes,“Comprehension,Style,TranslationandtheirInteraction〞inTranslationasSocialActionAccordingtoToury,“atranslationistakentobeanytarget-languageutterancewhichispresentedorregardedassuchwithinthetargetculture,onwhatevergrounds.〞[1]Touryarguesthattranslationsare“factsofonesystemonly:thetargetsystem〞and“translationisanorm-governedactivity〞[2]:

[1]GideonToury,“ARationaleforDescriptiveTranslationStudies〞,inTheoHermans(ed.)TheManipulationofLiterature:StudiesinLiteraryTranslation[2]Translationisakindofactivitywhichinevitablyinvolvesatleasttwolanguagesandtwoculturaltradition,i.e.,atleasttwosetsofnorm-systemsoneachlevel.Thus,the‘value’behinditmaybedescribedasconsistingoftwomajorelements:(1)beingatextinacertainlanguage,andhenceoccupyingaposition,orfillinginaslot,intheappropriateculture,orinacertainsectionthereof,(2)constitutingarepresentationinthatlanguage/cultureofanother,pre-existingtextinotherlanguage,belongingtosomeothercultureandoccupyingadefinitepositionwithinit[1].

[1]GideonToury,DescriptiveTranslationStudies-AndBeyondAndréLefeveredefinestranslationasarewritingoforiginaltext[1].“Translationasrewriting〞r(shí)eflectsacertainideologyandapoeticsandasmuchmanipulatingliteraturetofunctioninagivensocietyinagivenway.Rewritingisanythingthatcontributestotheconstructingthe‘image’ofawriterand/oraworkofliterature.

[1]AndreLefevere,Translation,RewritingandtheManipulationofLiteraryFame,LondonandNewYork:Routledge,1992HansVermeeroffersasimilarlynon-normativedefinitionoftranslationas“‘information’aboutasourcetextinanotherlanguage.〞[1]ThisapproachengendersaviewoftranslationinwhichwayaTTfunctionsinaspecificculturalcontextisparamount:“Translationistheproductionofafunctionaltargettextmaintainingarelationshipwithagivensourcetextthatisspecifiedaccordingtotheintendedordemandedfunctionofthetargettext〞.[2][1]HansVemeer,“Translationals,Informationsangebot〞inLebendeSpracgen[2]ChristianeNord,TextAnanlysisinTranslation翻譯(translation)是語言活動(dòng)的一個(gè)重要組成局部，是指把一種語言或語言變體的內(nèi)容變?yōu)榱硪环N語言或語言變化的過程或結(jié)果，或者說把用一種語言材料構(gòu)成的文本用另一種語言準(zhǔn)確而完整地再現(xiàn)出來。翻譯是兩個(gè)語言社會(huì)(language-community)之間的交際過程和交際工具，它的目的是要促進(jìn)本語言社會(huì)的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化進(jìn)步，它的任務(wù)是要把原作品中包含的現(xiàn)實(shí)世界的邏輯映象或藝術(shù)映象，完好無損地從一種語言中移注到另一種語言中去。中國現(xiàn)代學(xué)者林漢達(dá)說：“(正確的翻譯)就是盡可能地按照中國語文的習(xí)慣，忠實(shí)地表達(dá)原文中所有的意義〞。中國現(xiàn)代學(xué)者徐永煐說：“翻譯——是譯者用一種語言(歸縮語言)來表達(dá)原作者用另一種語言(出發(fā)語言)表達(dá)的思想。〞中國當(dāng)代學(xué)者王以鑄說：“好的翻譯決不是把原文的一字一句硬搬遷來，而主要的卻是要傳達(dá)原來文章的神韻〞。前蘇聯(lián)文藝學(xué)派翻譯理論家索伯列夫說：“翻譯的目的就是把一種語言中的內(nèi)容和形式移植到另一種語言中去〞。前蘇聯(lián)語言學(xué)派翻譯理論家費(fèi)道羅夫說：“翻譯就是用一種語言把另一種語言在內(nèi)容和形式不可分割的統(tǒng)一中業(yè)已表達(dá)出來的東西，準(zhǔn)確而完全地表達(dá)出來。〞蘇聯(lián)翻譯理論家巴爾胡達(dá)羅夫說：“翻譯是把一種語言的言語產(chǎn)物，在保持內(nèi)容也就是意義不變的情況下，改變?yōu)榱硪环N語言產(chǎn)物的過程〞。當(dāng)代美國翻譯理論家奈達(dá)說：“所謂翻譯，是指從語義到文體在譯語中用最切近而又最自然的對(duì)等語再現(xiàn)原語的信息〞。

