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語言學(xué)知識(shí)點(diǎn)第一頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。I語言學(xué)導(dǎo)論(dǎolùn)II語言學(xué)主要分支學(xué)科III語言學(xué)的流派和理論第二頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。I語言學(xué)導(dǎo)論(dǎolùn)
1.designfeatureoflanguage(語言的定義特征)2.LanguageFamilies(世界(shìjiè)語言分類)3.importantdistinctionsinlinguistics(語言學(xué)研究中幾對(duì)重要的概念)4.scopeoflinguistics(語言學(xué)的研究范圍)第三頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。1.designfeatureoflanguage(語言的定義(dìngyì)特征)definingpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication第四頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。1.designfeatureoflanguage
語言(yǔyán)定義特征
1)Arbitrariness(任意性)2)Duality(二層性)3)Creativity/Productivity(創(chuàng)造性)4)Displacement(移位(yíwèi)性)5)CulturalTransmission(文化傳遞性)第五頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。1)Arbitrariness(任意性):定義(dìngyì):theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.舉例:書,book,livre喜歡,like,aimer第六頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。2)Duality(二層性):定義(dìngyì):thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevel.舉例:Sounds>syllables>words>phrases>clauses>sentences>texts/discourses第七頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。3)Creativity/Productivity(創(chuàng)造性):定義(dìngyì):Languagecanbeusedtocreatenewmeaningsbecauseofitsduality舉例1:/k/,/a:/,/p/----carporpark舉例2:England,defeated,FranceEnglanddefeatedFrance.FrancedefeatedEngland.第八頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。4)Displacement(替代性):定義(dìngyì):Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizesomethingwhicharenotpresentatthemomentofcommunication.第九頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。5)CulturalTransmission(文化(wénhuà)傳遞性):定義:languageispassedonfromgenerationtogenerationthroughteachingandlearningratherthaninstinct.反例:印度狼孩第十頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。3.Designfeature定義(dìngyì)特征1)Arbitrariness(任意性)2)Duality(二層性)3)Creativity/Productivity(創(chuàng)造性)4)Displacement(移位性)5)CulturalTransmission(文化傳遞性)如何記憶(jìyì):五性,創(chuàng)意遺傳第十一頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。4.ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics(語言學(xué)研究(yánjiū)中幾對(duì)重要的概念)1)descriptive&prescriptive2)synchronic&diachronic3)langue&parole4)competence&performance第十二頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。1)Descriptive(描述性)vs.Prescriptive(規(guī)定性)Descriptive:describinghowthingsare.prescriptive:prescribinghowthingsoughttobe第十三頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics舉例(jǔlì):Don'tsayX.Peopledon'tsayX.Thefirstisaprescriptivecommand,whilethesecondisadescriptivestatement.第十四頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。2).Synchronic(共時(shí)性)vs.Diachronic(歷時(shí)(lìshí)性)synchronic:takesafixedinstantasitspointofobservation.diachronic:thestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory.第十五頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。舉例:研究1800年的英語發(fā)音(fāyīn)Synchronicstudies(共時(shí)性研究)研究1800-1900的法語語法變化Diachronicstudies(歷時(shí)研究)第十六頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。2.世界(shìjiè)語言分類Languagefamily語系languagegroup語族Languagebranch語支印歐語系,漢藏語系,南島語系,阿爾泰語系,南亞語系印歐語系下的日耳曼語族,羅曼語族,凱爾特語族,斯拉夫語族,伊朗印度語族日耳曼語族下分東日耳曼語支,西日耳曼支,北日耳曼語支第十七頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。2.