一般現(xiàn)在時ppt99509機(jī)械設(shè)計-連接部分習(xí)題答案機(jī)械設(shè)計-連接部分習(xí)題答案機(jī)械設(shè)計-連接部分習(xí)題答案機(jī)械設(shè)計-連接部分測試題填空：1、按照聯(lián)接類型不同，常用的不可拆卸聯(lián)接類型分為焊接、鉚接、粘接和過盈量大的配合。2、按照螺紋牙型不同，常見的螺紋分為三角螺紋、梯形螺紋、矩形螺紋和鋸齒形螺紋等。其中三角螺紋主要用于聯(lián)接，梯形螺紋主要用于傳動。3、根據(jù)螺紋聯(lián)接防松原理的不同，它可分為摩擦防松和機(jī)械防松。螺紋聯(lián)接的防松，其根本問題在于防止螺紋副轉(zhuǎn)動。4、對于螺紋聯(lián)接，當(dāng)兩被聯(lián)接件中其一較厚不能使用螺栓時，則應(yīng)用雙頭螺柱聯(lián)接或螺釘聯(lián)接，其中經(jīng)常拆卸時選用雙頭螺柱聯(lián)接。5、普通螺栓聯(lián)接中螺栓所受的力為軸向（拉）力，而鉸制孔螺栓聯(lián)接中螺栓所受的力為軸向和剪切力。6、在振動、沖擊或變載荷作用下的螺栓聯(lián)接，應(yīng)采用防松裝置，以保證聯(lián)接的可靠。7、在螺紋中，單線螺紋主要用于聯(lián)接，其原因是自鎖，多線螺紋用于傳動，其原因是效率高。8、在螺紋聯(lián)接中，被聯(lián)接上應(yīng)加工出凸臺或沉頭座，這主要是為了避免螺紋產(chǎn)生附加彎曲應(yīng)力。楔鍵的工作面是上下面，而半圓鍵的工作面是（兩）側(cè)面。平鍵的工作面是（兩）側(cè)面。9、花鍵聯(lián)接由內(nèi)花鍵和外花鍵組成。10、根據(jù)采用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制度不同，螺紋分為米制和英制，我國除管螺紋外，一般都采用米制螺紋。圓柱普通螺紋的公稱直徑是指大徑，強(qiáng)度計算多用螺紋的（）徑。圓柱普通螺紋的牙型角為60度，管螺紋的牙型角為（）度。判斷：1、銷聯(lián)接屬可拆卸聯(lián)接的一種。（√）2、鍵聯(lián)接用在軸和軸上支承零件相聯(lián)接的場合。（√）3、半圓鍵是平鍵中的一種。（×）4、焊接是一種不可以拆卸的聯(lián)接。（√）5、鉚接是一種可以拆卸的聯(lián)接。（×）一般聯(lián)接多用細(xì)牙螺紋。（×）6、圓柱普通螺紋的公稱直徑就是螺紋的最大直徑。（√）7、管螺紋是用于管件聯(lián)接的一種螺紋。（√）8、三角形螺紋主要用于傳動。（×）9、梯形螺紋主要用于聯(lián)接。（×）10、金屬切削機(jī)床上絲杠的螺紋通常都是采用三角螺紋。（×）11、雙頭螺柱聯(lián)接適用于被聯(lián)接件厚度不大的聯(lián)接。（×）12、平鍵聯(lián)接可承受單方向軸向力。（×）13、普通平鍵聯(lián)接能夠使軸上零件周向固定和軸向固定。（×）14、鍵聯(lián)接主要用來聯(lián)接軸和軸上的傳動零件，實現(xiàn)周向固定并傳遞轉(zhuǎn)矩。（√）15、緊鍵聯(lián)接中鍵的兩側(cè)面是工作面。（×）16、緊鍵聯(lián)接定心較差。（√）17、單圓頭普通平鍵多用于軸的端部。（√）18、半圓鍵聯(lián)接，由于軸上的鍵槽較深，故對軸的強(qiáng)度削弱較大。（√）19、鍵聯(lián)接和花鍵聯(lián)接是最常用的軸向固定方法。（×）20、周向固定的目的是防止軸與軸上零件產(chǎn)生相對轉(zhuǎn)動。（√）三、選擇：

