31-/NUMPAGES31Chapter１（答案DDCＡCADＢＣA\FＴFＦTFＦTTF）1）PｓｙchoｌogｙiｓbestｄefｉneｄaｓｔｈesｃientifｉcsｔudyofＡ）ｔｈeｍindandｃoｎsciousｎｅｓｓ。B）thｅmｅntalprｏcｅｓseｓofｉnｄividualｓ.Ｃ)meｎtａldｉsoｒdeｒsaｎdabnｏrmal（反常的）bｅｈavior.D）tｈｅbehavｉｏrofinｄiｖiｄuaｌs(個別的）andtheirｍentａlｐrｏcｅsses。2)Thｅｆirsttａsｋinpsychologｙｉstomaｋeacｃurateｏｂseｒvationｓ（觀察）abｏｕtbｅhaｖioｒ.Thismeanｓthatpsｙchoｌogistsmuｓtfiｒｓt＿＿＿__＿__behａvｉoｒ．A)preｄictB）exｐlainC)cｏntｒoｌD)descrｉbe３）Wheｎdrawiｎｇconclusioｎs(結論）aboｕtｂehavior，ｐsycholoｇiｓtsrｅlyoｎＡ)ｔhｅｉｒownｐｅｒsoｎalbｅliefs．B）whaｔiｓknｏｗnas”ｃｏmmｏｎｓｅnse（常識）."C）ｏｂjecｔiｖeｌycollectedｉｎfｏrmatｉｏn。Ｄ)ｔhｅirｅvｅrydａyobｓｅｒvaｔioｎｓoｆpeople。４）Iｎｏrdeｒtoiｎvｅsｔigaｔebehavioｒ，rｅseaｒchｅrsｍａｙuseｄifferentlevelsofａnalｙsiｓ。Ｗhichoftｈefollowingresearchqｕeｓtionseｘeｍplifｉｅs(例子)thｅｂｒoａdeｓt,mostｇｌobａｌlｅvelｏｆaｎaｌysiｓ？Ａ)Ｗhataretheoｒiｇinsoｆｐrejuｄiｃe？Ｂ）Aretheｒegｅｎdeｒdifｆerencesinｐrejuｄｉce?C)Areｔhｅredｉfferｅncesｉｎhowvariousracｉalgrｏupｓｅｘｐｒessprejudiｃe？D）Wｈatistherｏleoｆearlｙchildhoodexpｅriencesｉntｈeformatiｏnofprejudiｃe?5)Iｎ1908,HeｒｍanｎEｂｂiｎｇｈａus(艾賓浩斯)wroteｔｈａt(yī)"Psycｈoｌogyhａｓalｏngpａst，ｂｕtonlyashorthiｓtory?！保祝鑙chstａｔemｅｎtｂestｃａpｔｕres（描述）theｉdｅａt(yī)hatEｂｂiｎgｈauｓwasexpressing（表達）?A）Pｓychologisｔs，liｋｅphｉｌｏsopｈers，ｈａvediｆfiｃultｙlearniｎgfｒｏmｔheｉrｍｉsｔaｋes.B)Ｑuｅｓｔioｎsaboutｈumａnｎａｔuｒｅhａvｅeｘｉsｔedｆorａlｏngtime，buｔonlyrecｅntlyhavethｅmeｔhoｄｓｎｅcessarｙtｏanswｅｒthembｅｅndeveｌoｐｅd．C）Tｈｅfiｅldofpsycholｏgｙｈaｓexisｔeｄｆoraloｎgtime，ｂutｏnlyｒecentｌyｈavｅsｃhｏlarｓｂegunｔoreｃordthｅaccomｐlishmｅnts(造詣）oｆtｈeprofessioｎ.D)Aｌtｈougｈpsycholｏgｉstｓhaｖebeeｎdｏiｎglaboratoryｒesｅarchｆorhuｎdrｅdｓofyeaｒs，litｔleoｆsubｓｔａｎce（實質）haｓbｅeｎdisｃoveｒeｄabouthuｍannaｔure．6）Ｗhicｈstatementmostｃloｓｅlychaｒacｔerizes(是……的特征)tｈecurrenｔ(流行)viｅｗofmostpsｙcholoｇistｓtowarｄｔhesｔudｙｏfbeｈavior?AＡ）Pｓyｃhｏlｏｇistsｂｏrrｏwandｂｌｅｎｄfroｍ（混合)diffｅrentpｅｒspectiveｓ（觀點）．B）Pｓycｈｏloｇistｓｔenｄtoagｒｅeｔｈａt(yī)ｔheｍｏstｐroｄuctｉveappｒoaｃhistｈｅｂｉｏlｏgicａlpｅrspｅctiｖe.C）Psyｃｈologｉststaketheapｐｒoacｈthatcomplexbeｈaｖiｏrｃanｂereｄｕcｅdtopatｔｅｒnｓｏfｓimｐlｅbehavior。D)Aｌthｏughpｓycｈoｌoｇistｓdｉｆfｅriｎtheirbasicａpproach，ａｌlaｇｒeeoｎtheｑuestiｏnstｏbeaskedａｎdｈowｔheyshｏuldｂesｔudied。７)Aｐsychologistwｈoexpｌaiｎsａrapisｔ's（強奸犯)bｅhａviｏrinｔermｓoｆtherapist＇sdispｌａｃeｄhosｔilｉty（敵意）towardhisｍｏｔｈerismostliｋｅlytｏｐrｅfｅrｔhe_＿D_____＿perspｅctｉve．Ａ)ｃｏgｎitｉvｅB)ｈｕmａnistic（人本主義)C）ｅvｏｌuｔｉoｎaｒｙＤ)psychｏdｙnamiｃ（精神動力)８）PsyｃｈoloｇｉｓtsｗhotaｋeｔhｅｂeｈaviｏristapproacｈseeｋtoBＡ)illustrate解釋tｈeinnatｅ天生的品質ｇoodnｅsｓｏfｈuｍａｎｓ.B)understandhoweｎvironｍeｎtａlstｉmuｌi(刺激)cｏnｔｒｏｌbｅhａvｉor.C)vaｌidａｔetｈeｉｍpｏｒtanceoｆｔhoughｔprocesｓesiｎhumanbehaｖior.Ｄ)deｍｏnsｔratｅｔheimｐｏrｔanceofunresolveｄcoｎflictｓａndinｎerｆorces.9）Ａteａcheｒwａnｔsｔoｓeｅｗhetｈｅrsmilingatchildreｎifｔhｅyｒaisetｈeirhandswhenｓheasksaqｕestiｏniｎcrｅａsesthelikｅlihｏｏd（可能性)thａｔchildreｎwillvolunｔeeｒａnswｅrs.Ｆroｍthebｅhaviｏristperspectｉｖe,tｈeａnteceｄｅnｔeｎvirｏｎmeｎｔalcondｉtｉｏnis_______＿andthｅconsequｅｎceis________。CＡ)smｉling；raisｉngofhanｄB)raisｉngｏfhand;ｓｍiｌingC）asｋingaquestiｏn；ｓmｉｌｉnｇD)raisinｇofhand；aｓｋinｇaｑuesｔioｎ1０)ThehｕmａnistiｃｐｅrｓｐｅｃｔivｅinpｓyｃhologyｇivｅsｇreaterｗeighｔanｄiｍpｏｒtanｃｅtoＡA）thecapaciｔyofhuｍａnstoｍaｋeｃｈoiceｓ.B）ｂreaｋingdowｎcomplｅxbehavｉoｒｉntoeｌemenｔａｒyunitsofｂｅｈａvior.C）howenvｉrｏnｍenｔalｆorｃｅｓｃｏｍeｔoｃｏnｔrolｔheiｎｄividual'ｓbehavior.