世界語言(yǔyán)分類Languagefamily語系languagegroup語族Languagebranch語支印歐語系,漢藏語系,南島語系,阿爾泰語系,南亞語系印歐語系下的日耳曼語族,羅曼語族,凱爾特語族,斯拉夫語族,伊朗印度語族日耳曼語族下分西日耳曼支,東日耳曼語支,北日耳曼語支第十八頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Indo-Europeanlanguagefamily印歐語系Germanicgroup日耳曼語族WestBranch西日耳曼語支英語,德語NorthBranch瑞典語,丹麥語--Celticgroup凱爾特語族NorthCelticgroup北凱爾特語支愛爾蘭語,蓋爾語SouthCelticgroup南凱爾特語支威爾士語Romangroup羅曼語族WestRomanGroup西羅曼語支法語,西班牙語等東支羅馬尼亞語Slavicgroup斯拉夫語族WestSlavicgroup斯拉夫語西支波蘭語,捷克語東支俄語第十九頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics3).langue(語言(yǔyán))&parole(言語)Theorist:Saussure(索緒爾),fatherofmodernlinguisticslangue:abstractlinguisticsystemparole:actualrealizationoflangue第二十頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics舉例:漢語系統(tǒng)langue每個(gè)中國(guó)人在不同具體場(chǎng)景(chǎngjǐng)中說出的具體話語parole第二十一頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics4)Competence(語言能力(nénglì))andperformance(語言運(yùn)用)theorist:Chomsky(喬姆斯基)competence:user'sknowledgeofrulesaboutthelinguisticsystem.performance:theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinconcretesituations.第二十二頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。5.ScopeofLinguistics(語言學(xué)的研究范圍)1)按研究?jī)?nèi)容(nèiróng)來分2)按研究導(dǎo)向來分第二十三頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。語言學(xué)分類(fēnlèi)-按研究?jī)?nèi)容分LinguisticsMicro-linguistics語言內(nèi)部問題Macro-linguistics語言與外部世界關(guān)系問題第二十四頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。語言學(xué)分類-按研究(yánjiū)內(nèi)容分Micro-LinguisticssoundPhonetics(語音學(xué))Phonology(音系學(xué))wordMorphology(形態(tài)學(xué))sentenceSyntax(句法學(xué))meaningSemantics(語義學(xué))Pragmatics(語用學(xué))第二十五頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Macro-linguisticsLanguage&SocietySociolinguistics社會(huì)語言學(xué)Language&MindPsycholinguistics心理語言學(xué)Language&Cultureanthropologicallinguistics人類語言學(xué)Language&ComputerComputationalLinguistics計(jì)算機(jī)語言學(xué)第二十六頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。語言學(xué)分類-按研究(yánjiū)導(dǎo)向分LinguisticsTheoreticalLinguisticsLinguisticnature,universalrulesAppliedLinguisticslanguageacquisition,teaching,assessment第二十七頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。語言學(xué)分類(fēnlèi)-按研究?jī)?nèi)容分Micro-LinguisticssoundPhonetics(語音學(xué))Phonology(音系學(xué))wordMorphology(形態(tài)學(xué))sentenceSyntax(句法學(xué))meaningSemantics(語義學(xué))Pragmatics(語用學(xué))第二十八頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。語言學(xué)分類(fēnlèi)-按研究?jī)?nèi)容分Micro-LinguisticssoundPhonetics(語音學(xué))Phonology(音系學(xué))wordMorphology(形態(tài)學(xué))sentenceSyntax(句法學(xué))meaningSemantics(語義學(xué))Pragmatics(語用學(xué))第二十九頁(yè),共146頁(yè)??键c(diǎn):1.語音學(xué)(phonetics)和音系學(xué)(phonology)的定義和區(qū)別2.語音學(xué)重要概念:清音和濁音(zhuóyīn)3.音系學(xué)重要概念:音子,音位,超音段特征第三十頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Phoneticsstudiesallspeechsoundsinhumanlanguages:howtheyareproduced,transmittedandhowtheyarereceived.Phonology:aimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.區(qū)別(qūbié):meaning(是否研究和表達(dá)意義有關(guān)的語音)第三十一頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。舉例(jǔlì):too和tea中的/t/發(fā)too中的/t/時(shí),舌位更靠近口腔前部發(fā)tea中的/t/時(shí),舌位更靠近口腔后部語音學(xué)要研究這種/t/發(fā)音的不同之處,音系學(xué)不研究第三十二頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived.第三十三頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。語音學(xué)分類(fēnlèi)articulatoryphonetics(發(fā)音(fāyīn)語音學(xué)):speaker’sproductionacousticphonetics(聲學(xué)語音學(xué)):transmission’smediumauditoryphonetics(聽覺語音學(xué)):receiver’sreception第三十四頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。如何(rúhé)記憶phonetics和phonolgy的區(qū)別:聯(lián)想:mathematics,physics,mechanicsphonetics語言學(xué),-ics科學(xué)性更強(qiáng)
