雙語攻略：改良學(xué)習(xí)效率的小技巧Weallknowthatweshouldusesmartstudystrategiesforlearning。Butwhatisthesciencebehindeffectivestudystrategies?Thetipsbelowcomefromscientificstudiesthatexaminethedifferencebetweenmemorizingforshorttermandlearningforthelonghaul。我們都希望使用高效的學(xué)習(xí)策略。但高效學(xué)習(xí)策略背后的原理是什么呢?下邊的建議來自短期記憶和長久的學(xué)習(xí)之間的差別研究。1.QuizYourselfDaily每天自我測試Studieshaveshownthatthebestwaytoremembertheinformationyou‘vereadorstudiedistotestyourself。Why?Itseemsthatthemereactofpullinginformationoutofyourbrainandtuckingitawayagainworkslikeasortof“body-buildingtechnique”formemories。Throughaprocesscalledretrievalpractice，itseemsthatinformationbecomessturdierandmoreembeddedasweexerciseit。研究表示，記憶閱讀和學(xué)習(xí)信息最好的方法即是自我測試。－1－為何是這樣?由于將信息從大腦中提拿出來的過程近似鍛煉身體。這一過程被稱為檢索訓(xùn)練，經(jīng)過這樣的訓(xùn)練你能夠更堅(jiān)固地掌握知識(shí)。2.ReduceYourCellPhoneUse減少手機(jī)使用Itshouldcomeasnosurprisethatspendingtoomuchtimeonthecellphonecanaffectyourgrades。Buttherelationshipbetweenphonesandgradesisnotsimple;it’snotjustamatteroftimespentwisely(ornot)。盡人皆知，花太多時(shí)間在手機(jī)上會(huì)對(duì)你的成績帶來影響。但手機(jī)和成績之間的關(guān)系其實(shí)不這么簡單，它不只是和時(shí)間的合理分配相關(guān)。Studiesshowthatthereisarelationshipbetweencellphoneuse，anxiety，andstudentperformance。科學(xué)研究表示手機(jī)使用、憂慮程度和學(xué)習(xí)收效之間有必定的聯(lián)系。Increasedtimeonthephoneseemstobelinkedtoincreasedfeelingsofanxiety，andthatleadstolowerstudentperformance。增添手機(jī)的使用時(shí)間可能會(huì)增添憂慮的感覺，所以，會(huì)致使成績降落。－2－Anotherrelationshiphasbeennoticedbetweenincreasedtimeoncellphonesandadecreaseinphysicalactivity。Studentswhospendmoretimeonphones，inotherwords，tendtobelessactive-whichalsocausesabuildupofstressandanxiety。另一個(gè)關(guān)系是花銷在手機(jī)上的時(shí)間越多，體育活動(dòng)的時(shí)間就會(huì)越少。換句話說學(xué)生花更多的時(shí)間在手機(jī)，上，常常會(huì)不太活躍，這也會(huì)致使壓力和憂慮的積累。Infact，sciencealsosuggeststhatstudentswhotakepartinaerobicexercisebenefitfrombetterlongtermmemory。It’sjustagoodpolicytolimittimeoncellphonesandincreasephysicalactivity。Byreducingtheanxietyinyourlifeandgettinginbetterphysicalshape，you’freeupyourbraintolearnandretain!事實(shí)上，科學(xué)家還發(fā)現(xiàn)參加更多有氧鍛煉的學(xué)生更簡單形成優(yōu)秀的長久記憶力。所以，減少手機(jī)使用時(shí)間，增添體育鍛煉是很好的策略，經(jīng)過減少你生活中的憂慮形成強(qiáng)壯的體魄，你的學(xué)習(xí)能力和記憶能力都會(huì)更好。3.StopTryingtoMemorize辭別照本宣科Mnemonicdevicesarehandywhenyouneedtomemorize－3－alistofitemsthatyouintendtorecallinthenextdayortwo。Memorizationisaskillthatcomesinhandyforshorttermmemory。Butshorttermmemoryisonlygoodifyou’recrammingforatestandyoudon’tcareaboutlearning。Longtermmemoryisthegoalfortrulylearningfromthematerialthatyoucoverinclass。當(dāng)你需要在一兩天后回想一系列事物時(shí)，記憶協(xié)助設(shè)施是很方便的。關(guān)于短期記憶來說，照本宣科較有幫助。可是你只應(yīng)付一次測試、不專注長久學(xué)習(xí)效率時(shí)，短期記憶是適合的。長久記憶的目標(biāo)是真實(shí)學(xué)習(xí)講堂的知識(shí)。