Ｄ)tｈepｏwerfｕｌｉｎstｉncｔualteｎｄｅncｉｅstｈatｄｏｍiｎatｅｐeoｐｌe’saｃtｉonｓ。ＩITrueoｒFａlseFＴＦＦTFFＴTF１）Psycｈｏｌｏgiｓtsaretrainedtoｄeｓcrｉｂeｂｅhaviｏrfｒｏmｔｈeiroｗnsubjecｔｉvｅ（主觀的）poｉｎｔofｖiew,mａkiｎgｓｕretｏｉnclｕdetｈｅｉroｗnｂiases(偏見）ａndeｘpectatｉonsiｎthｅiroｂｓeｒvatiｏns。２)Withreｓｐｅｃttotheｇoalｓoｆpｓychｏlｏｇy,descｒｉｐtiｏnsmuststｉcktoｐｅrｃeivable（可知覺的)infｏrmation,whereas（但是）eｘplanatｉoｎｓdelｉbｅｒately（謹慎的)gobｅyondwｈatcanｂeｏbｓerved。3)Psycholoｇistｓbelieｖethａｔbｅhａviorsｈouldonlybｅｓtudｉedinacontｒｏlledresearｃｈｌaｂoraｔoｒｙ．4)Iｎ1879,Ｂ。F.Ｓｋinnerｆoundeｄthefirstformalｌaboratoｒydevoｔedtoexperiｍｅｎtalｐsycholoｇｙ。５）ＩnFreud'ｓ(弗洛伊德）ｖiew，humaｎnatｕreiｓnotaｌｗayｓrａt(yī)ionaｌ（理智的），aｎｄbehａvｉｏrmaybｅdrivｅnbyｍotives（動機）thａt(yī)aｒeｎoｔinconｓcｉoｕsawareｎeｓｓ．6)Acｃoｒｄｉｎgtｏｔｈeｈumanisｔiｃpeｒspectiｖe,peopｌeａｒedrｉveｎbｙpowｅrful，insｔinｃtｉｖe(本能）forceｓ,ｍaｎipuｌａｔedbytheirenvironmentｓ,ａｎdarｅincａpabｌeofmaｋiｎgｃhoiceｓanddｅcisionｓconcernｉngｔheｉrlives。７）Intheviewｏfpsycholｏgｉstsｗhofoｌlowthecogｎｉtivｅpeｒspeｃｔive,bｅhaviｏriscｏmｐlｅtｅlyｄetｅrmｉnｅd（堅定的）byprecedｉngenｖirｏnmenｔalevｅntsａnｄpａstbehaｖioralｃｏnseqｕences．8）Simｐlyｓtａt(yī)eｄ,theｉdeaｂeｈｉndnａｔurａlｓｅｌectiｏniｓthaｔorganismｓ（有機體)tｈatarebetterｓuiｔｅdtoｔheirｅnviroｎｍeｎtｓｔeｎdtoproｄuceｏffｓpring(后代)ｍoｒeｓucｃessfuｌlyｔｈanｔhoｓeorgaｎiｓmsｗｉthｐooｒeradaptａt(yī)ioｎs．９）Bｒaｉniｍagingtｅchnｉｑues（腦成像技術）haveledtodrａmaｔicbreaｋthｒｏughsinthefieldｏfｃoｇnitｉvｅnｅuｒosｃience(神經(jīng)科學）．10）Clinｉcalpsychologiｓtsappｌｙtｈeｉnsigｈtsofreseaｒｃhers,butareｎottrａinedtodoreｓearchthemｓelvｅs.Cｈａptｅr2１）Inwhａt(yī)waysａreｔheｏrieｓandｈypotheses(臆測）interrｅlａt(yī)ed？A）Hypｏthesesaremoｒeｉmpoｒtantthantｈｅｏries.Ｂ）Tｈeoriesaｒｅｍoreimｐoｒｔａnｔtｈanhｙpotheses。C）Wｈenahypｏthesisｄerivｅdfromatｈeoryｉｓnotvaｌidａt(yī)ed，tｈetheorｙmuｓtbemodifｉed。D）Theoriｅｓarenotｏｆｆuｎdamｅntalimｐoｒｔａnceingeneraｔingnｅｗｈypoｔheses,exceｐｔwhenatheoryｈasbeeｎprｏvｅn.Anｓｗｅr：C２)Ｗhｅnpsｙchoｌｏgiｃalｒeseａrcｈｅｒsarｅreadyｔoｐuttheirhｙｐoｔhesｅｓtothｅtest，ｔｈeyrｅlyonA)intuition．B）ｔｈesｃienｔifｉcmethod.C)cｏmｍoｎsense。D）sｕｂjｅctivejudgmeｎts。Aｎswer:B3）Therｅiｓａｊokeaｍongscｉentiｓtｓaboutarｅsearcherｗhotellsothｅrsthａt(yī)ｈebelongstoaseｃrｅｔsｃientｉficsocｉety，ｗhereｎooｎebutthereｓearcheｒwｉllｅveｒknｏwabｏutthestｕdｉesmembeｒsareｄoing.Tｈiｓｊokeｉshｕmｏrouｓbeｃaｕseitviolａt(yī)ｅs(違反）ｔhｅｐrinciple（原則）ofA)detｅｒmiｎisｍ。B)cｏntrolgroups.C)opｅn-mindeｄness.D)pｕblicvｅriｆiaｂilitｙ。Answeｒ：D４）Aｒeseａｒchaｓｓiｓtａｎtwhｏｉsｗorkinginapsychｏlogist＇slａｂｏｒatoryleａrnstheimpｏrtancｅｏfkeepｉngcoｍｐｌeteｒecorｄsｏfｏbservationsａnddataaｎalｙses.Suchprｏceduｒｅs(程序）ａrefolloweｄinorｄerｔoA）increasｅｏbｊｅctｉvity．（增大客觀性）B)increasesubjectivitｙ。Ｃ）ｉncreaｓeobserverｂiaｓ.D）prｅvｅntoｔheｒｒｅsｅarｃｈersfromｒeｐliｃａt(yī)ｉngａｓtudy。Ａｎswｅｒ:A5)An"obseｒvｅrbias”iｓＡ）ａn＂educａt(yī)edguess＂aｂｏutwhaｔｗｉlｌhappen。Ｂ)thedirecｔrｅsｕltｏftheｃontextｏｆdiscoveｒｙ。C）thｅdiｒｅctrｅsｕlｔofthecｏnｔextofjustiｆｉｃatｉoｎ.Ｄ)anerrorduｅｔopｅrsonalmｏtｉvesaｎdeｘpecｔations。Answer:D6)Ｉfaresearｃherｄefinｅsvariables（變量）orcｏnditionsiｎterｍsofｔhespecifｉc（明確的)prｏcedureｓusedｔodetｅrmiｎeｔheiｒｐrｅsence，heorｓheiｓｕｓｉnga（n）__＿_____definｉtiｏn.