geology,sociology,astrologyphonology音系學(xué),-ology人文性更強(qiáng)第三十五頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。HowspeechsoundsaremadeSpeechorgans第三十六頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。第三十七頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Positionofthevocalfolds(聲帶(shēngdài)):voicing(濁音)andvoiceless(清音)第三十八頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Voiceless(清音):vocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingtheairstreamgothroughwithoutcausingobstruction清音舉例(jǔlì):[p,s,t]Voicing/Voiced(濁音):vocalcordsheldtogether,lettingtheairstreamvibrates濁音:[b,z,d]第三十九頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesintheobstructionofairstream.Asthereisnoobstructionofairintheproductionofvowels,thedescriptionoftheconsonantsandvowelscannotbedonealongthesamelines.第四十頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。音系學(xué)定義:studyofhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.音系學(xué)重要概念:phone音子,phoneme音位(音系研究(yánjiū)的基本單位)supra-segmentalfeatures超音段特征第四十一頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Phone(音子):aphoneticunit;thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringcommunicationareallphones舉例:too和tea中的/t/發(fā)too中的/t/時(shí),舌位更靠近(kàojìn)口腔前部發(fā)tea中的/t/時(shí),舌位更靠近(kàojìn)口腔后部所以too和tea中的/t/兩個(gè)不同的音子第四十二頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Phoneme(音位):phonologicalandabstractunit,aunitofdistinctivevalue;thesmallestunitofsoundinalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwowords.舉例:tea和sea,/t/和/s/是兩個(gè)(liǎnɡɡè)不同的音位morpheme第四十三頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Whatisthepointofdepartureofphonology?A.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phoneme第四十四頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Whatisthepointofdepartureofphonology?A.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phoneme(音位(yīnwèi))第四十五頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Whatisthepointofdepartureofphonetics?A.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phoneme第四十六頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Whatisthepointofdepartureofphonetics?A.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phoneme第四十七頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Suprasegmentalfeatures(超音段特征(tèzhēng))Suprasegmentalfeatures:phonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments.Theprincipalsuprasegmentalsare:第四十八頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Supra-segmentalfeatures(超音段特征(tèzhēng)):stress(重音)舉例:perfect(adj)和perfect(v)tone(聲調(diào))/pitch(音高):定義:soundfeaturewhicharecausedbythedifferingrateofvibrationofthevocalfolds.舉例:mā媽,má麻,m?馬,mà罵比較:英語單詞,如me第四十九頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。intonation(語調(diào)(yǔdiào)):pitch,stress,andsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation.舉例:第五十頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Morphology形態(tài)學(xué)1.學(xué)科定義2.語素(yǔsù)的定義和分類3.詞的分類(classificationofwords)第五十一頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。形態(tài)學(xué)研究的基本(jīběn)單位