1、在常用的螺旋傳動中，傳動效率最高的螺紋是(D)。A三角形螺紋；B梯形螺紋；C鋸齒形螺紋；D矩形螺紋2、當(dāng)兩個被聯(lián)接件之一太厚，不宜制成通孔，且聯(lián)接不需要經(jīng)常拆卸時，往往采用(B)。A螺栓聯(lián)接；B螺釘聯(lián)接；C雙頭螺柱聯(lián)接；D緊定螺釘聯(lián)接3、在常用的螺紋聯(lián)接中，自鎖性能最好的螺紋是(A)。A三角形螺紋；B梯形螺紋；C鋸齒形螺紋；D矩形螺紋4、承受橫向載荷的緊螺栓聯(lián)接，該聯(lián)接中的螺栓受(C)作用。A剪切；B拉伸；C剪切和拉伸5、當(dāng)兩個被聯(lián)接件之一太厚，不宜制成通孔，且需要經(jīng)常拆卸時，往往采用(C)。A螺釘聯(lián)接；B螺栓聯(lián)接；C雙頭螺柱聯(lián)接；D緊定螺釘聯(lián)接6、采用凸臺或沉頭座作為螺栓頭或螺母的支撐面，是為了(C)。A減少預(yù)緊力；B減少擠壓力；C避免螺栓受彎曲應(yīng)力；D便于放置墊圈7、聯(lián)接螺紋要求(C)，傳動螺紋要求(B)。A易于加工；B效率高；C自鎖性好；D螺距大8、只受預(yù)緊力的緊螺栓聯(lián)接，在強(qiáng)度計算時將螺栓所受的拉力乘以1.3，是由于(D)。A為了保證足夠的預(yù)緊力；B增大安全系數(shù)；C防止松脫；D計入扭轉(zhuǎn)剪應(yīng)力9、公制普通螺紋的牙型角為(C)。A.30°；B.55°；C.60°10、楔鍵聯(lián)接的主要缺點是(B)。A鍵的斜面加工困難；B軸與軸上的零件對中性不好；C鍵不易安裝；D聯(lián)接不可靠；E易松脫11、普通平鍵聯(lián)接的用途是使軸與輪轂之間(B)A沿軸向固定并傳遞軸向力；B沿周向固定并傳遞轉(zhuǎn)矩；Ｃ沿軸向可相對滑動起導(dǎo)向作用；Ｄ既沿軸向固定又沿周向固定；Ｅ同時傳遞軸向力和轉(zhuǎn)矩12、在螺紋聯(lián)接的防松裝置中(AD)屬于機(jī)械放松，(BC)屬于摩擦放松。（此題可選多項）Ａ止動墊片；Ｂ彈簧墊片；Ｃ雙螺母；Ｄ槽型螺母與開口銷13、受橫向載荷的普通螺栓所受的載荷是(B)，受橫向載荷的鉸制孔螺栓所受的載荷是(D)，受軸向載荷的松螺栓所受的載荷是(A)，受軸向載荷的緊螺栓所受的載荷是(B)。Ａ工作載荷；Ｂ預(yù)緊力；Ｃ剩余預(yù)緊力；Ｄ工作載荷加預(yù)緊力；Ｅ工作載荷加剩余預(yù)緊力14、鍵的剖面尺寸通常是根據(jù)(D)按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)選擇。Ａ傳遞轉(zhuǎn)矩的大??；Ｂ傳遞功率的大??；Ｃ輪轂的長度；Ｄ軸的直徑15、具有相同公稱直徑和螺距并采用相同的配對材料的傳動螺旋副中傳動效率最高的是（C）。Ａ單線矩形螺紋；Ｂ單線梯形螺紋；Ｃ雙線矩形螺紋；Ｄ雙線鋸齒形螺紋16、能夠構(gòu)成緊鍵聯(lián)接的兩種鍵是（D）。Ａ楔鍵和半圓鍵；Ｂ平鍵和切向鍵；Ｃ半圓鍵和切向鍵；Ｄ楔鍵和切向鍵；Ｅ平鍵和楔鍵17、被聯(lián)接件受橫向載荷作用時，若采用普通螺栓聯(lián)接，則載荷靠（A）來傳遞。Ａ接合面之間的摩擦力；Ｂ螺栓的剪切；Ｃ螺栓與被聯(lián)接件的擠壓18、半圓鍵和切向鍵應(yīng)用場合是（CD）。Ａ前者多用于傳遞較大轉(zhuǎn)矩；Ｂ后者多用于傳遞較小轉(zhuǎn)矩；Ｃ前者多用于傳遞較小轉(zhuǎn)矩；Ｄ后者多用于傳遞較大轉(zhuǎn)矩；Ｅ二者都用于傳遞較大轉(zhuǎn)矩；Ｆ二者都用于傳遞較小轉(zhuǎn)矩。19、楔鍵的上表面和輪轂鍵槽的底部有（A）的斜度。A1：100B1：50C1：20D1：1020、平鍵聯(lián)接主要用于(BC)零件的周向定位。A受力不大B傳遞較大轉(zhuǎn)矩C定心精度高D導(dǎo)向性好的滑移21.為了不過于嚴(yán)重削弱軸和輪轂的強(qiáng)度，兩個切向鍵最好布置成。A.在軸的同一母線上B.180°C.120°~130°D.90°22.平鍵B20×80GB/T1096—1979中，20×80是表示。A.鍵寬×軸徑B.鍵高×軸徑C.鍵寬×鍵長D.鍵寬×鍵高23.一般采用加工B型普通平鍵的鍵槽。A.指狀銑刀B.盤形銑刀C.插刀D.車刀24.平鍵連接能傳遞的最大扭矩T，現(xiàn)要傳遞的扭矩為1.5T，則應(yīng)。A.安裝一對平鍵B.鍵寬b增大到1.5倍C.鍵長L增大到1.5倍D.鍵高h(yuǎn)增大到1.5倍25.如需在軸上安裝一對半圓鍵，則應(yīng)將它們布置在。A.相隔90°B.相隔120°位置C.軸的同一母線上D.相隔180°四：問答：1、螺紋連接預(yù)緊的目的是什么？

答：預(yù)緊的目的在于增強(qiáng)連接的可靠性和緊密性，以防止受載后被連接件間出現(xiàn)縫隙或發(fā)生相對滑移。2.螺紋連接防松的方法按工作原理可分為哪幾種？

答：摩擦防松、機(jī)械防松（正接鎖?。┖豌T沖防松（破壞螺紋副關(guān)系）等。3、為了提高螺栓的疲勞強(qiáng)度，在螺栓的最大應(yīng)力一定時，可采取哪些措施來降低應(yīng)力幅？并舉出三個結(jié)構(gòu)例子。

答：可采取減小螺栓剛度或增大被連接件剛度的方法來降低應(yīng)力幅。1）適當(dāng)增加螺栓的長度；2）采用減小螺栓桿直徑的腰狀桿螺栓或空心螺栓；3）在螺母下面安裝彈性元件。4.螺紋連接設(shè)計時均已滿足自鎖條件，為什么設(shè)計時還必須采取有效的防松措施？