Ａ）biasedＢ）conｆoｕｎdedC）opｅraｔiｏnalＤ）hypoｔhｅtiｃalAnswer：C7）Ａpｌａceｂoeｆｆect(安慰劑效應）occurswｈenA）ａｎｅxperｉmenｔerfinｄｓｗhatheorsheeｘpeｃｔedｔｏdiscover。Ｂ)pａrtｉcipanｔshａvenotbeenrandomlｙaｓsignedtoｅxpeｒｉmentaｌandcｏnｔrｏlconditｉoｎｓ。C)ｐarticipantｓｃhａnｇｅtheirbehａviｏrbecaｕｓeofｔheｉｒbeliefｔhataｔrｅatmeｎtｈａｓaneｆfｅct．D)ｂothpartｉcipanｔｓandeｘpｅｒimｅｎｔａｌassisｔａntｓareunawａreoｆｗhicｈparticipａntsgetwhiｃhtreatｍenｔ。Answer:C8)Whｅｎneitherresearchｐaｒtiｃiｐantsnｏrｒesearchassiｓtaｎtｓareaｗaｒeｏｆwhiｃhpａrtｉcｉpantsrecｅiｖewｈichｔｒｅatment，reseaｒｃhershaｖeｅmployedａA)plaｃebocoｎｔrol。B)bｅtweeｎ-ｓubjｅｃtsdesｉgn．C)siｎglｅ－blindcoｎtroｌｔｅchnｉｑue。D)double-bliｎdｃoｎtrolｔｅｃhnｉｑuｅ.（雙盲控制技術)Anｓwer：Ｄ９)Whｅnｐｌaｎnｉngaｓtｕｄｙ,youdｅterminethatoｆｔｈｅonehundreｄpaｒtｉｃipanｔs,ｆｉfｔywiｌlｈａvetobｅｒandomlｙ（隨便的）assigneｄtoｔheexｐerimenｔaｌconditiｏnandtheotｈerfifｔytotｈecontｒolcｏｎdition．Thｅtypeｏfｅxpeｒimentaldesignyｏuａreusｉngisknownaｓa______＿_ｄesign．A）pｌaceｂocontｒolB）ｓingle-subjeｃtC）wiｔｈin—subjecｔｓD）betｗeｅn-subｊecｔsAnsweｒ:D10)Whicｈoftｈefolｌowingistrueoftｈewithin—suｂjects(被試內設計）expｅｒimentａｌdesｉgｎ？A)Ｉtisatｙｐeofbｅtｗeｅn-ｓuｂjectsｄesｉgn.B）Tｈeｒｅaｒenocoｍｐarｉsｏncｏｎdiｔioｎsiｎtｈｉsdesign.C）Theｒeareｔwoeｘperimｅnｔaｌgrouｐsandｏnecontrolgroup。D)Eacｈparticipantsｅrvesiｎallconditioｎsｏfｔhｅexperiment。Ａｎswer：D１1)Aｒesearcｈerisinteｒｅsteｄinｔherelａt(yī)ionshipｂetwｅｅnbraｉnｄamageandtheａbilityofhuｍansｔoplantｈｅirbehavior.Whichtyｐeｏfｒesearchdｅｓiｇnwouｌdbemostａｐproｐｒiaｔe（合適的）ｆoｒtｈeresｅarchertoｕsｅ?A)placｅboconｔrolB）experimentａlC）coｒrｅlational（相關）D）wｉthin－subjeｃtｓＡnswer:C12）Imaｇinｅthａt(yī)yｏurinsｔrｕｃｔoraｓksｙoutｏdeterminewhethｅrｔhｅreisａrｅlａｔionsｈｉｐｂeｔweeｎmｕsicａlabｉｌiｔyaｎｄｍａｔhemａｔicalabilｉty.Thetｙpeｏfdｅsｉgnbｅstsuｉtedtothisｔaskwoｕldbｅa（n）A)ｅｘpｅrimenｔ。Ｂ）casestudｙ.C)cｏrｒｅlａt(yī)ｉonaｌsｔudy（相關研究）。D）ｎaturａｌisｔicobｓeｒvation。Aｎｓweｒ：C1３）Withｒespeｃttopｓychｏloｇicａlmeaｓurement，whendatａarｅconsistentorｄependaｂletheyarerｅferrｅdtｏaｓ＿_＿___＿_,wheｒeasthｅterm_____＿__mｅａnsｔhａt(yī)ｔｈｅｉnformatｉonｔhａt(yī)isｐroducedａccuｒaｔｅlymeａｓurestｈｅvariablｅorｑuaｌｉtｙthatitisｉｎtendeｄtomeasurｅ．Ａ）vａｌｉd;reliablｅB)relｉａble(信度);ｖalid（效度)C）ｃonsiｓtent；reliabｌeＤ)relｉableｏrｖａlid;consistentAnswｅr:Ｂ14)Whiｃｈoftｈefollowｉｎｇｉstrueoｆthｅwithin-subjｅｃtseｘperimentａldｅsign?Ａ)Ｉtisaｔypeofbetｗｅｅn—ｓubｊｅctsｄesign.B)Thｅｒｅareｎｏcｏｍpaｒisoｎｃonditionsinthｉｓｄｅsiｇn.Ｃ）Thｅｒeaｒｅtwｏexperimenｔａｌgｒoｕｐsａndoｎecoｎtｒoｌgrｏｕｐ。D）Ｅachｐaｒtｉcｉpantserｖeｓinallｃonditioｎsoftｈｅｅｘperiｍenｔ。Ａnswer:D１5）Aｔeａchｅｒistryingtoｓeｅwhｅthersmilinｇａt(yī)herstudeｎtｓwilｌincｒeasetｈenuｍberofｑuesｔｉonsｔhｅｙａsｋ.Inthefｉrsｔａｎdｔhirdweekoｆtheｓtudy，thenumbｅrｏfqｕestioｎsstｕdentsａｓkisrｅcｏrｄed.Iｎtheｓecondweeｋ,ｔheｔeａｃhｅｒsｍｉlesａlotatheｒstｕdｅnts,ａｎｄｔheｎｕmbｅrofquesｔｉonsisalsｏrecorｄｅd。Ｗhattypｅｏfresearchｄｅsignisbｅinguseｄ？Ａ）witｈin—ｓubjｅctsB)correｌaｔｉoｎａlＣ）plａceboconｔrol(1.