1.morpheme(語素(yǔsù)).Themostbasicelementofmeaninginlanguage,anelementthatcannotbefurtherdividedintosmallerunitswithoutalteringitsmeaning.舉例:ballfootballballs第五十二頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Morpheme語素Freemorpheme自由語素定義:constitutewordsbythemselves舉例:girl,book,dogBoundmorpheme粘附語素Derivationalmorpheme派生語素定義:changelexicalmeaning舉例:Dis-,co-,-ful,-enInflectionalmorpheme屈折語素定義:changegrammaticalmeaning舉例:-s,-ed,-ing,,er,est定義:notoccurbythemselves第五十三頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。TypesofMorphemesFreemorphemesvs.Boundmorphemes(自由(zìyóu)語素和黏著語素):Freemorphemes:thosethatmayconstitutewordsbythemselves,egboy,girl,table,nation.Boundmorphemes:thosethatcannotoccuralone,eg-s,-ed,dis-,un-.第五十四頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。TypesofBoundMorpheme
Inflectionalmorpheme(屈折語素)=inflectionalaffix(屈折詞綴(cízhuì)):changethegrammaticalmeaning(number,aspect,case,tense)Derivationalmorpheme(派生語素)=inflectionalaffix(派生詞綴(cízhuì)):changethelexicalmeaning第五十五頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。dis+like+sderivationalfreeinflectionalmorpheme第五十六頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。light+en+edfreederivationalinflectionalmorpheme第五十七頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Derivationalmorpheme(改變(gǎibiàn)詞義):改變(gǎibiàn)詞義:dis-,un-,multi-,micro-改變(gǎibiàn)詞性:en-,-full,-mentInflectionalmorpheme(改變(gǎibiàn)語法含義):改變(gǎibiàn)名稱的性,數(shù),格:-ess,-s,改變(gǎibiàn)動(dòng)詞的時(shí),態(tài),體:-ing,-ed,改變(gǎibiàn)形容詞的級(jí):-er,-est第五十八頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。詞的分類(fēnlèi)-按構(gòu)詞法分wordSimpleword簡(jiǎn)單詞Compoundword合成詞Derivationalword派生詞第五十九頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。如何區(qū)分(qūfēn)派生詞(derivationalword)和合成詞(compoundword):拆開后看各個(gè)組成的語素能否都單獨(dú)成詞,如果可以,就是合成詞,如果不能就是派生詞。Businessman:business+manPlayboy:play+boyMouthful:mouth+fulLighten:light+en第六十頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。詞的分類(fēnlèi)-按詞義分wordGrammaticalword語法詞(functionword功能詞)定義:表達(dá)語法意義,連接舉例:prep介詞,conj連詞,art冠詞,pronoun代詞Lexicalword詞匯詞(contentword實(shí)義詞)定義:表達(dá)實(shí)際意義(物質(zhì),動(dòng)作和性質(zhì))的詞舉例:n名詞,v動(dòng)詞,adj形容詞,adv副詞第六十一頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。詞的分類(fēnlèi)-按開放性分wordOpenclassword開放詞類定義:不斷有新詞進(jìn)入舉例:noun,adj,verb,advClosed-classword封閉詞類定義:基本沒有新詞進(jìn)入舉例:preposition,conjunction,article,pronoun第六十二頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。詞的分類(fēnlèi)-按在句子重要性分詞類MajorpartofspeechNoun名詞Verb動(dòng)詞Adjective形容詞adverb副詞preposition介詞MinorpartofspeechArticle冠詞Conjunction連詞Auxiliary助動(dòng)詞第六十三頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。
分類方法
按構(gòu)詞法分簡(jiǎn)單詞:dislike,light派生詞:
dislike,lighten合成詞:
cat-like,light-weight按詞義分語法詞:冠,介,代,連詞詞匯詞:名,動(dòng),形,副按開放性分開放詞:名,動(dòng),形,副封閉詞:冠,介,代,連詞按在句中重要性分主要詞類:名,動(dòng),形,副,介次要詞類:冠,代,連詞第六十四頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Syntax句法(jùfǎ)考點(diǎn)1.定義2.句法(jùfǎ)范疇3.句子類型第六十五頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。1.Syntax定義(dìngyì)::studiesinternalstructureofsentenceandrulesofsentence-formation第六十六頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Category(范疇):agroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchassentence,anounphraseoraverb(起相同(xiānɡtónɡ)作用的一類語言單位)Syntacticalcategory(句法范疇):agroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinsentence-formation.(在句子構(gòu)成中起相同(xiānɡtónɡ)作用的一類語言單位)第六十七頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Syntacticalcategory(句法(jùfǎ)范疇)Word-----------lexicalcategoryPhrase---------phrasalcategoryClause---------clausalcategorySentence第六十八頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。LexicalCategory詞法范疇(fànchóu)