表達(dá)上真正對(duì)等的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是流暢，內(nèi)容上真正對(duì)等的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是忠實(shí)于原文。翻譯的作用在于使不懂原文的譯文讀者能了解原文的思想內(nèi)容，使操不同語言的社會(huì)集團(tuán)和民族有可能進(jìn)行交際，到達(dá)互相了解的目的。翻譯有助于產(chǎn)生借詞并促進(jìn)語言變化。但是，隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的開展，翻譯概念的內(nèi)涵越來越豐富。翻譯不僅僅是由人直接參與的口譯或筆譯；而且包括各種數(shù)字代碼的互譯、光電編碼器信號(hào)的轉(zhuǎn)換、人機(jī)互譯、機(jī)器翻譯等。于是，在自動(dòng)化數(shù)處理中，翻譯又被定義為：“將計(jì)算機(jī)信息從一種語言轉(zhuǎn)換在另一種語言，或?qū)⒆址麖囊环N表示轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種表示。〞對(duì)于多數(shù)翻譯學(xué)家來說，翻譯：是“意義〞的“轉(zhuǎn)移〞；是用“其他符號(hào)〞或“其他語言〞進(jìn)行的“語言符號(hào)〞的“解釋〞；是“源語信息〞的“重現(xiàn)〞；是源文本、目標(biāo)文本與目標(biāo)信息與原文信息之間的“對(duì)等〞。何為“對(duì)等〞？如何才是“完全對(duì)等〞？是否存在“完全對(duì)等〞？幻燈片24，P2e.g.是否需要“完全對(duì)等〞？2.CriteriaofTranslation.翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是翻譯活動(dòng)必須遵循的準(zhǔn)繩，是衡量譯文質(zhì)量的尺度，也是翻譯工作者應(yīng)該努力到達(dá)的目標(biāo)。翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是翻譯理論的核心問題。但是，翻譯界對(duì)此還沒有完全一致的定論。

我國譯界最具代表性的說法有：一、1898年嚴(yán)復(fù)在?天演論?“譯例言〞中提出的“信、達(dá)、雅〞標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；二、1935年魯迅在?題未定草?中提出“但凡翻譯，必須兼顧兩面，一當(dāng)然力求其易解，一那么保存著原作的豐姿〞；三、1951年傅雷在?高老頭·重譯本序?中提出的“神似〞說——“以效果而論，翻譯應(yīng)當(dāng)像臨畫一樣，所求的不在形似而在神似〞；四、1964年錢鐘書在?林紓的翻譯?一文中提出“化境〞說。在國外的譯論中引證得最多的是等值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和等效標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。等值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不但要求譯文與原文思想內(nèi)容等值，而且要求語言形式上的等值。等效標(biāo)準(zhǔn)所追求的目標(biāo)是；譯文讀者能和原文讀者同樣順利地獲得相同或根本相同的信息，包括原文精神、具體事實(shí)、意境風(fēng)格等。3.要求良好的英語根底扎實(shí)的漢語功底懂點(diǎn)翻譯理論一絲不茍、精益求精的精神〔包括：培養(yǎng)勤查詞典的習(xí)慣，防止望文生義；培養(yǎng)修改譯文的習(xí)慣，防止?jié)M足于“差不多〞〕譯例：DrygoodsWetgoodsDrystateWetstateDrylawWhitegoodsDrywhitewine