Arecentstudyshowsthatmemorizationimpairsyourabilitytorecalldetails-andthatcanbeaproblemifyou’retakingatestwithessayormultiplechoicequestions!近來的一項(xiàng)研究表示照本宣科會(huì)傷害你回想細(xì)節(jié)的能力——假如你做文章測試或多項(xiàng)選擇題時(shí)這可能是一個(gè)問題。!Tocommitinformationtoyourlongtermmemory，youwillneedtoventurebeyondmemorizingfacts。Youmuststrivetogainameaningfulunderstandingofconceptsbeyondthewordsandnamesonyourlistofterms。Thisleads－4－totruelearning-asopposedtoshort-termmemorization。Longtermmemorycomesfromgettingactivewithmaterialandstudyingthesameinformationseveraltimesoverafewweeks。想要形成長久的記憶，你需要打破照本宣科。你一定對(duì)詞匯和術(shù)語的觀點(diǎn)形成更深入的認(rèn)識(shí)。這類長久記憶和短期記憶不同，你需要堅(jiān)持頻頻學(xué)習(xí)同樣的知識(shí)。4.UseMusicandActions善用音樂和動(dòng)作Themoreactiveyoubecomewhenitcomestostudying，themoreyouwillbeabletocommittheinformationtomemory。Ifyou’restudyingforeignlanguage(oranyothersubjectthatrequiresyoutolearnnewvocabulary)itseemsthatsingingishelpful。學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)你越踴躍仔細(xì)，就越簡單形成長久記憶。假如你正學(xué)習(xí)外語(或任何其余需要學(xué)習(xí)新詞匯的科目，唱歌可能是有幫助的。Singingnewvocabularyanddefinitionstapsintoyourauditorylearningskillsandhelpsyourecallmorereadily，accordingtoonestudy。It’scertainlyworthatry!值得一試的是，一項(xiàng)研究表示將新詞匯和定義唱成歌曲能夠－5－幫助你記著更多的內(nèi)容。Anotherstudyshowsthatyoucanbenefitbytakingyourclassnotesbyhandinsteadofusingakeyboardtotypeyournotes。Theactofwritingwordsoutbyhandenhancesthecomprehensionofconcepts。Inonestudy，studentswhotooknotesonacomputercouldrecallfactsaswellasthosewhousedhand-writtennotes，buttheycouldnotgraspconceptsnearlyaswellasthepen-and-paperstudents。另一項(xiàng)研究顯示，對(duì)比鍵盤錄入筆錄，手寫筆錄會(huì)更有效率。手寫筆錄能夠提升對(duì)觀點(diǎn)的理解能力。在一項(xiàng)研究中，使用電腦做筆錄的同學(xué)回想的內(nèi)容與手寫筆錄的同學(xué)會(huì)議的內(nèi)容相當(dāng)，但是前者對(duì)觀點(diǎn)的掌握能力不及后者。5.UseaSleepStrategy使用適合的睡眠策略Commonsensetellsusthatstudentsneedtogetenoughsleeptoperformwellinschool。Buttherearesomesurprisingfindingswhenitcomestohowandwhenwesleep，asitpertainstoourabilitytolearn。It’snotabouttheamountofsleepyouget，necessarily。Thetimingofyoursleeppatternsalsomatters。知識(shí)告訴我們，學(xué)生們只有獲得足夠的睡眠，才能在學(xué)業(yè)上－6－有好的表現(xiàn)。但也有一些令人驚訝的發(fā)現(xiàn)揭露睡眠的方式和時(shí)間能夠影響我們的學(xué)習(xí)能力。不單是關(guān)乎睡眠的總時(shí)間，睡眠的模式也特別重要。Aregularbedtimeisimportant，butstudentswithlaterbedtimeshavelowergradesthanstudentswithearlierbedtimes。規(guī)律的作息特別重要，習(xí)慣早睡的學(xué)生對(duì)比晚睡的學(xué)生有更好的課業(yè)成績。Whenyousleeprightbeforestudytime，theinformationseemstosinkinasyousleepandsoakintoyourlongtermmemory。Sleepactuallyreinforceslearning。假如在學(xué)習(xí)前小睡，那么所學(xué)的知識(shí)更簡單長久記憶，睡眠的確能夠幫助學(xué)習(xí)。Theinformationwilltransformfromshorttermmemorytolongtermlearningifyougostraighttobedafterreading。However，ifyoustartreadingFacebookpostsordoanyple