2010年第一.一1.1）Ofallthechanges／thathavetakenplaceinEnglish-language／duringthepastquarter-）perhapsthemostfar-reaching（ｃｈａｎｇｅ）hasbeentheinexorable（不可避免的）declineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirarts二.1Itistoimagineatothepointofimpossibility1=veryfortheaveragereaderundertheageofforty5)whenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.（我們很難想象那樣一個時代）Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedin（包含）largepartofnewspaperreviews.（但是那樣的時代確實存在?。?)Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefact2)thattheirlearnedcontents學(xué)術(shù)的內(nèi)容)wereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-cityEnglish-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymorearts1）theinexorable（不可避免的）declineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.2）whenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-cityhigh-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofyoungreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismonmarvelatthe三1.1)Weareevenfartherremoved更不了解fromtheunfocusednewspaperpublished/inEngland/betweentheturnofthe20thcentury(20世紀初)andtheeveofWorldWarII（二戰(zhàn)前）,/atatime/whennewsprintwasdirt-cheap(非常便宜)andstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornament(裝飾)tothepublications/inwhichit(artscriticism)appeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengt（詳盡地）abouttheeventstheyTheirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly?,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnest ,couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling(責(zé)任),andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.1）“Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirown（自己的作品）endupinjournalism,” wrote,“thatIamtemptedto()define‘journalism’as‘a(chǎn)termofThistermisappliedwriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare.’”NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWar2werecharacterizedUnfreethemes.（百花齊放）多Sugar-freeCare-freeWififreewifi服務(wù)的Freecasualstyle.formalelaboratelayout.精心的排radicalviewpoints.WhichofthefollowingwouldShaw mostprobablyagreeItiswriters'dutytofulfilljournalisticItiscontemptibleforwriterstobeWritersarelikelytobetemptedintoNotallwritersarecapableofjournalistic“Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirown（自己的作品）endupinjournalism,”四.1. y,thesecriticsarevirtually1)NevilleCardus,isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.2)whowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975, Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEngland’sforemostclassical-musiccritics,astylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography（自傳）(1947)becameabest-,though,Though 可以代替一切Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesoYetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknown（savetospecialists除了一些專家）.五1.IsthereanychancethatCardus’scriticismwillenjoyaTheprospectseems1)Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehis2)andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefor(不喜歡不待見) upholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.Moreover,theamateurtradition（業(yè)余評論的傳統(tǒng)）inmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwo[A]Hismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.postmodernreaders=readerstodaypostmodernreadershavelittleusefor(不喜歡，不待見) therichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.HisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeeninHisstylecaterslargelytomodernHiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurWhatwouldbethebesttitlefortheNewspapersoftheGoodOldTheLostHorizoninNewspapersMournfulDeclineofJournalism=ProminentCriticsinOfallthechanges／thathavetakenplaceinEnglish-language／duringthepastquarter-）perhapsthemostfar-reaching（ｃｈａｎｇｅ）hasbeentheinexorable（不可避免的）declineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirarts一1.Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods. receivedone(patent)forits"one-click"onlinepayment MerrillLynchgotlegalprotection(patent) foranassetallocationOneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftinga二.1.1）Nowthenation'stoppatentcourtappearscompleyreadytoscaleback(減少，限制)onbusiness-methodpatents,2）business-methodpatents havebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.1)Inamove/thathas(使)inlectual-propertylawyersabuzz（議論紛紛）2)theU.S.courtofAppealsforthefederalcircuit（CAFC（ 上 ）saiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroad）（）ofbusiness-methodInreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is"averybigdeal",saysDennisD.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflaw.InreInreJPPV.SIt"hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofBusiness-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecausetheirlimitedvaluetotheirconnectionwithassetthepossiblerestrictionontheirNowthenation'stoppatentcourtappearscompleyreadytoscaleback(減少，限制)onbusiness-methodpatents,thecontroversyoverWhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskiItsrulingcomplieswiththecourtItinvolvesaverybigbusinessIthasbeendismissedbytheFederalItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheIt"hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassof三.1.1)Curbs(scaleback,review) onbusiness-methodclaims(=business-method wouldbea changeof)dramaticabout-becauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthatintroducedsuchlossofgood [B]increaseof[C]changeof [D]enhancementof withits1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.道富銀行federalcircuit=theU.S.courtofAppealsforthefederalcircuit（CAFC）=thenation'stoppatentcourtThatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings（申=claim）initiallybyemerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeout(獲得，占有)exclusiverightstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moreestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbeatthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfirmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.Theword"about-face"(Line1,Para3)mostprobablylossofgoodincreaseofchangeofenhancementof四.1.TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.1)TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusual2）statingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt'sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,3）andthatoneissue（that）it=Federalcircuitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould"reconsider"itsstatestreetBankruling.