ToiletwaterToclosetheswitch紡織品酒類商品禁酒的州〔美國〕非禁酒的州〔美國〕禁酒法令〔美國〕白漆家用電器干白葡萄酒花露水開電閘翻譯練習(xí)“萬〞字從前有一個(gè)人，家里很有錢。只是他一個(gè)字也不認(rèn)識(shí)，于是請(qǐng)了個(gè)教師，教他兒子讀書。老師教他兒子寫字，老師說：“一畫就是‘一’，二畫就是‘二’，三畫就是‘三’字。〞這孩子學(xué)了這幾個(gè)字，就把筆一丟，連忙跑去跟他父親說：“爸爸，我已經(jīng)都學(xué)會(huì)了，用不著再請(qǐng)老師了。〞他父親很快樂，就把老師辭掉了。過了幾天，父親要請(qǐng)一個(gè)姓萬的親戚來吃飯，叫兒子寫個(gè)請(qǐng)?zhí)?。這孩子寫呀寫呀，寫了老半天還沒有寫完。他父親就去催他，這孩子抱怨說：“天下姓名多得很，為什么偏偏姓萬？從早上到現(xiàn)在，我橫畫豎畫，才只畫了五百畫，離一萬還差得遠(yuǎn)呢？〞Version1TheCharacterWanOnceuponatimetherewasamanwhowasquitewell-off;butilliterate.Thushegotatutortoteachhissonhowtoreadandwrite.TeachinghissontowriteChinesecharacters,theteachersaid,〞Onestrokeisthecharacter‘one’,twostrokesare‘two’andthreestrokes,’three’.〞Aftertheboyknewhowtowritethesethreecharacters,hethrewawayhisbrushandrantohisfather.Hesaid,〞Father,InowknowhowtowriteChinesecharacters.Thetutorisnolongerusefultome.〞Hisfatherwasveryhappytohearthatandaskedthetutortoleave.AfewdayslaterhisfatherwantedtoinvitearelativenamedWantodinnerinhishome,andaskedhissontowriteaninvitationcard.Theboyhadnotfinishedeventhoughhehadbeenwritingforquiteawhile,sohisfatherwenttohurryhimup.Theboycomplained,“Therearealotoffamilynamesinthelandunderheaven.WhydoeshehavetobenamedWan?Ihavebeenwritingsincemorning,andhaveonlyfinished500strokes.Thatisfarfrom10,000.〞Version2Onceuponatimetherewasarichbutilliteratemanwhogotatutorforhisson.ThetutorstartedbyteachingChinesecharacters.“Writeahorizontalstrokeandyouhavethecharacter‘one’,〞thetutorsaid,“twostrokes,’two’;andthreestrokes,‘three’.〞Quitesatisfiedafterhelearntthis,theboythrewhisbrushandrushedtohisfather.“Father,〞hesaid,〞I’vegotallthereistolearn.Boneedforthetutornow.〞Hisfatherwassopleasedthatheimmediatelysentthetutoroff.AfewdayslaterthefatherwantedtoinvitetodinnerarelativenamedWan,acharacterofadozen(now3)strokeswhichhappenstomeantenthousand.Hetoldhissontowriteaninvitation.Theboywanttowritebutdidnotreturnafteralongtime.Impatienttowait,hisfathercametohurryhimup,onlytomeetthecomplaint:〞OfallthefamilynameswhysingleoutWan?SinceearlymorningI’vebeenkeptbusywritingstrokes,butcouldonlyfinish500,whichisfarfromWan(10,000).〞Unit2TranslatingProcess2.1理解：詞義；句子結(jié)構(gòu)；文本影響的因素：1〕雙語能力的局限2〕專業(yè)知識(shí)的局限3)思維與文化差異2.2表達(dá)：一、重視上下文，防止孤立處理詞句二、從情景出發(fā)，擺脫表層結(jié)構(gòu)的束縛2.3校對(duì)：步驟：1〕檢查是否錯(cuò)漏；2〕是否有邏輯問題；3)設(shè)法消除英譯漢中的歐化結(jié)構(gòu)；4)加工潤色。方法：1)拋開原文校對(duì)；2)請(qǐng)別人校對(duì)商務(wù)文本的校對(duì)：要求：簡明、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、準(zhǔn)確，特別注意事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)，包括：日期--金額--數(shù)量--縮略語和代號(hào)–倍數(shù)詞—數(shù)字–易混結(jié)構(gòu)--Leech對(duì)詞義的分類：Semantics(1974):詞義的七種類型Conceptualmeaning(概念意義)Connotativemeaning〔內(nèi)涵意義〕Stylisticmeaning(風(fēng)格意義)Affectivemeaning(情感意義)Reflectedmeaning(聯(lián)想意義)Collocativemeaning(搭配意義)Thematicmeaning(主題意義)E.g.:1.Evolutionisaconservativeprocess,wastinglittleofvalue.