答：在靜載荷及工作溫度變化不大時，連接一般不會自動松脫。但在沖擊、振動、載荷變化、溫度變化較大或高溫下均造成連接間摩擦力減小或瞬時消失或應(yīng)力松馳而發(fā)生連接松脫。5.普通平鍵連接的主要失效形式是什么？答：其主要失效形式是工作面被壓潰。五、分析計算：1.有一受預(yù)緊力F0和軸向工作載荷F=1000N作用的緊螺栓連接，已知預(yù)緊力F0=1000N，螺栓的剛度Cb與被連接件的剛度Cm相等。試計算該螺栓所受的總拉力F2和殘余預(yù)緊力F1。在預(yù)緊力F0不變的條件下，若保證被連接件間不出現(xiàn)縫隙，該螺栓的最大軸向工作載荷Fmax為多少?2.題4-52圖所示為一圓盤鋸，鋸片直徑D=500mm，用螺母將其夾緊在壓板中間。已知鋸片外圓上的工作阻力Ft=400N，壓板和鋸片間的摩擦因數(shù)f=0.15，壓板的平均直徑D0=150mm，可靠性系數(shù)Ks=1.2，軸材料的許用拉伸應(yīng)力[σ]=60MPa。試計算軸端所需的螺紋直徑。（提示：此題中有兩個接合面，壓板的壓緊力就是螺紋連接的預(yù)緊力。）3.題4-53圖所示為一支架與機(jī)座用4個普通螺栓連接，所受外載荷分別為橫向載荷FR=5000N，軸向載荷FQ=16000N。已知螺栓的相對剛度Cb/（Cb+Cm）=0.25，接合面間摩擦因數(shù)，f=0.15，可靠性系數(shù)Ks=1.2，螺栓材料的機(jī)械性能級別為8.8級，最小屈服點σmin=640MPa，許用安全系數(shù)[S]=2，試計算該螺栓小徑d1的計算值。4一受拉緊螺栓聯(lián)接，預(yù)緊力為F’，受工作拉力F后的螺栓的總拉力為F0，被聯(lián)接件之間的剩余預(yù)緊力為F’’。請在如下的力與變形關(guān)系圖中將上述各力標(biāo)示出來（圖4）。變形力圖4設(shè)螺栓的相對剛度，被聯(lián)接件的相對剛度，若，預(yù)緊力=1KN，外載荷F=1.1KN，試求螺栓中的總拉力和殘余預(yù)緊力。1.解題要點：或為保證被連接件間不出現(xiàn)縫隙，則≥0。由≥0得F≤所以2.解題要點：（1）計算壓板壓緊力。由得（2）確定軸端螺紋直徑。由≥查GB196—81，取M16（d113.835mm＞12.30mm）3.解題要點：（1）螺栓組連接受力分析這是螺栓組連接受橫向載荷FR和軸向載荷FQ聯(lián)合作用的情況，故可按結(jié)合面不滑移計算螺栓所需的預(yù)緊力F0，按連接的軸向載荷計算單個螺栓的軸向工作載荷F，然后求螺栓的總拉力F2。計算螺栓的軸向工作載荷F。根據(jù)題給條件，每個螺栓所受軸向工作載荷相等，故有2）計算螺栓的預(yù)緊力F0。由于有軸向載荷的作用，接合面間的壓緊力為殘余預(yù)緊力F1，故有而聯(lián)立解上述兩式，則得3）計算螺栓的總拉力F2。（2）計算螺栓的小徑d1螺栓材料的機(jī)械性能級別為8.8級，其最小屈服點，故其許用拉伸應(yīng)力所以題4-52圖題4-53圖

有關(guān)體育活動策劃書有關(guān)體育活動策劃書有關(guān)體育活動策劃書體育活動策劃書活動背景為了迎接新學(xué)期的到來，文學(xué)院特舉辦趣味運動，以提高大家對學(xué)習(xí)的積極性，增加大家的課余活動，為大學(xué)生活增添一絲色彩?；顒幽康臑榱素S富同學(xué)們的大學(xué)課余文化生活，活躍校園氣氛，展現(xiàn)同學(xué)們的青春活力，體現(xiàn)同學(xué)們的青春精神；激發(fā)同學(xué)們積極參與體育文化活動的激情，提高運動技能水平，促進(jìn)德智體美的全面發(fā)展；促進(jìn)校園文化建設(shè)，彰顯學(xué)生內(nèi)強(qiáng)體質(zhì)，外樹形象；自尊，自強(qiáng)，自立，自信的風(fēng)采。體現(xiàn)大學(xué)生的時代風(fēng)采和精神風(fēng)貌。將繼續(xù)舉行我院特色活動。三．活動時間：四、活動地點：籃球場五、活動口號：快樂體育，人人參與六、活動方式：以趣味運動項目（過桿舞、協(xié)力取水、陸地劃船比賽）為主的文體娛樂項目。七、活動項目：團(tuán)體賽：過桿舞，花樣接力，齊心協(xié)力，定點投籃個人賽：協(xié)作戰(zhàn)，穿針引線，協(xié)力取水，陸地劃船，呼啦圈八．參賽選手選拔并記錄在比賽前一個半月進(jìn)行選拔，由體育部干事進(jìn)行各項目選拔，每個項目兩個人負(fù)責(zé)并記錄下來以便之后的通知。九．比賽規(guī)則1.過桿舞：每系至少出一至兩隊，每隊兩男兩女，兩人從相反方向以后仰方式通過竹竿,兩組全通過方能降低竹竿的高度，竹竿掉落的機(jī)會只有3次，最后一竹竿降到最低的隊伍為勝。2.花樣接力：每系出一隊，2男生2女生，以四種不同跑步方式（1袋鼠跳2交叉跑3單腿跳4倒退跑）,進(jìn)行接力到達(dá)終點（賽程100米），時間最短的為勝。3.齊心協(xié)力：每系出一隊，每隊12人，6人搖繩6人闖關(guān)，闖關(guān)隊伍中2個男生，4個女生，二人拉手跑過三根搖動的長繩，順利通過三關(guān)以時間最短者為勝。4.定點投籃：每系出一對，每對5人，2男3女，看哪一對在指定時間內(nèi)投進(jìn)的球最多獲勝。5.協(xié)作戰(zhàn)：參賽者背對背（2人），互相挽住方的手臂，中間夾一排球，站在起跑線后。比賽開始二人迅速側(cè)身向前跑，繞過標(biāo)志物跑完50米，時間最短者為勝。規(guī)則:(1)不得松開手臂。(2)球若掉下必須拾起重新開始。6.穿針引線：在一分鐘之內(nèi)以誰投入瓶子里的。最多為勝者，手持筷子，筷子底端必須在繩子以上，以繩子為警戒線（繩高1.2米）。7.協(xié)力取水：每班最多2隊，每隊2人，采用兩人三腳式從規(guī)定的起點出發(fā)到30米之外的水桶中取水并返回，比賽過程中不得干擾其他隊員，比賽限時3分鐘，最后按水量排名，最高的為勝者。8.陸地劃船：每班最多2隊，每隊2人，以互坐隊友的雙腳，手拉手方式前進(jìn)10米后雙人抱一球跑20米到達(dá)終點，用時最短者為勝。9.轉(zhuǎn)呼啦圈：一分鐘內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)的個數(shù)最多的獲勝。呼啦圈在進(jìn)行中落地則從新開始，每人有兩次機(jī)會，但所耗時間計入總用時中。十、獎項設(shè)置：團(tuán)體項：第一、第二、第三、優(yōu)秀獎個人項:第一、第二、第三、優(yōu)秀獎十一、獎勵辦法：1．團(tuán)體賽、個人賽取前三名的隊伍或個人頒發(fā)獎狀與獎品。2.團(tuán)體賽、個人賽獲優(yōu)秀獎?wù)弋?dāng)場領(lǐng)取獎品。十二、經(jīng)費預(yù)算：1．比賽用具哨子：XX元復(fù)印：XX元一次性杯子：XX元純凈水：XX元獎品待定（具體待定）十三、活動籌備及負(fù)責(zé)人總負(fù)責(zé)人：負(fù)責(zé)人：宣傳人員：器材運送人員：十四、注意事項：1.報名細(xì)則：以系為單位進(jìn)行組隊（以自愿為原則），個人賽每人至多報兩個，團(tuán)體賽至多報三個，個人賽和團(tuán)體賽可以兼報。2抽簽：組織各班體委統(tǒng)一進(jìn)行抽簽（拔河），預(yù)設(shè)數(shù)字編號，各系代表抽取編號，比賽按編號順序兩兩一組進(jìn)行比賽。3.宣傳方式：既應(yīng)該充分運用海報宣傳，也應(yīng)積極號召班級同學(xué)踴躍報名參加。4.后期宣傳：在對本學(xué)院獲勝或是系個人給予獎勵，也應(yīng)該做好賽后對幕后工作者人員的獎勵。5.吸取以往比賽的經(jīng)驗，落實事物責(zé)任制，防止到實施階段有部分事務(wù)無人跟進(jìn)的情況出現(xiàn)。6.各參賽隊伍及各人應(yīng)自覺遵守比賽規(guī)則，服從裁判，否則后果自負(fù)。7.大家在比賽過程中一定要注意安全，以友誼第一，比賽第二的原則進(jìn)行，不要發(fā)生與比賽無關(guān)的事情。8.參賽項目和運動員一經(jīng)確定，無特殊情況不得更改和棄權(quán)。文學(xué)院體育部