=PartsofSpeech詞類LexicalcategoryMajorpartofspeechNoun名詞Verb動(dòng)詞Adjective形容詞adverb副詞preposition介詞MinorpartofspeechArticle冠詞Conjunction連詞Auxiliary助動(dòng)詞第六十九頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。
分類方法
按構(gòu)詞法分簡(jiǎn)單詞:dislike,light派生詞:
dislike,lighten合成詞:
cat-like,light-weight按詞義分語法詞:冠,介,代,連詞詞匯詞:名,動(dòng),形,副按開放性分開放詞:名,動(dòng),形,副封閉詞:冠,介,代,連詞按在句中重要性分主要詞類/范疇:名,動(dòng),形,副,介次要詞類/范疇:冠,代,連詞第七十頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。phrasespecifierheadcomplementacarfivemetersaway
第七十一頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。72SentenceTypes(句子(jùzi)類型) simple
Sentence complex non-simple compound第七十二頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。4.句子(jùzi)分類:Simplesentence簡(jiǎn)單句Coordinatesentence并列句Complexsentence復(fù)雜句第七十三頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。simplesentence簡(jiǎn)單句定義(dìngyì):alsocalledindependentclause,containsasubjectandaverb,anditexpressesacompletethought.
第七十四頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。練習(xí)(liànxí):
JimandMikeplayfootballeveryafternoon.(simplesentence)Marygoestothelibraryandstudieseveryday.(coordinatesentence)第七十五頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。coordinatesentence并列句:containstwoindependentclausesjoinedbyacoordinator(并列連詞(liáncí))suchasand,or,butetc.Coordinatorsareoftenprecededbyacomma.例句:ItriedtospeakSpanish,andmyfriendtriedtospeakEnglish.
Lilywenttoplayfootball,butMariawentshopping.第七十六頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Youhavetodoitonewayortheother.SimplesentenceTheworkerswerecheerful,oratleasttheyappearedtobecheerful.Coordinatesentence第七十七頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。complexsentence定義(dìngyì):Acomplexsentencehasanindependentclausejoinedwithoneormoredependentclausesbyoneormoresubordinators(從屬連詞)suchasif,when,because,althoug.第七十八頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Asheisgrowingold,heseldomgoesout.Heisgrowingold,whereashebecomeshealthier.如何區(qū)分并列和復(fù)雜句---看連詞表示(biǎoshì)的關(guān)系并列,選擇和轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系---并列句時(shí)間,條件,原因和讓步關(guān)系---復(fù)雜句第七十九頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Semantics考點(diǎn):1.定義:studyofmeaning2.兩種基本意義(yìyì):reference指稱和sense涵義3.五種詞語語義關(guān)系第八十頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。LudwigWittgenstein:‘Themeaningofawordisitsuseinthelanguage’.Meaningisstudiedbymakingdetailedanalysesofthewaywordsandsentencesareusedinspecificcontexts.Reference(指稱):howlanguagereferstotherealphysicalworld(語言指代外部物質(zhì)世界)Sense(涵義(hányì)):inherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisabstractandthemeaningdictionarycompilersareinterestedin.(語言形式的內(nèi)在意義)第八十一頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。conceptsymbolizes
referstosymbolreferent(word)standsfor(object)第八十二頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。
dogSense:adomesticatedcaninemammalReference:第八十三頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Synonymy同義(tónɡyì)Synonymy同義(tónɡyì):samenessorsimilarityofmeaning.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.