參考譯文：物質(zhì)的進(jìn)化是一個(gè)及其緩慢的過程，物質(zhì)在短時(shí)間內(nèi)部會(huì)引起質(zhì)的變化。〔劉季春譯〕2.WhenthehistoryoftheNixonAdministrationisfinallywritten,thechancesarethathisChinesepolicywillstandoutasamodelofcommonsenseandgooddiplomacy.參考譯文一：當(dāng)最后撰寫尼克松政府的歷史時(shí)，他的對(duì)華政策可能成為懂點(diǎn)常識(shí)和處理外交的楷模。〔轉(zhuǎn)引張培基?英漢翻譯教程?146頁〕譯文二：當(dāng)最后撰寫尼克松政府的歷史時(shí)，他的對(duì)華政策成為通情達(dá)理和藹于處理外交事務(wù)的楷模?！怖疃藝?yán)譯〕譯文三：當(dāng)人們最后撰寫尼克松政府的歷史時(shí)，他的對(duì)華政策可能尤為引人注目，成為靈活運(yùn)用常識(shí)處理外交事務(wù)的楷模?！矂⒓敬鹤g〕3.IsoonperceivethatshepossessedincombinationthequalitieswhichinallotherpersoneswhoIhadknownIhadbeenonlytoohappytofindsingly.參考譯文：在我所熟悉的人身上，我很快樂能發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣或那樣〔singly〕優(yōu)良品德。然而我很快就驚喜地注意到，許多人的優(yōu)良品德，她卻一人兼而有之〔incombination〕。4.Timegoesfastforonewhohasasenseofbeauty,whenthereareprettychildreninapoolandayoungDianaontheedge,toreceivewithwonderanythingyoucancatch!參考譯文一：當(dāng)你跟可愛的孩子們站在池子里，又有個(gè)年輕的狄安娜在池邊好奇地接受你捉上來的任何東西的時(shí)候，如果你懂得什么叫美的話，時(shí)間是過得很快的。譯文二：當(dāng)可愛的孩子們?cè)诔刈永飸蛩嫠?，池邊又有個(gè)年輕貌美的姑娘盡收眼底的時(shí)候，對(duì)于一個(gè)有美感的人來說，他一定會(huì)贊嘆不已，時(shí)間不知不覺就過去了。二、從情景出發(fā)，擺脫表層結(jié)構(gòu)的束縛Ex.:1.Ifyouknowtheanswer,raiseyourhand.2.Smithfelldownwhenheranfasttomeetthem.3.Iwasadmittedlyshy.4.Ifwecanhelpyoufurther,pleasedon’thesitatetogetintouchwithus.5.Themurdererranawayasfastashecould,sothathemightnotbecaughtred-handed.譯文欣賞：1.Nothingexceptabattlelostcanbehalfsomelancholyasabattlewon.----TheDukeofWellington都道戰(zhàn)敗苦，誰知戰(zhàn)勝慘！〔許淵沖譯〕①2.ThesealterationsofmoodwerethedespairandjoyofEthanFrome.(EdithWharaton:EthanFrome)他這種一會(huì)兒一個(gè)情調(diào)，叫伊坦時(shí)而灰心時(shí)而快樂?！矃问逑孀g〕②3.Ididnotwantaring,butMotherpresentedthisonetomewithsuchaffectionthatIsawnowaytogetoutofacceptingit.Sheputitonmyfingerandkissedme.(ClarenceDay:LifewithFather)我是不要戴戒指的，可是母親的盛意真是叫人難以拒絕。她把戒指給我套在指頭上，又親了我一下。〔呂叔湘譯〕③譯文欣賞：4.“Eatingbetweenmeals,〞Mrs.Bainessaid,“Whatwouldyourmothersay,MasterPhilip?〞(GrahamGreene:TheBasementRoom)“三頓不夠，這會(huì)兒還要吃，〞貝恩思太太開腔了，“你媽知道了會(huì)怎么說呢，菲力少爺？〞〔翁顯良譯〕④①許淵沖：?文學(xué)翻譯談?，書林出版公司1998年版，第353頁。②呂叔湘：?呂叔湘譯文三種?，外語教學(xué)與研究出版社1992年版，第55頁③呂叔湘：?呂叔湘譯文三種?，外語教學(xué)與研究出版社1992年版，第407頁④翁顯良：?意態(tài)由來畫不成？?，中國對(duì)外翻譯出版公司1983年版，第83頁一、嚴(yán)復(fù)的信、達(dá)、雅二、傅雷：重神似不重形似三、許淵沖：美化之藝術(shù)，創(chuàng)優(yōu)似競賽四、亞歷山大.弗雷澤.泰特勒：翻譯三原那么五、尤金.奈達(dá)：動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)等六、操縱學(xué)派七、德國功能學(xué)派Unit3翻譯的理念翻譯的方法1.直譯法〔literaltranslation〕E..g:BlackmarketGointotheredDollardiplomacyPillarindustryTwo-waytradeTheopen-doorpolicyStony-heartedIronrice-bowlTrangledebtsAmongtheblindtheone-eyedmanisking.