安慰劑控制法)D）ｂeｔwｅeｎ-ｓubjeｃｔsＡｎsweｒ：A1６)Aｒesearcｈerwｈｏisinterestedindｏcumｅnｔinｇtheｒelationｓhｉpbｅtwｅｅninｔerｎal（內部的）ｐｓychologicａｌｓｔateｓsuchａｓapersｏn'ｓｍotｉvaｔiontosucｃeｅdandhiｓorherｆeelｉｎgsofseｌf-coｎfidencewouldmostｌikeｌｙuｓea______＿_meａsuｒe.A)behavioralＢ)ｓelf－reｐｏrt(自我報告）Ｃ）pｈｙsｉologｉcａlＤ）nａt(yī)urａliｓｔiｃobseｒvaｔｉｏnａｌＡnsweｒ:Ｂ17)Ｓupposeanelemeｎtaｒyｓchoｏlｔeaｃhｅｒiｓinterｅsｔediｎmeａsuｒｉｎｇtheamountoftｉmeayoｕｎgsｔｕdentｉｎhｅｒclassiｓwｏrkingprodｕcｔｉveｌｙ(有效果的)veｒsuschaｔｔingwitｈｃlassｍates。ItwoｕldbｅmoｓtappｒoｐriatefｏrtheｔeacｈertｏuseａA）qｕestioｎnairｅ。（問卷法)B)behavｉｏralｍｅasure.Ｃ）aself－ｒeｐｏrｔmeasurｅ.D)aface—to—ｆaｃeｉnteｒview.Ansｗer：Ｂ1８)Ｓupposeyoｕwerｅｉnteｒｅsteｄiｎtｈekｉｎdsoｆｍoviesyoｕｒfriendslikeｔｏwaｔch．Youdｅvelopａsｉmｐlequｅstionnａireｔhａt(yī)asksthｅmaｂｏuttｈeiratｔiｔudestoｗardｄiffｅrｅntfiｌｍgenｒｅs(風格)ａndthenyｏuａlsoｒｅcｏrdwhichｆiｌｍsthｅyaｃｔuallｙａｔtend。TｈｅmｅasuｒemｅntｔecｈｎｉｑuｅyｏｕaｒeｕｓingｉｓbｅsｔdesｃribeｄａsA)ｓelf-ｒepoｒtmeaｓuｒｅs。Ｂ)behavioralobsｅrvaｔioｎs.C）naturａｌｉsticｏｂservatiｏns。D)aｃoｍbinatioｎoｆｓeｌf-reportandbeｈaviｏraloｂｓerｖations．Ａnswer：D19)AｃliｎicａlｐｓycｈｏｌogｉstisｗorkiｎｇwｉththeFederaｌＢureａuoｆInvestiｇatiｏｎ(1。（美國）聯(lián)邦調查局）(FBI)todevｅｌｏpanｕndｅｒsｔandingｏｆseriａlkiｌlｅｒs。Shｅdｅｃidｅｓｔofoｃusheratteｎtionanｄｍｅasｕｒeｍeｎtsonａpartｉcｕｌａrｌｙbrｕtalmurdｅreｒwｈｏｉsｓervingａliｆesｅntｅnce.HｅｒaｐｐｒoaｃhiｓrｅferredtoaｓａA)cａsesｔudｙ.B）reｐresentatｉvesample。C）within－ｓubjecｔsdesign．Ｄ）naturaｌｉｓtiｃｏbsｅrｖation。Answｅr：A20)Imａgｉｎｅｔhatyoｕｈavｅagｒeedtｏpartｉcipateinpsｙchologiｃaｌrｅｓeａrｃh.Prｉor(先驗的）tｏｔhestudy,yoｕwｉllbegivｅniｎforｍaｔｉｏnabｏuｔｗhaｔyouｃanexpectandoｔhｅrdetaiｌsofｔhereｓｅａrｃｈ,andaskｅdtosigｎaｆｏrｍindｉｃatiｎｇ（指示）yｏuｒwiｌlingｎessｔｏparticｉpate．TｈiｓｐroｃessｉsknownａｓA)debｒiｅfｉnｇ.B）inｆｏrmｅdcｏnｓent.(知情同意）C)risｋ／gaiｎassesｓｍeｎt。D）iｎtentｉｏnaｌdecｅption.Anｓwer：BIＩTrｕeorFａlｓe1)Atｈeｏryiｓdefineｄａsaｎｏrｇaｎizedsetofcoｎcｅpts(概念）thatexplainsapheｎomenonｏrsetofpｈenoｍena.Answeｒ：TRUE2)Inoｒｄertominiｍize(。把…減至最低數(shù)量[程度］）ｔhepoｔentｉaｌ(潛在的)ｆoｒbｉaｓ,reseaｒｃｈｅｒsｍusｔbｅcｅrｔainthatnｏvaｒｉaｂｌeinanexperｉmeｎtisoｐeraｔionａlｌydefineｄ.（不可能做到)Ａnswer:ＦALSE３）Inａnexｐeｒｉｍent,rｅｓeａrcheｒｓmanｉpulate(熟練操作）theｄepenｄeｎtvariａblｅ(因變量）anｄmeasurｅthｅｉnｄｅpendentvａｒiａble。Anｓwer：FALSE4）Adoｕｂle-ｂlindcontroｌiｓａnexperｉmｅntalｔｅchnｉqueｉnwhｉcｈｂｉasedexpeｃtatｉｏｎsareelｉmiｎａt(yī)eｄbyonlytelｌiｎgthｅeｘperimentａlａsｓisｔantswhiｃhparticipａntsｈavｅrecｅivedwhiｃｈtrｅatment。Ａnsweｒ:FAＬＳＥ5)Iｎａwitｈin-subjectｓｒesearｃhｄesign,diｆferentgｒoupsofｐａrticipantsarerandoｍly(隨便的）assignｅdtoｅxｐeriｍentalcｏｎditｉonsorｔoｃoｎtrolconditions.Ａｎswer:FALＳＥ6）Tｈｅentｉre（全部）ｓetｏfiｎdｉvｉduａｌｓtowhichｇｅnｅraｌｉzatiｏｎswiｌlbｅmadeｂasedonaｎexperimeｎｔalsaｍpleiｓcａlledtheｐoｐｕlａt(yī)ｉon（總體）.Ansｗer:TRUＥ７)Ｔheprimarypurpoｓeofusｉngｃorrelａｔionａlmethodsiｓtｏestabｌiｓhｃauｓeandeffectｒeｌatｉonshｉps。（因果研究才是）Anｓwer：FAＬSE８)Iｆtwｏvａriaｂｌｅｓarｅｃomｐleｔｅｌyｕnｒelatedtoeａchother，theywillyｉｅldaｃorrｅlatｉoｎcoeｆｆicienｔ(系數(shù)）ofzerｏ．Answer:ＴＲＵE９）Questiｏnnairｅsaｎdsurｖｅysarｅｅxamplesofseｌf-repｏrｔmｅasuｒes.Ａnswer：TRＵECｈapｔｅr3１）１）Naｔｕｒeｉｓtonｕrturｅ(教養(yǎng))ａｓhｅrｅdity（遺傳)istｏA）eｖoｌution.B)agｇrｅｓsioｎ。Ｃ)ｅnvｉrｏnment.Ｄ）natuｒalselｅｃtioｎ.Ａnswｅr：C2）Aｐrisonerisvioｌentａndhostｉle，ａlthoughhewａsn’ｔalｗａysthisway．Ｈｉsｔheｒaｐistbｅlｉeｖｅsｔhaｔtｈeenvｉronｍenttheprisonerｗasrａisedｉnｂrougｈtabｏuthｉsaggressivｅtenｄｅnｃiｅs．Tｈetｈerａｐist(咨詢師）ｉsesｐouｓingtｈevｉewｔhatbehaviorｉｓprimarilyinflueｎcedbyA）natuｒe．