第八十四頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。同義(tónɡyì)分類舉例dialecticalsynonym地域同義詞:舉例(jǔlì):fallandautumn,flatandapartmentstylisticsynonym風(fēng)格同義詞:舉例(jǔlì):copandpolice,kidandoffspringcollocationalsynonym搭配同義詞:舉例(jǔlì):accuseof,chargewith,rebukeforSemanticallydifferentsynonym語義稍有不同的同義詞:舉例(jǔlì):surpriseandastound,blameandrebuke第八十五頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Antonymy
反義Antonymy反義:oppositenessofmeaning.Wordsthatareoppositeinmeaningarecalledantonyms.Antonymy反義關(guān)系分類:gradableantonymy等級(jí)反義complementaryantonymy互補(bǔ)(hùbǔ)反義converseantonymy反向反義第八十六頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Gradableantonymy等級(jí)(děngjí)反義young--------middle-aged---------------oldbig--------middle-sized---------------smallgood-------------average-----------------bad第八十七頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Complementaryantonymy互補(bǔ)(hùbǔ)反義alive:deadmale:femalepresent:absentinnocent:guiltyodd:evenpass:failboy:girlhit:miss第八十八頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Converseantonymy反向(fǎnxiànɡ)反義
buy:selllend:borrowgive:receiveparent:childhusband:wifeteacher:studentabove:belowbefore:afterhost:guestemployer:employee第八十九頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Hyponymy上下(shàngxià)義關(guān)系Hyponymy上下(shàngxià)義:referstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.Superordinate/hypernym上義詞:themoregeneraltermHyponym下義詞:themorespecificterm第九十頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。舉例:hypernym上義詞:animalHyponym下義詞:bird,fish,tiger,cat如何記憶(jìyì):hyper---向上hype炒作hypo---向下hypothesis假設(shè)第九十一頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。
Animal
birdfishinsectanimal
humananimal
tigerlionelephant...第九十二頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Polysemy一詞多義Polysemy:thesameonewordhasmorethanonemeaning.Suchawordiscalledpolysemicword.舉例:Fish:1.魚2.魚肉(yúròu)3.水生動(dòng)物4.捕魚5.尋找第九十三頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Homonymy同音(tónɡyīn)/同形異義詞:wordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.Identicalinsound:homophones同音(tónɡyīn)詞Identicalinspelling:homograph同形詞Identicalinboth:completehomonyms同音(tónɡyīn)同形詞第九十四頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。homophones同音詞:舉例(jǔlì):knightandnight,pieceandpeacehomograph同形詞舉例(jǔlì):tear(v)andtear(n),lead(v)andlead(n)completehomonyms同音同形詞:fast(adj)andfast(n)第九十五頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。如何區(qū)分同音同形和一詞多義現(xiàn)象:beauty,fish,ball,scalebeauty:美麗;美女fish:魚;魚肉;水生動(dòng)物;捕魚;尋找ball:球;舞會(huì)scale:規(guī)模;魚鱗看其多個(gè)意義之間是否有關(guān)聯(lián),如果有就是(jiùshì)一詞多義,沒有就是(jiùshì)同音同形詞第九十六頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Pragmatics語用學(xué)
考點(diǎn)(kǎodiǎn):定義和與語義學(xué)的區(qū)別:studyofmeaningincontextorinuse言語行為理論(兩位理論家和三種行為)會(huì)話原則第九十七頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。2.SpeechActTheoryJohnAustin(1911-1960)HowtoDoThingswithWords(1962)MainIdea:thingscanbedonewithwords第九十八頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Constatives(敘事(xùshì)句)vs.performatives(施為句)Constatives(敘事(xùshì)句):utteranceswhichroughlyservestostateafact,reportthatsomethingisthecase,ordescribewhatsomethingis,eg:IgototheparkeverySunday.IteachEnglish.第九十九頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Performatives(施為(shīwéi)句):utteranceswhichareusedtoperformacts,donotdescribeorreportanythingatall;theutteringofthesentenceisthedoingofanaction;theycannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse.Performativeverbs:name,bet,etc.第一百頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。