拳頭產(chǎn)品Fistproducts米袋子、菜籃子工程Theprojectofricebagsandvegetablebaskets.一寸光陰一寸金Aninchoftimeisaninchofgold.〔深圳〕世界之窗Windowoftheworld.血濃于水Bloodisthickerthanwater.趁熱打鐵Striketheironwhileitishot.2.意譯法〔freetranslation〕E.g.:Technicalknow-howTalkshopallthetimeAlandofhoneyandmilkANapoleonoffinanceTogettheupperhandTouseboththestickandthecarrot軟硬兼施Pennywise,poundfoolish小事聰明，大事糊涂

五湖四海Allcornersofthecountry自相矛盾Beself-contradictory拳頭產(chǎn)品Competitiveproducts/qualityproducts十全大補(bǔ)酒Far-reachingtonicwine吃不了兜著走Tobeinserioustrouble3.直譯與意譯的關(guān)系互為補(bǔ)充、相輔相成：E.g.:Amongsomanywell-dressedandculturedpeople,thecountrygirlfeltlikeafishoutofwater.直譯：同這么多穿著體面、舉止文雅的人在一起，這位鄉(xiāng)下姑娘感到自己就像是離水之魚。意譯：同這么多穿著體面而又有教養(yǎng)的人在一起，這位鄉(xiāng)下姑娘感到很不自在。

男男女女都七嘴八舌地說出他們的惦記和盼念。直譯：Withsevenmouthsandeighttongues,allweretalkingtogether.TheytriedtotellHsiaohowtheyhadmissedhim.方案一公布，大家就七嘴八舌地議論開了。意譯：Publicationofthedraftplantouchedoffalivelydiscussionwitheverybodyeagertoputinaword.注意：漢語中的實(shí)指與虛指，虛指不已直譯。習(xí)語的翻譯：先試直譯，不相宜，再試意譯。E.g.:竭澤而漁Drainingthepondtogetallthefish削足適履Cuttingthefeettofittheshoes君子動(dòng)手不動(dòng)手Agentlemanuseshistongue,nothisfists.吃一塹長一智Afallintothepit,againinyourwit.樹欲靜而風(fēng)不止Thetreemayprefercalm,butthewindwillnotsubside.4.直譯與意譯的條件4.1判斷是否易懂4.2判斷典故的“隱〞與“顯〞顯性典故：Judas`kiss,猶大之吻/背叛之吻，口蜜腹劍Achillesheel阿喀琉斯的腳踵/致命的弱點(diǎn)，死穴東施效顰merecopycat/blindimitationwithludicrouseffection守株待兔waitforgainswithoutpains隱形典故：Blowhotandcold搖擺不定/反復(fù)無常朝三暮四chopandchange