各國使用的坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)及對應(yīng)的時區(qū)各國使用的坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)及對應(yīng)的時區(qū)

/各國使用的坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)及對應(yīng)的時區(qū)各國使用的坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)及時區(qū)Afghanistan

European1950ED77

????UTMZone41N

Kalianpur1962

????UTMZone41N

????UTMZone42N

WGS72

????UTMZone41N

????UTMZone42N

WGS84

????UTMZone41N

????UTMZone42N

Africa

WGS84

????AfricaLambertConformalConic

Alabama

NAD27

????AlabamaEast

????AlabamaWest

NAD83

????AlabamaEast

????AlabamaWest

NAD83(HARN)

????AlabamaEast

????AlabamaWest

Alaska

NAD27

????AlaskaZone1

????AlaskaZone10

????AlaskaZone2

????AlaskaZone3

????AlaskaZone4

????AlaskaZone5

????AlaskaZone6

????AlaskaZone7

????AlaskaZone8

????AlaskaZone9

NAD83

????AlaskaZone1

????AlaskaZone10

????AlaskaZone2

????AlaskaZone3

????AlaskaZone4

????AlaskaZone5

????AlaskaZone6

????AlaskaZone7

????AlaskaZone8

????AlaskaZone9

Albania

Albanian1987

????GKZone4

ETRF89

????UTMZone34N

ETRS89

????UTMZone34N

European1950

????UTMZone34N

Pulkovo1942

????GKZone4

????GKZone4N

Pulkovo1942/83

????GKZone4

Pulkovo1995

????GKZone4

????GKZone4N

WGS72

????UTMZone34N

WGS84

????UTMZone34N

Algeria

NordSahara1959

????UTMZone29N

????UTMZone30N

????UTMZone31N

????UTMZone32N

Voirol1875

????NordAlgerie(Ancienne)

????SudAlgerie(Ancienne)

VoirolUnifie1960

????NordAlgerie

????SudAlgerie

WGS72

????UTMZone29N

????UTMZone30N

????UTMZone31N

????UTMZone32N

WGS84

????UTMZone29N

????UTMZone30N

????UTMZone31N

????UTMZone32N

AmericanSamoa

AmericanSamoa1962

????Samoa(Lambert)

????StatePlaneAmericanSamoa

????UTMZone2S

NAD83(HARN)