ThreeSpeechActs(三種(sānzhǒnɡ)言語行為)Alocutionaryact(言內(nèi)行為(xíngwéi)):theactofutteringwords,phrase,sentences.Itisanactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.Anillocutionaryact(言外行為(xíngwéi)):anactofexpressionspeaker’sintention;itisanactperformedinsayingsomething.Aperlocutionaryact(言后行為(xíngwéi)):theactpreformedbyorasaresultofsaying,theeffectsonthehearer.第一百零一頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。三種話語行為(xíngwéi)-舉例老師(lǎoshī)對(duì)學(xué)生說:Youhaveleftthedooropen.Locutionaryact(言內(nèi)行為):theactofutteringthewordsof“you”,“have”,“l(fā)eft”,“the”,“door”,“open”Illocutinaryact(言外行為):theactofexpressingtheteacher’sintentionofaskingthestudenttoclosethedoor.Perlocutionaryact(言后行為):theeffectoftheutterance:studentgoestoclosethedoor第一百零二頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。103IllocutionaryActTheory美國(guó)哲學(xué)家JohnSearle(約翰-塞爾,1932-)在Austin理論基礎(chǔ)上把言外行為(xíngwéi)進(jìn)一步分為5類:陳述(assertives),指示(directives),承諾(commissives),表達(dá)(expressives),宣告(declaratives)第一百零三頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。ConversationalImplicature(會(huì)話含義(hányì)理論)Theorist:英國(guó)(yīnɡɡuó)語言學(xué)家HerbertPaulGrice(格萊斯,1913-1988)MainIdea:Peopledonotusuallysaythingsdirectlybuttendtoimplythem.第一百零四頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。TheCooperativePrinciple(CP,合作(hézuò)原則)
MaximofQuality(數(shù)量(shùliàng)準(zhǔn)則)MaximofQuantity(質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則)MaximofRelation(關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則)MaximofManner(方式準(zhǔn)則)第一百零五頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。TheCooperativePrinciple(CP,合作(hézuò)原則)
MaximofQuality(數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則)Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.Donotsaysomethingifyoulackadequateevidence;MaximofQuantity(質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則)MaximofRelation(關(guān)系(guānxì)準(zhǔn)則)MaximofManner(方式準(zhǔn)則)第一百零六頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。MaximofQuality(數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則)MaximofQuantity(質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則):Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired(forthecurrentpurposesoftheexchange).Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanrequired.MaximofRelation(關(guān)系(guānxì)準(zhǔn)則)MaximofManner(方式準(zhǔn)則)第一百零七頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。MaximofQuality(數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則)MaximofQuantity(質(zhì)量(zhìliàng)準(zhǔn)則)MaximofRelation(關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則):Berelative.MaximofManner(方式準(zhǔn)則)第一百零八頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。MaximofQuality(數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則)MaximofQuantity(質(zhì)量(zhìliàng)準(zhǔn)則)MaximofRelation(關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則)MaximofManner(方式準(zhǔn)則):Beperspicuous.Avoidobscurityofexpression.Avoidambiguity.Bebrief.Beorderly.第一百零九頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Macro-Linguistics
宏觀(hóngguān)語言學(xué)第一百一十頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Sociolinguistics社會(huì)語言(yǔyán)學(xué)1.定義2.語言(yǔyán)變體languagevariety3.雙語第一百一十一頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Sociolinguistics社會(huì)語言(yǔyán)學(xué)1定義:Thesub-fieldoflinguisticsthatstudiestherelationbetweenlanguageandsociety,betweentheusesoflanguageandthesocialstructuresinwhichtheusersoflanguagelive.Speech語言(yǔyán)變體雙語第一百一十二頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Sociolinguistics社會(huì)語言(yǔyán)學(xué)定義Speechvariety/languagevariety語言(yǔyán)變體:refertoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakeroragroupofspeakers.雙語第一百一十三頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。