南柯一夢(mèng)anemptydream4.3判斷比喻的“死〞與“活〞“死〞的比喻：一般用意譯ToraincatsanddogsAscoolasacucumber鎮(zhèn)定自假設(shè)粗枝大葉tobecrudeandcareless大刀闊斧boldandresolute/decisive“活〞的比喻：一般用直譯Adarkhorse黑馬/爆冷門老鼠過街，人人喊打4.4判斷成語中成分的“虛〞與“實(shí)〞判斷表達(dá)方式的“優(yōu)〞與“劣〞〔亦稱〞優(yōu)選法“〕E.g.:十賒不如一現(xiàn)Abirdinthehandisworthtwointhebush.Spendmoneylikewater.揮金如土Lookforaneedleinhaystack大海撈針Thecrocodile’stears貓哭耗子Tokilltwobirdswithonestone一箭雙雕Thereisnosmokewithoutfire.無風(fēng)不起浪Tobebeatenblackandblue被打得青一塊紫一塊Oneinathousand百里挑一Ex.forunit3追逐個(gè)人利益pursueone’sownadvantage物質(zhì)利益materialbenefits達(dá)成共識(shí) developasharedidea1.Afatherisatreasure,abrotherisacomfort,butafriendisboth.父親是財(cái)富，兄弟是撫慰，朋友兼而有之。2.Anearfriendisbetterthanafar-dwellingkinsman.遠(yuǎn)親不如近鄰。3.Friendshipisaplantofslowgrowthandmustundergoandwithstandtheshocksofadversitybeforeitisentitledtotheappellation.—GeorgeWashington,AmericanPresident

友誼就像一棵生長緩慢的植物，只有經(jīng)受住了逆境的考驗(yàn)才配得上這個(gè)稱呼。

——美國總統(tǒng)喬治·華盛頓4.Tofindafriendonemustcloseoneeye;Tokeephim,two.—NormanDouglas,Britishwriter交朋友得閉一只眼，留住朋友得閉兩只。

——英國作家諾曼·道格拉斯5.Itiseasiertoforgiveanenemythantoforgiveafriend.—WilliamBlake,Englishpoet原諒敵人比原諒朋友來得容易。

——英國詩人威廉·布萊克6.Theholypassionoffriendshipissosweetandsteadyandloyalandenduringinnaturethatitwilllastthroughawholelifetime,ifnotaskedtolendmoney.—MarkTwain,Americanwriter

圣潔而熱情的友誼甜蜜，穩(wěn)固，忠誠而持久，它能長存一生，只要?jiǎng)e借錢?！绹骷荫R克·吐溫1.以共同興趣為根底的友誼是不容易破裂的。Thefriendshipgroundedoncommon/sharedinterestdoesnotbreakupeasily./Itisnoteasyforthefriendshipgroundedoncommon/sharedinteresttobreakup.2.孩子們必須學(xué)會(huì)將電腦游戲中的暴力與勇敢區(qū)分開來。Childrenmustlearntodistinguishbetweenviolenceandbravery/courageincomputergames.3.當(dāng)今世界每天涌現(xiàn)如此多新鮮事物，要求一個(gè)人什么都知曉是不合情理的。Therespringupsomanynewthingseverydayintheworldthatitisnolongersensibletoexpectapersontoknow/keeptrackofeverything.4.諸如背棄朋友這類事并不受法律制約，所以才有了我們稱作“道德法庭〞。Lawsdonotregulatesuchthingsasbetrayaltofriends;thatiswhythereiswhatwecall/iscalled“thecourtofmorality〞.5.有人把今天的文化描述為“快餐文化〞。無論做什么事，人們只是追求用最短時(shí)間到達(dá)最大的滿足。Today’scultureisdescribedas“fast-foodculture〞.Whatevertheymaybe/aredoing,peoplejustpursuethegreatest/maximumsatisfactionwithintheshortesttime.6.常言說，天下沒有免費(fèi)的午餐。如果你想要什么，就得去掙。Asthesayinggoes,thereisnosuchthingasafreelunch.Ifyouwantsomething,goandearn/work.大家普遍成認(rèn)人是社會(huì)性的動(dòng)物，生活在同一個(gè)社會(huì)的我們自然指望有朋友。至于什么是友誼，人們有各自不同的理解。有些人交朋友是為了彼此有用，一旦失去這個(gè)根底，這種友誼也就中止了。但更多的人渴望“心靈之友〞，即那種擁有高尚情操，能共度磨難的朋友。這樣的友誼使我們遠(yuǎn)離貪欲、暴力，鼓勵(lì)我們敢于按照自己的信念說話和做事。這樣的友誼才是我們說的“真摯和完美的友誼〞。