????UTMZone2S

WGS72

????UTMZone2S

WGS84

????UTMZone2S

Andorra

ETRF89

????UTMZone31N

ETRS89

????UTMZone31N

European1950

????UTMZone31N

WGS72

????UTMZone31N

WGS84

????UTMZone31N

Angola

Camacupa

????TM11.30SE

????TM12SE

????UTMZone32S

????UTMZone33S

Malongo1987

????UTMZone32S

Mhast

????UTMZone32S

WGS72

????UTMZone32S

????UTMZone33S

????UTMZone34S

WGS84

????UTMZone32S

????UTMZone33S

????UTMZone34S

Anguilla

Anguilla1957

????BritishWestIndiesGrid

WGS72

????UTMZone20N

WGS84

????UTMZone20N

AntiguaandBarbuda

Antigua1943

????BritishWestIndiesGrid

WGS72

????UTMZone20N

WGS84

????UTMZone20N

Argentina

CampoInchauspe

????ArgentinaZone1

????ArgentinaZone2

????ArgentinaZone3

????ArgentinaZone4

????ArgentinaZone5

????ArgentinaZone6

????ArgentinaZone7

????UTMZone19S

????UTMZone20S

ChosMalal1914

????Argentina2

HitoXVIII1963

????Argentina2

????UTMZone19S

PampadelCastillo

????Argentina2

SouthAmerican1969

????UTMZone18S

????UTMZone19S

????UTMZone20S

????UTMZone21S

WGS72

????UTMZone18S

????UTMZone19S

????UTMZone20S

????UTMZone21S

WGS84

????UTMZone18S

????UTMZone19S

????UTMZone20S

????UTMZone21S

Arizona

NAD27

????ArizonaCentral

????ArizonaEast

????ArizonaWest

NAD83

????ArizonaCentral

????ArizonaEast

????ArizonaWest

NAD83(HARN)

????ArizonaCentral

????ArizonaEast

????ArizonaWest

Arkansas

NAD27

????ArkansasNorth

????ArkansasSouth

NAD83

????ArkansasNorth

????ArkansasSouth

NAD83(HARN)

????ArkansasNorth

????ArkansasSouth

Armenia

Pulkovo1942

????GKZone8

????GKZone8N

Pulkovo1995

????GKZone8

WGS72

????UTMZone38N

WGS84

????UTMZone38N

Asia

WGS84

????AsiaLambertConformalConic

????AsiaNorthLambertConformalConic

????AsiaSouthLambertConformalConic

Australia

Australian1966

????ACTGridAGCZone

????AMGZone48

????AMGZone49

????AMGZone50

????AMGZone51

????AMGZone52

????AMGZone53

????AMGZone54

????AMGZone55

????AMGZone56

????AMGZone57

????AMGZone58

????ISG542

????ISG543

????ISG551

????ISG552

????ISG553

????ISG561

????ISG562

????ISG563

????VictoriaGrid

Australian1984

????AMGZone48

????AMGZone49

????AMGZone50

????AMGZone51

????AMGZone52

????AMGZone53

????AMGZone54

????AMGZone55

????AMGZone56

????AMGZone57

????AMGZone58

GDA94

????MGAZone48

????MGAZone49

????MGAZone50

????MGAZone51

????MGAZone52

????MGAZone53

????MGAZone54

????MGAZone55

????MGAZone56

????MGAZone57

????MGAZone58

????SouthAustraliaLambert

????VICGRID94

WGS72

????UTMZone50S

????UTMZone51S

????UTMZone52S

????UTMZone53S

????UTMZone54S

????UTMZone55S

????UTMZone56S

????UTMZone57S

????UTMZone58S

WGS84

????UTMZone50S

????UTMZone51S

????UTMZone52S

????UTMZone53S

????UTMZone54S

????UTMZone55S

????UTMZone56S

????UTMZone57S

????UTMZone58S

Austria

ETRF89

????UTMZone32N

????UTMZone33N

ETRS89

????UTMZone32N

????UTMZone33N

European1950

????UTMZone32N

????UTMZone33N

MGI

????AustriaLambert

????ZoneM28

????ZoneM31

????ZoneM34

MGI(Ferro)

????AustriaCentralZone

????AustriaEastZone

????AustriaWestZone

WGS72

????UTMZone32N

????UTMZone33N

WGS84

????UTMZone32N

????UTMZone33N

Azerbaijan

ETRF89

????UTMZone38N

ETRS89

????UTMZone38N

????UTMZone39N

European1950

????UTMZone38N

European1950ED77

????UTMZone38N

????UTMZone39N

Pulkovo1942

????GKZone8

????GKZone8N

????GKZone9

????GKZone9N

Pulkovo1995

????GKZone8

????GKZone9

WGS72

????UTMZone38N

????UTMZone39N

WGS84

????UTMZone38N

????UTMZone39N

Bahrain

AinelAbd

????BahrainStateGrid

????UTMZone39N

WGS72

????UTMZone39N

WGS84

????UTMZone39N

Bangladesh

Kalianpur1880

????IndiaZoneIIb

Kalianpur1937

????IndiaZoneIIb

????UTMZone45N

????UTMZone46N

Kalianpur1975

????IndiaZoneIIb

????UTMZone45N

????UTMZone46N

WGS72

????UTMZone45N

????UTMZone46N

WGS84

????UTMZone45N

????UTMZone46N

Barbados

Barbados1938

????BarbadosGrid

????BritishWestIndiesGrid

WGS72

????UTMZone21N

WGS84

????UTMZone21N

Belarus

ETRF89

????UTMZone34N

????UTMZone35N

????UTMZone36N

ETRS89

????UTMZone34N

????UTMZone35N

????UTMZone36N

European1950

????UTMZone34N

????UTMZone35N

????UTMZone36N

WGS72

????UTMZone34N

????UTMZone35N

????UTMZone36N

WGS84

????UTMZone34N

????UTMZone35N

????UTMZone36N

Belgium

Belge1950(Brussels)