B)bｉology.Ｃ）nuｒｔure.D）heredity。Answer:C3）Ineｖｏlutiｏnaｒyｔｅrms,aｎiｎdｉviｄuaｌ＇sｓuccesｓismeasuｒedbytheA)amｏｕｎｔofterritｏrｙｏneｃｏntrols。Ｂ)degrｅeofcｏmforｔanindiｖiｄualatｔaiｎs．C)nｕmｂerｏfoffｓpringanｉｎｄividuａlｐrodｕｃes。Ｄ）levｅｌofiｎtelligenceaｎindividualａcｑuiｒes。Answer:Ｃ４）Ｍembersｏfaspｅcieｓwhoposseｓthｅｒaｎgｅofpｈysiｃalandpsｙcholoｇｉｃａｌattribuｔesbesｔａdaptｅdtｏtheenvironmeｎtaremｏｓtlikelytosuｒvｉve。ThiscｏｎceptiskｎoｗnａｓA）nａt(yī)uraｌselectｉon。B）gｅnotypicaｌｓｔructｕre．Ｃ）pｈenoｔypiｃａｌstrｕcture.D）ｓuｒviｖaloｆｔｈefｉtteｓt。Answｅr:Ｄ5）Asyouｅnterthecrowdedroｏm，youcaｔｃhaglimpseoｆyourfrｉend＇sｄarkｈairandｓlｉmframe.Whａt(yī)yｏuａreｎotiｃｉngmｏｓtdireｃtｌyareaｓpectsofyourｆriｅｎd＇sA)genｏtｙｐｅ。B）ｐｈeｎotypｅ(1。表現(xiàn)型）．C）aｄaptatｉons。Ｄ)sｅlｅcｔivｅadvantａｇe．Aｎsweｒ：B6)Ｉｎtｈeｖocabulａryofevolutionarytｈeory,youhaｖeinherｉteｄ________ｆromyourｐareｎts．A)aｇenotｙpeＢ)aphenｏtypeC）abｅhａvioralreperｔｏrｙD）youroutwardａppeaｒancｅAnｓwer：Ａ7)Yｏuarｅhaｓtily（1.匆忙地，倉促地）jｏttingnoｔｅsfｏraqｕizonｂaｓｉcgenetｉcｓ.Ｌucｋilｙ，afrieｎdnoticeｓthatyouhaveｉnｃoｒrｅcｔlywrｉttenthａｔＡ）ＤNＡcｏntains46ｃhromｏsoｍes(1．【醫(yī)】同原染色體)。B）gｅｎesａrelocａt(yī)eｄonｃhｒomosomeｓ。C）ＤNAisｌoｃatｅdinthenuｃleusoｆeachｃell。D）DNAcｏｎｔaｉnｓｉnｓtructｉonｓｆｏrtheproductionoｆproteｉｎｓ.Ａnswer：A8）SexcｈromｏsoｍesA)ｃontａin23pairsｏfgｅｎes。B）ａｒeidenticａｌformaleｓandｆemaｌｅs。C)briｎｇａboｕttｈeunioｎofaspermandanegｇ。D)codetheｄｅvelopmeｎtｏfmalｅorfｅmaｌephysｉcalｃharacterisｔics。Aｎsｗeｒ：Ｄ9）Inｔhｅhumanｍａle，thｅsexchromｏｓoｍeｓnoｒmalｌyconsiｓtofa(n）＿__＿＿_＿_pair;ｉnthehumanfｅmaｌeｔheycｏnsistoｆａ(n）____＿___pａir．A）ＸY；XXB）XX；XＸC)YY；ＸＸＤ）XX;YYAnsｗeｒ：Ａ10）ThｅgoaloftｈｅＨuｍａnGenomePｒoject（1?！踞t(yī)】基因組(測序）計劃）istoＡ）idenｔｉfyaｌlｏfthehuｍangenes。B）verifyＤaｒwin’ｓｔｈeoryofｎaturａlseｌectiｏn.C）shｏｗresearcｈsupｐortforthｅmａjｏreveｎtｓinｈumaｎｅvolution.D）buildｈuｍan—ｌikerobotsｏｒcyborgs。Answｅr：A11）Aｇｉｒlhａstwoｏｌderｂｒoｔhersaｎdａｓtepsｉｓter(1．(繼父與其前妻或繼母與其前夫所生的)姐姐;妹妹）．YｏｕcanbesｔguｅssthaｔA）herbｒoｔｈerswｉllbｅｇenｅｔicallyidｅｎtｉcａl.B)sｈehaｓtheeｘactsａmegeneticmaｋeuｐａsherｂrothｅrｓ．C）shehasabout５0％ｏfｈｅｒgｅnesiｎcommｏｎwithｈerｂrotheｒs．D）geneticａlｌyshｅｗiｌlbemorelｉkｅhersｔepsｉsｔｅrtｈanliｋeheｒｂｒoｔhers．Aｎswer：C12)Imａgineｔraveliｎgbａcｋiｎtｉmetｏｔheseventeｅｎthcentuｒｙ.AFreｎchphilosophｅrbythenameｏfＤeｓcartes（１．笛卡爾（法國哲學家、數(shù)學家,１596－１6５0）)haｓｐｒoｐosedtｈｅｒadicalidｅａt(yī)hatA）ａｌｌａnimalsｈavespiriｔs。Ｂ）ｔhｅhumaｎbｏdｙisaｎ＂ａnimａｌｍａchiｎe＂。C）hｕmaｎsａreｎomｏreintｅｌligenｔｔhanａnｉmals。D）humａnacｔioncａnnｏtbeuｎdｅｒsｔoodbyusｉngsciｅntificmｅａns。Ａnｓweｒ:B１３)Broｃa＇ｓarｅaiｎthｅbｒainismosｔcｌosｅlyassociateｄwiｔｈA）memorｙ．Ｂ)ｅmotion.C)languａge.D)pｈysicａlmoｖement。Answer:C14)Ｔheｎervｏus(１．神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的）sｙsｔemisｓuｂdivｉｄedintotｗomajoｒｄｉｖisioｎs:Whａｔarｅthｅy?A)somaticandautonoｍicＢ)peripｈｅｒaｌandsoｍatiｃC)ｃentrａlaｎｄpｅｒipheｒalＤ)sympaｔhｅticandpａrasympatheticAnsweｒ：C１5）Youareworｋingwiｔhafｒiendtodevelopflaｓhcardsｔohelpyouwithyｏurｓｔｕdyｏｆｂｒaｉｎstructuｒesandthｅiｒｆunctions.Yourfriendrememｂeｒｓcｏrｒecｔlyｔhatthｅ_____＿＿_ｉsｉnｖolｖedpｒｉmａrilyｉｎａutoｎomicｐrｏcｅsｓeｓsｕchasheartrａｔeandｂｒeａt(yī)hinｇ,aｎdyｏｕrｅmemberｔhattｈｅ＿_______iｓinｖolｖedinｍotiｖation，emoｔionandｍｅmoｒｙpｒocｅｓses。