五.1.1)TheFederalCircuit'sactioncomesinthewakeof(回應(yīng))aseriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupremeCourt/2)supremeCourthasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatent LastApril,forexample，thejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor"inventions"thatareobvious. ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare"reactingtotheanti-patenttrendattheSupremeCourt",saysHaroldC.Wegner,apatentattorneyandprofessoratGeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodareimmunetolegalareoftenunnecessarilytoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor"inventions"thatarelowertheesteemforpatentincreasetheincidenceofWhichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectoftheProtectionforbusiness-methodpatentAlegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodAprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-methodInhisbookTheTipPoint,MalcolmGladwellarguesthatsocialepidemicsaredriveninlargepartbytheactingofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluentials,whoareunusuallyinformed,persuasive,orwell-connected.Theideaisintuitivelycompelling,butitdoesn'texplainhowideasactuallyspread.Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausiblesoundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthe"twostepflowofcommunication":Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectedpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofcertainlooks,brands,orneighborhoods.Inmanysuchcases,acursorysearchforcausesfindsthatsomesmallgroupofpeoplewaswearing,promoting,ordevelowhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.AnecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrendsIntheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.Infact,theydon'tseemtoberequiredofall.Theresearchers'argumentstemsfromasimpleobservingaboutsocialinfluence,withtheexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey—whoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinter al,influence—eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon'tinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswho,accordingtothetwo-step-flowtheory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,each soaffected,musttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,andsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplefromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplethecascadeofchangewon'tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople.Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinter alinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingofpopulations,manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople'sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobeinfluenced.Ourworkshowsthattheprincipalrequirementforwhatwecall"globalcascades"–thewidespreadpropagationofinfluencethroughnetworks–isthepresencenotofafewinfluentialsbut,rather,ofacriticalmassofeasilyinfluencedpeople,eachofwhomadopts,say,alookorabrandafterbeingexposedtoasingleadoptingneighbor.Regardlessofhowinfluentialanindividualislocally,heorshecanexertglobalinfluenceonlyifthiscriticalmassisavailabletopropagateachainreaction.BycitingthebookTheTipPoint,theauthorintendsyzetheconsequencesofsocialdiscussinfluentials'functioninspreadingexemplifypeople'sintuitiveresponsetosocialdescribetheessentialcharacteristicsofTheauthorsuggeststhatthe"two-step-flowservesasasolutiontomarketinghashelpedexplaincertainprevalenthaswonsupportfromrequiressolidevidenceforitsWhattheresearchershaveobservedrecentlyshowsthepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocial allinkscanbeenhancedthroughtheinfluentialshavemorechannelstoreachthemostcelebritiesenjoywidemediaTheunderlinedphrase"thesepeople"inparagraph4referstotheonesstayoutsidethenetworkofsocialhavelittlecontactwiththesourceofareinfluencedandtheninfluenceareinfluencedbytheinitialwhatistheessentialelementinthedynamicsofsocialTheeagernesstobeTheimpulsetoinfluenceThereadinesstobeTheinclinationtorelyon一1.Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesin Behindthescenes,theyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelse:theaccountingstandard-setters.(會計準則制定者)Theirrules,moanthebanks,haveforcedthemtoreportenormouslosses,andit'sjustnotfair.Bankers= Theserulessaythey（banker）mustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,/notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemBankerscomplainedthattheywereforcedfollowunfavorableassetevaluationTheserulessaythey（banker）mustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpaynotthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch.(模糊替換)collectpaymentsfromthirdcooperatewiththepricereevaluatesomeoftheir二.1.Unfortunay,banks'lobbyingnowseemstobeworking.theaccountingstandard-setters.（規(guī)則改了）1）Thedetailsmaybebuttheindependenceofstandard-setters,isbeing2）theindependenceisessentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalAnd,unlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult.三.1.Afterabruisingencounter（激烈的）withCongress,America'sFinancialAccountingStandardsBoard(FASB)rushedthroughruleThesegavebanksmorefreedomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong-termassetsintheireBobHerz,theFASB'schairman,criedoutagainstthosewho"questionourmotives."Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbygroup（銀行）poliycalls"theuseofjudgmentbymanagement."Accordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmayresultinbuttheindependenceofstandard-setters,isbeingthediminishingroleoftherevivalofthebankingbanksharesthebanks'long-termasset四1.EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(IASB)dolikewise.1）TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallplanning,2）butthepressuretofoldisstrong.whenitcompletesitreconstructionofruleslaterthis1)McCreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,2)theIASBthatitdid"notliveinapoliticalvacuum"but"inthere