????BelgeLambert1950

Belge1972

????BelgeLambert1972

ETRF89

????UTMZone31N

????UTMZone32N

ETRS89

????UTMZone31N

????UTMZone32N

European1950

????UTMZone31N

????UTMZone32N

WGS72

????UTMZone31N

????UTMZone32N

WGS84

????UTMZone31N

????UTMZone32N

Belize

WGS72

????UTMZone16N

WGS84

????UTMZone16N

Benin

WGS72

????UTMZone31N

WGS84

????UTMZone31N

Bermuda

Bermuda2000

????BermudaNationalGrid

WGS72

????UTMZone20N

WGS84

????UTMZone20N

Bhutan

WGS72

????UTMZone45N

????UTMZone46N

WGS84

????UTMZone45N

????UTMZone46N

Bolivia

ProvisionalSouthAmerican1956

????UTMZone19S

????UTMZone20S

SouthAmerican1969

????UTMZone19S

????UTMZone20S

????UTMZone21S

WGS72

????UTMZone19S

????UTMZone20S

????UTMZone21S

WGS84

????UTMZone19S

????UTMZone20S

????UTMZone21S

BosniaandHerzegovina

ETRF89

????UTMZone33N

????UTMZone34N

ETRS89

????UTMZone33N

????UTMZone34N

European1950

????UTMZone33N

????UTMZone34N

WGS72

????UTMZone33N

????UTMZone34N

WGS84

????UTMZone33N

????UTMZone34N

Botswana

Arc1950

????UTMZone34S

????UTMZone35S

????UTMZone36S

WGS72

????UTMZone34S

????UTMZone35S

????UTMZone36S

WGS84

????UTMZone34S

????UTMZone35S

????UTMZone36S

Brazil

CorregoAlegre

????UTMZone23S

????UTMZone24S

SouthAmerican1969

????UTMZone18S

????UTMZone19N

????UTMZone19S

????UTMZone20N

????UTMZone20S

????UTMZone21N

????UTMZone21S

????UTMZone22N

????UTMZone22S

????UTMZone23S

????UTMZone24S

????UTMZone25S

WGS72

????UTMZone18S

????UTMZone19N

????UTMZone19S

????UTMZone20N

????UTMZone20S

????UTMZone21N

????UTMZone21S

????UTMZone22N

????UTMZone22S

????UTMZone23S

????UTMZone24S

????UTMZone25S

WGS84

????UTMZone18S

????UTMZone19N

????UTMZone19S

????UTMZone20N

????UTMZone20S

????UTMZone21N

????UTMZone21S

????UTMZone22N

????UTMZone22S

????UTMZone23S

????UTMZone24S

????UTMZone25S

Brunei

WGS72

????UTMZone49N

????UTMZone50N

WGS84

????UTMZone49N

????UTMZone50N

Bulgaria

ETRF89

????UTMZone34N

????UTMZone35N

ETRS89

????UTMZone34N

????UTMZone35N

European1950

????UTMZone34N

????UTMZone35N

WGS72

????UTMZone34N

????UTMZone35N

WGS84

????UTMZone34N

????UTMZone35N

BurkinaFaso

WGS72

????UTMZone30N

????UTMZone31N

WGS84

????UTMZone30N

????UTMZone31N

Burundi

Arc1950

????UTMZone35S

????UTMZone36S

WGS72

????UTMZone35S

????UTMZone36S

WGS84

????UTMZone35S

????UTMZone36S

California

NAD27

????CaliforniaI

????CaliforniaII

????CaliforniaIII

????CaliforniaIV

????CaliforniaV

????CaliforniaVI

????CaliforniaVII

NAD83

????CaliforniaI

????CaliforniaII

????CaliforniaIII

????CaliforniaIV

????CaliforniaV

????CaliforniaVI

NAD83(HARN)

????CaliforniaI

????CaliforniaII

????CaliforniaIII

????CaliforniaIV

????CaliforniaV

????CaliforniaVI

Cambodia

Indian1954

????UTMZone48N

Indian1960

????UTMZone48N

Indian1975

????UTMZone48N

WGS72

????UTMZone48N

WGS84

????UTMZone48N

Cameroon

Douala

????UTMZone32N

Douala1948

????AOFWest

Garoua

????UTMZone33N

Kousseri

????UTMZone33N

Manoca1962

????UTMZone32N

Minna

????UTMZone31N

????UTMZone32N

WGS72

????UTMZone31N

????UTMZone32N

????UTMZone33N

WGS84

????UTMZone31N

????UTMZone32N

????UTMZone33N

Canada

ATS77

????MTMNovaScotiaZone4

????MTMNovaScotiaZone5

????UTMZone19N

????UTMZone20N

NAD27

????CanadaLambert

????UTMZone10N

????UTMZone11N

????UTMZone12N

????UTMZone13N

????UTMZone14N

????UTMZone15N

????UTMZone16N

????UTMZone17N

????UTMZone18N

????UTMZone19N

????UTMZone20N

????UTMZone21N

????UTMZone22N

????UTMZone7N

????UTMZone8N

????UTMZone9N

NAD27(CGQ77)

????CanadaLambert

????UTMZone17N

????UTMZone18N

????UTMZone19N

????UTMZone20N

????UTMZone21N

NAD27(Definition1976)

????UTMZone15N

????UTMZone16N

????UTMZone17N

????UTMZone18N

NAD83

????CanadaLambert

????UTMZone10N

????UTMZone11N

????UTMZone12N

????UTMZone13N

????UTMZone14N

????UTMZone15N

????UTMZone16N

????UTMZone17N

????UTMZone18N

????UTMZone19N

????UTMZone20N

????UTMZone21N

????UTMZone22N

????UTMZone7N

????UTMZone8N

????UTMZone9N

NAD83(CSRS98)

????UTMZone11N

????UTMZone12N

????UTMZone13N

????UTMZone17N

????UTMZone18N

????UTMZone19N

????UTMZone20N

????UTMZone21N

NAD83(HARN)