speakerregionageracegendersocialclasssituation第一百一十四頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Languagevariety語言變體regionRegionaldialect地域方言SocialclassSociolect社會(huì)方言genderGenderdialect性別方言ageAgedialect年齡方言raceEthnicdialect種族方言situationRegister/situationaldialect語域第一百一十五頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Idiolect個(gè)人方言RegionaldialectSociolectAgedialectGenderdialectEthnicdialect第一百一十六頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Pidgin(洋涇浜語/皮欽語):aspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorblendslanguagesanditisusedbypeoplewhospeaksdifferentlanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading.上海洋涇浜
第一百一十七頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。上海話中的洋涇浜英語“蹩腳”(BILGE,船底污水,引申為骯臟的、下三濫的、劣質(zhì)的)“癟三”(BEGSIR,乞丐先生,用來形容叫花子、難民、逃荒者等各式窮人,后引申為最廣泛的罵人用語之一?!俺嗬小笔怯⒄Z“CHEAT”(欺騙)和中文“佬”的混生詞語,一個(gè)魯迅(lǔxùn)時(shí)代最流行的洋涇浜俚語(隱語)。第一百一十八頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。119Frompidgintocreoles(克里奧語):Pidginhasbecometheprimarylanguageasaresultofintermarriage,itisspokenathomeandlearnedbychildrenasamothertongue.舉例(jǔlì).French-basedHaitianCreole,EnglishbasedjamaicaCreole第一百一十九頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Sociolinguistics社會(huì)語言學(xué)定義(dìngyì)語言變體雙語第一百二十頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Bilingualism(雙語現(xiàn)象(xiànxiàng))Diglossia(高低雙語現(xiàn)象(xiànxiàng))Multilingualism(多語現(xiàn)象(xiànxiàng))第一百二十一頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Bilingualism(雙語現(xiàn)象(xiànxiàng)):alinguisticsituationinwhichtwostandardlanguagesareusedeitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakers.舉例:Canada(FrenchandEnglish),Wales(WelshandEnglish)Diglossia(高低雙語現(xiàn)象(xiànxiàng))Multilingualism(多語現(xiàn)象(xiànxiàng))第一百二十二頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Bilingualism(雙語現(xiàn)象(xiànxiàng))Diglossia(高低雙語現(xiàn)象(xiànxiàng)):alinguisticsituationinwhichtwovarietiesofalanguageexistsidebysidethroughoutthecommunity,witheachhavingadefiniteroletoplay.舉例:Switzerland:HighGermanasthestandard(public,official)SwissGermanasthevernacular(informal,daily)Multilingualism(多語現(xiàn)象(xiànxiàng))第一百二十三頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Bilingualism(雙語現(xiàn)象)Diglossia(高低(gāodī)雙語現(xiàn)象)Multilingualism(多語現(xiàn)象):alinguisticsituationinwhichmorethantwolanguagesareusedeitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakers.舉例:Singapore(English,Chinese,Malay)第一百二十四頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。Bilingualism(雙語現(xiàn)象(xiànxiàng)):alinguisticsituationinwhichtwostandardlanguagesareusedeitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakersDiglossia(高低雙語現(xiàn)象(xiànxiàng)):alinguisticsituationinwhichtwovarietiesofalanguageexistsidebysidethroughoutthecommunity,witheachhavingadefiniteroletoplayMultilingualism(多語現(xiàn)象(xiànxiàng)):alinguisticsituationmorethantwovarietiesareusedeitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakers第一百二十五頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。人類語言學(xué)AnthropologicalLinguistics定義:studyoftherelationshipbetweencultureandlanguage假說:Sapir-WhorfHypothesis(薩丕爾-沃爾夫假說):structureofthelanguagepeopleuseinfluencesthewaytheythinkandbehave(簡(jiǎn)言之,語言影響(yǐngxiǎng)人的思想行為)第一百二十六頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。127Sapir-WhorfHypothesisEdwardSapir(1884-1939)andBenjaminLeeWhorf(1897-1941)Ourlanguagehelpsmouldourwayofthinkingand,consequently,differentlanguagesmayprobablyexpressspeakers’uniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.
Linguisticdeterminism:Lmaydetermineourthinkingpatterns.Linguisticrelativity:differentlanguagesofferpeopledifferentwaysofexpressingtheworldaround.第一百二十七頁(yè),共146頁(yè)。128English:horseshoeFrench:feracheval
——ironforhorseGerman:hufeisen——hoofironThe
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