A）ceｒebｒｕm（1?！唇?gt;大腦）;cerebrａlcｏｒteｘ（1．大腦皮層）B)ｂrainstem（1。腦干）；lｉｍbiｃsｙsｔem(1．(大腦）邊緣系統(tǒng)）C）limbicsysｔem；braｉｎstｅmD)cerebrａlcｏrteｘ;braiｎstemAnswer：Ｂ16）ＴheliｍbｉｃsyｓtemｉncludｅsｔheＡ）mｅduｌla（1。(拉丁語）骨髓)，hippoｃampuｓ（2．海馬回)andpons。B）hypothalaｍus，ｃeｒebrum(１．<解>大腦）ａｎｄceｒebellｕm（1.小腦）。C）ｈｙpothalaｍuｓ，hippocａmpusandamygdａｌa（1．[解］扁桃體)。D)rｅｔicｕｌarｆorｍatｉon，aｍｙｇdalaandｔhaｌaｍｕs．Anｓweｒ:C17）Resｅarｃhonｓplit-ｂrainpatienｔs（裂腦人）haｓsugｇｅsｔｅdthaｔ,wheｎｃｏmpaｒeｄtotherighｔｈemｉsphere（1.半球),ｔheｌefｔhｅmiｓpherｅｈaｓa"ｓtｙle＂ｔhaｔｉｓmｏrｅA）global.B）ｈoliｓtｉc.Ｃ)ａnalyｔicａｌ.Ｄ)iｎｓightful。Anｓwｅｒ:C1８）Inthebｒain,ｔhe__＿___＿_servesasarｅlａystatｉon（1．中繼站）bｅｔｗeeｎthｅenｄocrinｅsystｅm（1。內分泌系統(tǒng)）ａnｄthecｅntralneｒvoｕssyｓteｍ(1.中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)）。A)tｈalamｕs(1。丘腦）B）hippｏｃamｐuｓC）ｈypothalaｍusD)ｃerebralcorteｘＡｎｓwer：CIITrｕeoｒＦａlse1)Ｙourobｓeｒｖaｂlecｈaｒacteristicｓａreknowｎasｙourｇenｏｔype．Aｎswer:FALSE２)DNAisorganｉzedintounitscaｌｌｅdｇｅnes.Ａｎｓwer:TRＵＥ3)Thｅhumａngenｏｍeconｔａinsaboutfourmｉlliｏngenes。Aｎｓｗｅｒ：FＡＬSE4)Brocａ＇sarｅaｏftｈｅbrainiｓｍoｓtｃloseｌｙaｓsociatｅdwitheｍotionalbehａvior.Ａnsｗeｒ：ＦＡLSE5)Tｈepｅｒipherａlｎｅrｖouｓsystｅm（１．周圍神經(jīng)系統(tǒng))cｏnsiｓtｓoｆthebraｉn,spinalcoｒd，aｎdcranｉalnerves(１.顱神經(jīng);腦神經(jīng)）ｔhａt(yī)ｃonnectthｅbodｙ'ｓｓenｓｏryrecｅｐｔoｒｓtoｔhecｅntralｎeｒvｏussystｅm。Ａnswer:ＦALSE6)Ｔheａmygdalaiｓthｅpａrtofｔｈｅlｉｍｂicsystemthａｔcontrolsｅmotioｎ,aｇｇression,ａndtheformaｔionoｆemｏｔionalmｅmoｒy。Answer:TRＵE7）Ｉnｍaｌes，ｔhｅtestessecreteｔeｓtostｅｒｏnｅ，whicｈｓtｉmulatesproducｔioｎofｓpｅｒmanｄmayincreaseaｇgressｉonanｄsｅxuａldesire．Answer：ＴRＵE8）Interneuｒｏns（中間神經(jīng)元）areｏｎｅｃｌassofneurons．Aｎｓwer:TRUE９)Thｅaｌl-or-ｎoｎelaｗstatesｔｈａt(yī)ｔｈesizeｏfthｅａctionpotｅntial（３.電位）ｉsunaffeｃｔeｄｂyiｎcrｅａｓesintheintｅnｓityofｓｔiｍulaｔｉｏｎbeyondthｅthrｅshｏｌｄｌeｖel(閾值)．Answｅｒ：TRUＥ10）Duringｔheabsoluｔeｒefractｏryperiod（1。絕對不應期），furtheｒstimulation，nomaｔtｅrhoｗintense，cannotcaｕseanｏtherａcｔioｎpotentｉａｌtoｂｅgeｎerated.Aｎsｗeｒ:TRUＥChapｔｅr41)Ｓｉｇnaldeteｃtionｔｈｅｏry(1。信號檢測理論)suggestｓthatdｉｆfereｎcesinabsｏｌutethresｈoｌｄsbetweｅｎdｉfferｅnｔpｅｏplerｅｆleｃtA)siｇｎａlsｔｒengｔh。Ｂ)sensoｒｙpｒoｃesses.C)huｍａnｊuｄgmenｔ．D）aｂｓolutethreｓｈｏldｓ。Aｎsｗer：C2)Tｈeｖisualcoｒtｅxｉslocａt(yī)eｄwithintheA)ｃerebelｌuｍ。Ｂ)parietａllobｅ．Ｃ）frontａｌlｏbe.Ｄ）ｏcciｐｉtallobｅ（1。枕葉）。Aｎswer:D3)The___＿___＿oｆsｏundａｌlｏwｓusｔｏdｉstｉnguishaguitaｒnotefromaｓaxｏｐhonenoｔe。A）ｔｉmbrｅ（1．音色；音品）B)kinestheｔｉcsC)ｈaｒmonicsD）audｉtorｙdiｆfusｉoｎＡnswer:A4）Thｅpｒｏｃessof_＿___＿__ｉsｒespoｎｓiblｅfｏrｔhecoｎvｅrsionofphysicalenergytonｅuraliｍpulses．A)tranｓdｕctｉｏn（1。換能）。Ｂ)ｐｌａstiｃity.Ｃ)absolutethreshｏld．Ｄ）psychophysics.Anｓｗer:A5)Nerveｉmpuｌｓesｔｈatcarｒyinformatｉonｔravelａlong__＿_____tosｐecialｉｚedprｏｃｅssinｇarｅasｉnｔhｅbrain。A)ｖestiｂularcanａlｓB）nerveendinｇsC）ｓeｎsorypaｔhways(感覺通路)D）olfaｃｔoryepｉtｈｅliｕmAｎｓwｅr：C６）LouｄneｓsiｓdｅｔerminedbｙsoｕndA)pitｃh。B）qualiｔｙ。C）ampｌiｔude（振幅)．D)ｆｒｅqueｎｃy．Aｎsweｒ：C7)Theeｙｅshａvｅtwodｉstiｎcttypesｏｆphotoreceptorｓ(1.光感受器，感光器):tｈeｒodｓ,wｈichwhｉchｄetｅct________，ａｎdtｈecｏneｓ(1．（人眼)圓錐細胞），whｉchdｅtｅct__＿_____。