????UTMZone11N

????UTMZone12N

????UTMZone13N

????UTMZone18N

WGS72

????UTMZone10N

????UTMZone11N

????UTMZone12N

????UTMZone13N

????UTMZone14N

????UTMZone15N

????UTMZone16N

????UTMZone17N

????UTMZone18N

????UTMZone19N

????UTMZone20N

????UTMZone21N

????UTMZone22N

????UTMZone7N

????UTMZone8N

????UTMZone9N

WGS84

????UTMZone10N

????UTMZone11N

????UTMZone12N

????UTMZone13N

????UTMZone14N

????UTMZone15N

????UTMZone16N

????UTMZone17N

????UTMZone18N

????UTMZone19N

????UTMZone20N

????UTMZone21N

????UTMZone22N

????UTMZone7N

????UTMZone8N

????UTMZone9N

CapeVerde

WGS72

????UTMZone26N

????UTMZone27N

WGS84

????UTMZone26N

????UTMZone27N

CentralAfricanRepubl

WGS72

????UTMZone33N

????UTMZone34N

????UTMZone35N

WGS84

????UTMZone33N

????UTMZone34N

????UTMZone35N

Chad

WGS72

????UTMZone33N

????UTMZone34N

WGS84

????UTMZone33N

????UTMZone34N

Chile

ProvisionalSouthAmerican1956

????UTMZone17S

????UTMZone18S

????UTMZone19S

SouthAmerican1969

????UTMZone17S

????UTMZone18S

????UTMZone19S

WGS72

????UTMZone17S

????UTMZone18S

????UTMZone19S

WGS84

????UTMZone17S

????UTMZone18S

????UTMZone19S

China

Beijing1954

????3DegreeGKCM102E

????3DegreeGKCM105E

????3DegreeGKCM108E

????3DegreeGKCM111E

????3DegreeGKCM114E

????3DegreeGKCM117E

????3DegreeGKCM120E

????3DegreeGKCM123E

????3DegreeGKCM126E

????3DegreeGKCM129E

????3DegreeGKCM132E

????3DegreeGKCM135E

????3DegreeGKCM75E

????3DegreeGKCM78E

????3DegreeGKCM81E

????3DegreeGKCM84E

????3DegreeGKCM87E

????3DegreeGKCM90E

????3DegreeGKCM93E

????3DegreeGKCM96E

????3DegreeGKCM99E

????3DegreeGKZone25

????3DegreeGKZone26

????3DegreeGKZone27

????3DegreeGKZone28

????3DegreeGKZone29

????3DegreeGKZone30

????3DegreeGKZone31

????3DegreeGKZone32

????3DegreeGKZone33

????3DegreeGKZone34

????3DegreeGKZone35

????3DegreeGKZone36

????3DegreeGKZone37

????3DegreeGKZone38

????3DegreeGKZone39

????3DegreeGKZone40

????3DegreeGKZone41

????3DegreeGKZone42

????3DegreeGKZone43

????3DegreeGKZone44

????3DegreeGKZone45

????GKZone13

????GKZone13N

????GKZone14

????GKZone14N

????GKZone15

????GKZone15N

????GKZone16

????GKZone16N

????GKZone17

????GKZone17N

????GKZone18

????GKZone18N

????GKZone19

????GKZone19N

????GKZone20

????GKZone20N

????GKZone21

????GKZone21N

????GKZone22

????GKZone22N

????GKZone23

????GKZone23N

HongKong1980

????HongKong1980Grid

????UTMZone49N

????UTMZone50N

WGS72

????UTMZone21N

????UTMZone23N

????UTMZone43N

????UTMZone44N

????UTMZone45N

????UTMZone46N

????UTMZone47N

????UTMZone48N

????UTMZone49N

????UTMZone50N

????UTMZone51N

????UTMZone52N

????UTMZone53N

WGS84

????UTMZone21N

????UTMZone23N

????UTMZone43N

????UTMZone44N

????UTMZone45N

????UTMZone46N

????UTMZone47N

????UTMZone48N

????UTMZone49N

????UTMZone50N

????UTMZone51N

????UTMZone52N

????UTMZone53N

Xian1980

????3DegreeGKCM102E

????3DegreeGKCM105E

????3DegreeGKCM108E

????3DegreeGKCM111E

????3DegreeGKCM114E

????3DegreeGKCM117E

????3DegreeGKCM120E

????3DegreeGKCM123E

????3DegreeGKCM126E

????3DegreeGKCM129E

????3DegreeGKCM132E

????3DegreeGKCM135E

????3DegreeGKCM75E

????3DegreeGKCM78E

????3DegreeGKCM81E

????3DegreeGKCM84E

????3DegreeGKCM87E

????3DegreeGKCM90E

????3DegreeGKCM93E

????3DegreeGKCM96E

????3DegreeGKCM99E

????3DegreeGKZone25

????3DegreeGKZone26

????3DegreeGKZone27

????3DegreeGKZone28

????3DegreeGKZone29

????3DegreeGKZone30

????3DegreeGKZone31

????3DegreeGKZone32

????3DegreeGKZone33

????3DegreeGKZone34

????3DegreeGKZone35

????3DegreeGKZone36

????3DegreeGKZone38

????3DegreeGKZone39

????3DegreeGKZone40

????3DegreeGKZone41

????3DegreeGKZone42

????3DegreeGKZone43

????3DegreeGKZone44

????3DegreeGKZone45

????DegreeGKZone37

????GKCM105E

????GKCM111E

????GKCM117E

????GKCM123E

????GKCM129E

????GKCM135E

????GKCM75E

????GKCM81E

????GKCM87E

????GKCM93E

????GKCM99E

????GKZone13

????GKZone14

????GKZone15

????GKZone16

????GKZone17

????GKZone18

????GKZone19

????GKZone20

????GKZone21

????GKZone22

????GKZone23

Colombia

Bogota

????ColombiaBogotaZone

????ColombiaEastCentralZone

????ColombiaEastZone

????ColombiaWestZone

????UTMZone17N

????UTMZone18N

ProvisionalSouthAmerican1956

????UTMZone17S

????UTMZone18N

????UTMZone18S

????UTMZone19N

????UTMZone19S

SouthAmerican1969

????UTMZone17S

????UTMZone18N

????UTMZone18S

????UTMZone19N

????UTMZone19S

WGS72

????UTMZone17N

????UTMZone17S

????UTMZone18N

????UTMZone18S

????UTMZone19N

????UTMZone19S

WGS84

????UTMZone17N

????UTMZone17S

????UTMZone18N

????UTMZone18S

????UTMZone19N

????UTMZone19S

Colorado

NAD27

????ColoradoCentral

????ColoradoNorth

????ColoradoSouth

NAD83

????ColoradoCentral

????ColoradoNorth

????ColoradoSouth

NAD83(HARN)

