Chapter8LanguageandSocietyWhatissociolinguistics?Sociolinguisticsisthesub-fieldoflinguisticsthatstudiestherelationbetweenlanguageandsociety,betweentheusesoflanguageandthesocialstructuresinwhichtheusersoflanguagelive.Maintasks:ThescopeofsociolinguisticsVarietiesoflanguageStandarddialectPidginandCreoleBilingualismanddiglossiaThescopeofsociolinguistics

Therelatednessbetweenlanguageandsociety(語(yǔ)言和社會(huì)的相關(guān)性)Speechcommunityandspeechvariety(言語(yǔ)社區(qū)和言語(yǔ)變體)Twoapproachestosociolinguisticstudies(社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)的兩種研究方法)

TherelatednessbetweenlanguageandsocietyLanguageisusedtoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationship.Usersofthesamelanguagespeakdifferentlyduetotheirdifferentsocialbackground.Languagereflectsboththephysicalandsocialenvironmentsofasociety.Languageiscloselyrelatedtothestructureofthesociety.Speechcommunityandspeechvariety言語(yǔ)社區(qū)和言語(yǔ)變體Thesocialgroupthatissingledoutforanyspecialstudyiscalledthespeechcommunity.Speechvariety,orlanguagevariety,referstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakeroragroupofspeakers.TwoapproachestosociolinguisticstudiesMacro-sociolinguistics:tolookatsocietyasawholeandconsiderhowlanguagefunctionsinitandhowitreflectsthesocialdifferentiations,i.e.abird’s-eyeviewofthelanguagesusedinsociety.

將社會(huì)看作一個(gè)整體，考察語(yǔ)言是如何在其中運(yùn)作的，以及他是如何反映社會(huì)差異的，即對(duì)社會(huì)中所使用的語(yǔ)言的一個(gè)總觀。Micro-sociolinguistics:tolookatsocietyfromthepointofviewofanindividualmemberwithinit,oraworm’s-eyeviewoflanguageinuse.從其中的個(gè)體成員的角度來(lái)觀察社會(huì)，或?qū)κ褂弥械恼Z(yǔ)言作一個(gè)具體的詳細(xì)的觀察。Varietiesoflanguage語(yǔ)言變體Dialectalvarieties(方言變體)Register(語(yǔ)域)Degreeofformality(正式度)Dialectalvarieties(方言變體)Regionaldialect(地域方言)Sociolect(社會(huì)方言)Languageandgender(語(yǔ)言與性別)Languageandage(語(yǔ)言和年齡)Idiolect(個(gè)人方言)Ethnicdialect(種族方言)Regionaldialect(地域方言)Aregionaldialectisalinguisticvarietyusedbypeoplelivinginthesamegeographicalregion.Sociolect(社會(huì)方言)Social-classdialect,orsociolect,referstothelinguisticvarietycharacteristicofaparticularsocialclass.Accentisanimportantmarkerofsociolect.Languageandgender(語(yǔ)言與性別)Women’sspeechcloselyapproachesthestandardvarietythanthespeechofmen.Maleandfemalespeechesarealsofoundtobedifferentintheuseofintonations.Genderdifferentiationsisalsoreflectedintheuseofcertainlexicalitems.Languageandage

Languageusedbytheoldgenerationdiffersfromthatusedbytheyoungergenerationincertainways.Themoststrikingdifferenceisfoundatthelexicallevel(詞匯層).Idiolect

(個(gè)人方言)Idiolectisapersonaldialectofanindividualspeakerthatcombineselementsregardingregional,social,gender,andagevariations.Ethnicdialect(種族方言)BlackEnglishisjustanothernon-standardvarietyofEnglish.BlackEnglishhasitsownfeaturesatthephonological,morphological,syntactic,andlexicallevel.LinguisticFeaturesofBlackEnglishThesimplificationofconsonantclustersattheendofaword;Thedeletionofthelinkverb“be”;Theuseofdoublenegationconstruction.Examples:P116.Register(語(yǔ)域)Languagevarieswiththeuseranditalsovarieswiththecircumstancesunderwhichitisused.Acompetentnativespeakerofalanguageisinpossessionofavarietyofwaysinusingthelanguage.Thetotalityoflinguisticvarietiespossessedbyanindividualconstituteshislinguisticrepertoire(語(yǔ)言變體庫(kù)).Halliday’sregistertheory

“Languagevariesasitsfunctionvaries;itdiffersindifferentsituations.”“語(yǔ)言隨其功能而變；因其場(chǎng)合而異”.Thetypeoflanguagewhichisselectedasappropriatetothetypeofsituationisaregister.Threesocialvariablesthatdeterminetheregister:fieldofdiscourse(語(yǔ)場(chǎng)),tenorofdiscourse(語(yǔ)旨),andmodeofdiscourse(語(yǔ)式).Fieldofdiscourse(語(yǔ)場(chǎng))Fieldofdiscoursereferstowhatisgoingon:totheareaofoperationofthelanguageactivity.(purposeandsubject)Thefieldofaregisterdeterminestoagreatextentthevocabularytobeusedincommunicationanditalsodeterminesthephonologicalandgrammaticalfeaturesofthelanguage.Tenorofdiscourse(語(yǔ)旨)Tenorofdiscoursereferstotheroleofrelationshipinthesituationinquestion:whotheparticipantsandinwhatrelationshiptheystandtoeachother.It,toagreatextent,determinesthelevelofformalityandtheleveloftechnicalityofthelanguageweuse.Modeofdiscourse(語(yǔ)式)Modeofdiscoursemainlyreferstothemeansofcommunication.Itisconcernedwith“how”communicationiscarriedout.Example:P118.Degreeofformality

(正式程度)AnAmericanlinguistMartinJoos,distinguishesfivestagesofformality,namely,1.intimate,2.casual3.consultative4.formal5.frozen.Example：P119.Standarddialect

(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方言)Thestandardvarietyisasuperimposed(強(qiáng)制性的),sociallyprestigiousdialectofalanguage.Thestandarddialectisaparticularvarietyofalanguagewhichanymemberofaspeechcommunitycanpossiblyuseregardlessofhissocialandgeographicalbackgrounds,hisgenderandage.PidginandCreole

洋涇浜語(yǔ)和克里奧耳語(yǔ)(混雜語(yǔ))Apidginisaspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorblendslanguagesanditisusedbypeoplewhospeakdifferentlanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading.Whenapidginhasbecometheprimarylanguageofaspeechcommunity,andisacquiredbythechildrenofthatspeechcommunityastheirnativelanguage,itissaidtohavebecomeaCreole.FeaturesofPidginIthasalimitedvocabularyandmuchreducedorsimplifiedgrammarandservesrestrictedfunctions,suchastradingandemployment.Bilingualismanddiglossia

雙語(yǔ)現(xiàn)象和雙語(yǔ)Insomespeechcommunities,twolanguagesareusedsidebysidewitheachhavingadifferentroletoplay.Thetermdiglossia,firstusedbyFergusonin1959,referstoasociolinguisticsituationsimilartobilingualism.Butinsteadoftw