Ａ)lowintｅnsｉtｙliｇht;ｗavｅlｅｎgthscｏrrespondingｔocolｏrｓB）mｏtｉoｎ；shａｐeC)brｉghtｌight；ｄimｌｉgｈtD）stimuliｉｎcoｎsciousnesｓ;unｃonｓcioｕｓstimuliＡｎswｅｒ:Ａ８)Wｈｉchonereferstothｅｌｅastamoｕnｔｏfstiｍuｌationthatyourｐerceｐtｕalsysｔｅm（感知系統(tǒng)）canｄｅtecｔabｏuｔhaｌｆｏfthｅtime?Ａ）TheｓtiｍuｌusthrｅｓholdB）ＴhediffereｎcethreｓholｄＣ）TheabｓolutethreｓholdD）TheaｃtionpotenｔiａlAnsｗｅr：Ｃ9）DｉfｆerentsensesgｉveusｄｉffｅｒentsensationsmainlybｅcausｅA)Theyinvｏlｖediffｅrentstimuli.B）Tｈｅyactivateｄiffeｒeｎtsensoryｒｅｇioｎs（1.【醫(yī)】感覺區(qū)，頂顳區(qū))oｆｔhebｒain．C）Ｔheｙhaｖｅdiｆfeｒｅnｔintｅnｓｉｔiｅs．D）Wehavedifｆerentmemorｉeｓａssocｉａｔｅdwｉthｔhem。Anｓｗeｒ：Ｂ10)Ｗhichofthefｏｌlｏwinｇｉsaneｘａmｐleoftｈｅkinｄofinformａt(yī)ionthattop—dｏwnｐroｃessingconｔribｕtestopeｒcepｔiｏｎ？A）Ｌookingｆorａfｒiend’sfaceｉｎthecrｏwdB）HaｖingｔowaitfoｒyoｕｒeyｅstoａdjustｔothｅdarkｉnaｔhｅaｔreC)HeariｎgａpａinｆullyｌｏudnoisｅD)FeelingaｐｉｎpricｋAnswｅr：AIＩTrueorFalse1）GustａvFechnｅrcoinedtｈeterｍpsｙchophysｉｃs，ｗhiｃｈｒeｆersｔotheｓtudyoftheｒeｌatiｏnshｉpbeｔwｅentheintensityoｆaｐｈysicalstｉmuluｓanｄthｅmａgnｉtudeofａnindiｖidual＇sｓensoryexpeｒiｅnce.Ａnsｗｅｒ：TRUE2）Thｅtｒansformationofｏneformoｆeｎergy,suｃｈaｓliｇhｔ，ｔoａnｏtherｆｏrｍ，ｓuchasneuralimpulses，ｉｓcaｌledsensoryａdapｔａｔion.Ａnsｗeｒ：FALSE3）Ｔheａbsoluｔeｔhreshｏldisoperationallydefｉnedasｔhestｉmulusｌevelａt(yī)ｗｈiｃhasｅnsorｙｓiｇｎａlｉｓdeteｃｔed100%oftheｔimｅ.Answer：FAＬSE4）Inａｓigｎaldetectionsｔudｙ，ａnｏbｓｅrveｒwhｏisａyｅasayeｒwｉｌｌgiveａhighnumberofhiｔsbuｔｗilｌａlsohaveａｈiｇhnｕｍberoffalseaｌａrmｓ.Aｎsｗｅr:TRUE５）DaviｄHｕbelandＴｏrsteｎWieselwonaNobｅlＰrizｅfortｈeirstｕdieｓoｆreceｐtiｖefｉelｄsoｆcellsinｔhｅviｓuａlｃoｒtex.Anｓwer:TRＵE6）Thelｏuｄneｓsofasｏundｉsdeｐendenｔｐrimaｒilyonthefｒequenｃyofthesoundwave．Answer:FＡLＳE7)Traｎｓdｕctionrｅferstotheprｏceｓsｏfconvertingneｕrａｌimpulsｅsinｔｏpｓycｈｏlogｉcalｅｎerｇｙthaｔthｅbraincanｐｒocess.Ansｗeｒ:ＦALSE８)Ｂottoｍ-ｕｐpｒoｃｅssing(１.自下而上加工）reｆeｒsｔｏpercepｔualaｎalyｓisinwhiｃhinfoｒmaｔiｏnfroｍaninｄividuaｌ＇spａsｔexperｉence,knowledgｅ，eｘpecｔａt(yī)ions，ｍｏtivations，andbackgrｏｕndinfｌｕencｅthewayａperceｉveｄobjectisiｎteｒｐｒetedａnｄclａsｓified。Aｎｓweｒ:FAＬSE9）Ｔhepｒiｎciｐlｅｏfrelativｅｓizestａt(yī)eｓtｈatobjectsoｆthesameｓｉzebｕtdiｆｆｅｒeｎtdｉstａnｃesprojｅｃｔｔhesaｍesｉｚeｉmagｅsontheretiｎa.Answer：FAＬSE10）Wｈｅnyoｕreｘpｅｃｔationsaｆｆｅctｐeｒcｅptionsｔheｐroceｓsiscaｌledbottom－ｕpｐｒocesｓｉnｇ.Ａnswer:FＡLSEChapter5１）PｓychologyisbeｓtdefｉnedastheｓcientifｉcｓｔudｙofDA)ｔｈemindandcｏnｓciousnesｓ.Ｂ）tｈｅｍｅntalｐroｃeｓsesｏfindividuaｌs．Ｃ）menｔａldiｓｏrdersandabｎormａlbehaviｏr。D）ｔhｅｂｅhavｉorofindividualｓanｄtheｉｒｍｅntalproｃｅssｅs.２）Thｅfirｓttaskｉnpsｙchologyistomakeaccurａt(yī)eoｂsｅrｖatｉoｎsabｏｕtbehavｉor.Tｈismeanstｈａt(yī)pｓyｃｈoｌogistｓmｕｓtｆirst_＿＿_Ｄ＿__＿beｈａvｉｏr.A)predicｔB）eｘplaiｎＣ）controlD)desｃriｂe3)Wｈｅndrawｉｎgcｏnclusiｏnsａboutbehavioｒ，ｐｓycｈologｉｓtsｒelｙonCA）theiｒowｎpeｒsｏnａlｂeliｅfｓ.B）whatiskｎoｗnas"commｏnsense?！盋）obｊeｃｔｉvｅlycｏllectｅdｉｎformatｉｏn．D)theirｅveryｄayoｂseｒvationｓｏfｐeｏｐle。4)Inｏrderｔoinｖeｓｔigａt(yī)ebehaｖｉｏr,ｒesｅａrｃhｅrｓmａyuｓediffｅrｅntlevｅlsｏfanalｙsｉｓ.Whichofthefollowingｒeｓearchquesｔｉｏnsexemｐｌifiesｔｈebｒoadest,ｍostgloballeｖeｌofaｎaｌysｉs？AA）Ｗhａt(yī)arｅtｈeoriginsｏfｐrejudicｅ？Ｂ)Areｔhereｇendeｒdiｆferenｃesinprejudiｃe?Ｃ）Ａretheredifferencesinhoｗｖａｒｉouｓracialｇｒoupsｅxpｒｅssｐrejudｉce?D)Whatｉｓtｈeroｌｅofearｌycｈｉldhｏodｅxpeｒieｎcｅsinｔheforｍatioｎofpｒejuｄｉｃe？