????ColoradoCentral

????ColoradoNorth

????ColoradoSouth

Comoros

WGS72

????UTMZone38S

WGS84

????UTMZone38S

Congo

PointeNoire1948

????UTMZone32S

WGS72

????UTMZone32S

????UTMZone33N

????UTMZone33S

????UTMZone34N

WGS84

????UTMZone32S

????UTMZone33N

????UTMZone33S

????UTMZone34N

Connecticut

NAD27

????Connecticut

NAD83

????Connecticut

NAD83(HARN)

????Connecticut

CostaRica

WGS72

????UTMZone16N

????UTMZone17N

WGS84

????UTMZone16N

????UTMZone17N

Coted'Ivoire

Abidjan1987

????TM5NW

????UTMZone29N

????UTMZone30N

Locodjo1965

????UTMZone29N

????UTMZone30N

WGS72

????UTMZone29N

????UTMZone30N

WGS84

????UTMZone29N

????UTMZone30N

Croatia

ETRF89

????UTMZone33N

????UTMZone34N

ETRS89

????UTMZone33N

????UTMZone34N

European1950

????UTMZone33N

????UTMZone34N

WGS72

????UTMZone33N

????UTMZone34N

WGS84

????UTMZone33N

????UTMZone34N

Cuba

NAD27(CGQ77)

????UTMZone17N

????UTMZone18N

NAD27(Definition1976)

????UTMZone16N

????UTMZone17N

????UTMZone18N

WGS72

????UTMZone16N

????UTMZone17N

????UTMZone18N

WGS84

????UTMZone16N

????UTMZone17N

????UTMZone18N

Cyprus

ETRF89

????UTMZone36N

ETRS89

????UTMZone36N

European1950

????UTMZone36N

WGS72

????UTMZone36N

WGS84

????UTMZone36N

CzechRepublic

ETRF89

????UTMZone32N

????UTMZone33N

ETRS89

????UTMZone32N

????UTMZone33N

European1950

????UTMZone32N

????UTMZone33N

WGS72

????UTMZone32N

????UTMZone33N

WGS84

????UTMZone32N

????UTMZone33N

Delaware

NAD27

????Delaware

NAD83

????Delaware

NAD83(HARN)

????Delaware

Denmark

ETRF89

????UTMZone31N

????UTMZone32N

????UTMZone33N

ETRS89

????Kp2000Bornholm

????Kp2000Jutland

????Kp2000Zealand

????UTMZone31N

????UTMZone32N

????UTMZone33N

European1950

????UTMZone31N

????UTMZone32N

????UTMZone33N

European1950(Denmark)

????System34,Jylland

????System34,Sjaellan

????System45,Bornholm

WGS72

????UTMZone31N

????UTMZone32N

????UTMZone33N

WGS84

????UTMZone31N

????UTMZone32N

????UTMZone33N

Djibouti

WGS72

????UTMZone37N

????UTMZone38N

WGS84

????UTMZone37N

????UTMZone38N

Dominica

Dominica1945

????BritishWestIndiesGrid

WGS72

????UTMZone20N

WGS84

????UTMZone20N

DominicanRepublic

WGS72

????UTMZone19N

WGS84

????UTMZone19N

EastTimor

WGS72

????UTMZone51S

????UTMZone52S

WGS84

????UTMZone51S

????UTMZone52S

Ecuador

ProvisionalSouthAmerican1956

????UTMZone17S

????UTMZone18N

????UTMZone18S

SouthAmerican1969

????UTMZone17S

????UTMZone18N

????UTMZone18S

WGS72

????UTMZone17N

????UTMZone17S

????UTMZone18N

????UTMZone18S

WGS84

????UTMZone17N

????UTMZone17S

????UTMZone18N

????UTMZone18S

Egypt

Egypt1907

????BlueBelt

????ExtendedPurpleBelt

????PurpleBelt

????RedBelt

European1950

????UTMZone35N

????UTMZone36N

????UTMZone37N

WGS72

????UTMZone35N

????UTMZone36N

????UTMZone37N

WGS84

????UTMZone35N

????UTMZone36N

????UTMZone37N

ElSalvador

WGS72

????UTMZone16N

WGS84

????UTMZone16N

England

OSGB36

????BritishNationalGrid

EquatorialGuinea

WGS72

????UTMZone32N

WGS84

????UTMZone32N

Eritrea

Massawa

????UTMZone37N

WGS72

????UTMZone37N

????UTMZone38N

WGS84

????UTMZone37N

????UTMZone38N

Estonia

Estonia1992

????EstonianCoordinateSystemof1992

Estonia1997

????EstoniaNationalGrid

ETRF89

????TMBaltic1993

????UTMZone34N

????UTMZone35N

ETRS89

????TMBaltic1993

????UTMZone34N

????UTMZone35N

European1950

????UTMZone34N

????UTMZone35N

Pulkovo1942

????GKZone4

????GKZone5

Pulkovo1942/83

????GKZone4

Pulkovo1995

????GKZone4

WGS72

????UTMZone34N

????UTMZone35N

WGS84

????UTMZone34N

????UTMZone35N

Ethiopia

Adindan

????UTMZone37N

????UTMZone38N

Massawa

????UTMZone37N

WGS72

????UTMZone35N

????UTMZone36N

????UTMZone37N

????UTMZone38N

WGS84

????UTMZone35N

????UTMZone36N

????UTMZone37N

????UTMZone38N

Europe

ETRF89

????UWPP1992

????UWPP2000PAS5

????UWPP2000PAS6

????UWPP2000PAS7

????UWPP2000PAS8

ETRS89

????UWPP1992

????UWPP2000PAS5

????UWPP2000PAS6

????UWPP2000PAS7

????UWPP2000PAS8

European1950

????3DegreeGKZone10

????3DegreeGKZone11

????3DegreeGKZone12

????3DegreeGKZone13

????3DegreeGKZone14

????3DegreeGKZone15

????3DegreeGKZone9

????EuropeLambertConformalConic

????TM0N

????TM5NE

????TM27

????TM30

????TM33

????TM36

?