5）Ｉn19０8，ＨermannＥbbinghauswroteｔｈat”Psycholoｇyｈasaｌonｇｐast，ｂutｏｎlｙａshoｒｔｈistｏry.＂ＷhichstatemenｔｂeｓtcapｔurｅstｈeideathaｔＥbｂinghａuswasｅxpreｓsing？ＣA）Psychologｉsｔs，liｋephｉlｏsｏphｅrs,ｈaveｄiｆｆiｃultｙleaｒningfｒomtheirｍｉｓtakes.B)Quesｔiｏｎｓabouthumaｎnatureｈaveeｘistedfｏｒalongtime,bｕｔonlｙreceｎtlyhavｅthｅmetｈodsnecessarｙｔoanswｅrthembｅeｎdeveloped．C)Thｅｆieｌdofpsｙchologyhasexｉstedforａｌongtimｅ，butoｎlyrecenｔlｙhaｖｅsｃｈｏlａrｓbeguntorｅcｏｒdｔheaccoｍplｉｓhmentsoｆtｈeprofessiｏn。D）Alｔhoughｐsｙchologistshaｖebeendoｉnglaｂorａt(yī)ｏｒyrｅseａｒchｆｏrhundrｅｄｓofyears,lｉｔtleofｓubstａnｃeｈasbeeｎdｉscovｅredabｏｕthｕmannatｕre．6）Whichstatementmｏstｃlｏseｌyｃhａｒａctｅｒizesｔhecurrent（1?，F(xiàn)在的，現(xiàn)行的)ｖiewoｆmostpsｙｃhologiｓｔstoｗaｒdthestudyofbehaｖｉｏr？AＡ）Pｓychologistｓborｒｏwanｄblendfｒomdifferentperｓpectｉvｅｓ。B)Psycｈologiststendtoaｇreethattｈｅmostprｏｄuctiveappｒｏacｈisthｅｂiolｏgicａlpeｒsｐective．C)Psyｃｈoｌｏgｉｓｔstakｅｔheapproaｃｈtｈatcomplｅxbeｈavｉｏrcanbｅrｅducｅdｔoｐａt(yī)tｅｒnsofsimplebｅｈaｖior.D)Althｏughpsycｈｏloｇｉstsｄifｆｅrinｔhｅｉrｂasicappｒoaｃｈ,alｌａgreeｏntｈｅquestiｏnsｔobeaｓkeｄａndhowthｅyｓhouldbestudied。７）Ａpｓｙcｈoloｇistwhoexｐlainsarａpｉst’sbeｈaｖｉoｒｉnｔermsoftheｒapiｓt'sdisplａｃedｈostilitｙtowaｒdhismoｔｈerisｍostlikeｌytopreferｔhe__＿_C_＿__perspeｃtiｖe。A)cogniｔiveB）humaｎistiｃC)eｖolutionaryD)pｓｙchｏｄynaｍｉc8)ＰsｙchｏlogistswｈotａkｅtｈebeｈaｖiｏristappｒｏａｃhｓeｅktoBA)ｉlluｓtｒateｔｈeiｎnateｇoodnessｏｆhｕmans。B）uｎdｅrｓｔanｄhowenviｒonmenｔalｓtｉmulｉcｏntrolbehａｖiｏr.C)vａlidaｔeｔhｅｉmpoｒtａnceofｔhouｇhtprｏcesｓesinhumanbｅhavioｒ.D）demoｎｓtｒatｅthｅimportanｃeofunrｅsolｖｅdconｆlｉctsａndｉｎnerfoｒｃｅs．９）Ａtｅaｃhｅrwａntstｏseewhetherｓmiliｎgａt(yī)childreniｆtheyrａisetｈeiｒhanｄｓｗheｎsｈeａｓksaquesｔionincrｅasestheｌiｋｅｌihｏｏdtｈatchｉldrｅnｗｉllvｏｌunteeranswers。Fromtheｂehaviｏrisｔpｅrspectｉvｅ,theａntｅceｄentｅnviｒonｍenｔalcondiｔioｎis______＿_ａndtｈｅｃｏnseqｕenceis＿_______．A）smilｉｎg;raｉｓiｎgofhａnｄB）raisingofhand；smｉlingＣ）ａsｋingａｑuestiｏｎ;sｍilｉnｇＤ）raisｉngｏfhanｄ；aｓkｉngaquestiｏn10）TheｈumａｎｉｓticperｓpectivｅiｎpsｙchologygiveｓgｒeatｅｒweｉｇhｔandimportａnｃetoA)thecapａcityofｈuｍanstoｍaｋechoｉces.B)bｒeakingdowncomplexbeｈavｉｏｒｉｎtｏeｌeｍenｔaryuｎitsｏfbehavior．C)howeｎviｒonｍentalｆorcｅｓｃometocoｎtｒoltｈｅindｉｖidual’ｓbehavｉｏr．D)thepoｗerfulｉnｓtinctuａltendenciesthatｄominａt(yī)eｐeople'sａctions.IＩTrueorFａlse1）Psychoｌogｉsｔｓaretraiｎedｔoｄeｓｃribｅbeｈaviorｆｒoｍtheｉrownsubjｅctiｖepoinｔofｖiｅｗ，ｍakingsｕretoincludethｅｉrｏwｎbiａsｅｓanｄｅxpectａt(yī)ionｓinthｅiｒobseｒｖations。2）Withrespｅcttoｔheｇｏａlｓｏfpsｙcholoｇy,descriptionｓｍuststicｋtopeｒcｅivableinformａt(yī)ｉon,wherｅａseｘplanationsdelibeｒatｅlyｇobeyondwｈａｔcａnbeｏｂserveｄ.３)Psychologistsｂｅlｉevetｈatbｅhavｉｏrshouldonlybestｕdiedinacoｎｔrollｅdresearchlaboｒatory.4）In1879，B。Ｆ。Skinneｒｆｏundedthefｉrｓtｆormallａｂorａt(yī)orｙｄevotedｔoexpｅrimeｎtalpsｙcholoｇy.5）IｎFreｕｄ'svieｗ，huｍannaturｅｉsnoｔalｗaysｒａｔiｏnal,andbeｈａｖｉormａｙbedｒivenbyｍotiｖeｓthaｔａrenｏtinconsｃiｏｕsawaｒeｎess。6）Accｏrdingtothｅhuｍaniｓticperｓpｅctiｖe，ｐeoplearedriｖｅnbypoweｒfｕl，inｓｔinctｉｖefｏrces,manipulatedｂyｔheireｎvｉroｎｍents,aｎdaｒｅｉncａpabｌeｏｆmakｉngcｈoicｅsanddecｉsionsｃｏncerniｎｇtheｉrliｖes。7)Inｔ