ChapterI

IntroductionT1.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.

F2.Linguisticsstudiesparticularlanguage,notlanguagesingeneral.

F3.Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks.

T4.Inthestudyoflinguistics,hypothesesformedshouldbebasedonlanguagefactsandcheckedagainsttheobservedfacts.

T5.Generallinguisticsisgenerallythestudyoflanguageasawhole.

T6.Generallinguistics,whichrelatesitselfto(incontrastto)theresearchofotherareas,studiesthebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy.

T7.Phoneticsisdifferentfromphonologyinthatthelatterstudiesthecombinationsofthesoundstoconveymeaningincommunication.

F8.Morphologystudieshowwordscanbeformedtoproducemeaningfulsentences.

T9.Thestudyofthewaysinwhichmorphemescanbecombinedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.

F10.Syntax(rulesthatgovernthecombinationofwordstoformgrammaticallypermissiblesentencesinL)isdifferentfrommorphologyinthattheformernotonlystudiesthemorphemes,butalsothecombinationofmorphemesintowordsandwordsintosentences.

T11.Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageisknownassemantics.

F12.Bothsemantics(Lisusedtoconveymeaning-thestudyofmeaning)andpragmatics(thestudyofmeaningisconductedinthecontextoflanguageuse)studymeanings.

T13.Pragmaticsisdifferentfromsemanticsinthatpragmaticsstudiesmeaningnotinisolation,butincontext.

T14.Socialchangescanoftenbringaboutlanguagechanges.

T15.Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.

F16.Modernlinguisticsismostlyprescriptive,butsometimesdescriptive.

T17.Modernlinguisticsisdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar.

F18.Adiachronic歷時（itchangesthroughtime）studyoflanguageisthedescriptionoflanguageatsomepointintime.Synchronic共時

F19Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageasprimary,notthespokenlanguage.

F20.Thedistinctionbetweencompetence語言能力andperformance語言運用wasproposedbyF.deSaussure.

N.ChomskyChapter2：Phonology

1.

VoicingisaphonologicalfeaturethatdistinguishesmeaninginbothChineseandEnglish.

(T)

2.

Iftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentsandtheydistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.

（F）

3.

Aphoneisaphoneticunitthatdistinguishesmeaning.

（F）

4.

EnglishisatonelanguagewhileChineseisnot.

（F）

5.

Inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting.

（T）

6.

Ineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.

（T）7.

Articulatoryphoneticstriestodescribethephysicalpropertiesofthestreamofsoundswhichaspeakerissueswiththehelpofamachinecalledspectrograph.

（F）

8.

Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantareas:thethroat,themouthandthechest.

（F）

9.

Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing.

（T）

10.

Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofplaceofarticulationandthepartofthetonguethatisraisedthehighest.

（F）

11.

Accordingtothemannerofarticulation,someofthetypesintowhichtheconsonantscanbeclassifiedarestops,fricatives,bilabialandalveolar.

（F）

12.

Vowelsoundscanbedifferentiatedbyanumberoffactors:thepositionoftongueinthemouth,theopennessofthemouth,theshapeofthelips,andthelengthofthevowels.

（T）

13.

Accordingtotheshapeofthelips,vowelscanbeclassifiedintoclosevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowelsandopenvowels.

（F）

14.

Anysoundproducedbyahumanbeingisaphoneme.

（F）

15.

Phonesarethesoundsthatcandistinguishmeaning.

（F）

16.

Phonologyisconcernedwithhowthesoundscanbeclassifiedintodifferentcategories.

（F）

17.

Abasicwaytodeterminethephonemesofalanguageistoseeifsubstitutingonesoundforanotherresultsinachangeofmeaning.

（T）

18.

Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast.

（F）

19.

Therulesgoverningthephonologicalpatterningarelanguagespecific.

（T）

20.

Distinctivefeaturesofsoundsegmentscanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.（T）

Chapter3：Morphology

1.Morphologystudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.（T）

2.Wordsarethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguage.（F）

3.Justasaphonemeisthebasicunitinthestudyofphonology,soisamorphemethebasicunitinthestudyofmorphology.（T）

4.Thesmallestmeaningfulunitsthatcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselvesarefreemorphemes.（T）

5.Boundmorphemesincludetwotypes:rootsandaffixes.（T）

6.Inflectionalmorphemesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchasnumber,tense,degree,andcase.（T）

7.Theexistingformtowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeaddediscalledastem,whichcanbeaboundroot,afreemorpheme,oraderivedformitself.（T）

8.Prefixesusuallymodifythepartofspeechoftheoriginalword,notthemeaningofit.（F）

9.Therearerulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofstemtoformanewword.Therefore,wordsformedaccordingtothemorphologicalrulesareacceptablewords.（F）

10.Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.（T）

Chapter4：

1.Syntaxisasubfiedoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage,includingthecombinationofmorphemesintowords.（F）

2.Grammaticalsentencesareformedfollowingasetofsyntacticrules.（T）

3.Sentencesarecomposedofsequenceofwordsarrangedinasimplelinearorder,withoneaddingontoanotherfollowingasimplearithmeticlogic.（F）

4.Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulesthatcomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerareknownaslinguisticcompetence.（T）

5.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.（T）

6.Inacomplexsentence,thetwoclausesholdunequalstatus,onesubordinatingtheother.（T）

7.Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.（T）

8.Minorlexicalcategoriesareopenbecausethesecategoriesarenotfixedandnewmembersareallowedfor.（F）

9.InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitivephrase,andauxiliaryphrase.（F）

10.InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.（T）

11.Whatisactuallyinternalizedinthemindofanativespeakerisacompletelistofwordsandphrasesratherthangrammaticalknowledge.（F）

12.Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.（T）

13.Itisbelievedthatphrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure.（T）

14.WH-movementisobligatoryinEnglishwhichchangesasentencefromaffirmativetointerrogative.（T）

Chapter5Semantics1.DialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutcannotbefoundwithinthevarietyitself,forexample,withinBritishEnglishorAmericanEnglish.

（F）

2.Senseisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience,whilethereferencedealswiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.

（F）

3.Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations.（T）

4.Insemantics,meaningoflanguageisconsideredastheintrinsicandinherentrelationtothephysicalworldofexperience.

（F）

5.Contextualismisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.

（T）

6.Behaviouristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.

（T）7.Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents.

（F）8.Mostlanguageshavesetsoflexicalitemssimilarinmeaningbutrankeddifferentlyaccordingtotheirdegreeofformality.

（T）9.“itishot.”isano-placepredicationbecauseitcontainsnoargument.

（T）

10.Ingrammaticalanalysis,thesentenceistakentobethebasicunit,butinsemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitispredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.

（T）

Chapter6：Pragmatics1.Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudyhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication（F）

2.Pragmaticstreatsthemeaningoflanguageassomethingintrinsicandinherent.（F）

3.Itwouldbeimpossibletogiveanadequatedescriptionofmeaningifthecontextoflanguageusewasleftunconsidered.（T）

4.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered.（T）

5.Themajordifferencebetweenasentenceandanutteranceisthatasentenceisnotutteredwhileanutteranceis.（F）

6.Themeaningofasentenceisabstract,butcontext-dependent.（F）

7.Themeaningofanutteranceisdecontexualized,thereforestable.（F）

8.Utterancesalwaystaketheformofcompletesentences（F）

9.SpeechacttheorywasoriginatedwiththeBritishphilosopherJohnSearle.（F）

10.Speechacttheorystartedinthelate50’softhe20thcentury.（T）

11.Austinmadethedistinctionbetweenaconstativeandaperformative.（T）

12.Perlocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention.

（F）

Chapter10&11：（Second）LanguageAcquisition

1.L1developmentandL2developmentseemtoinvolvethesameprocesses.（F）

2.Thecapacitytoacquireone'sfirstlanguageisafundamentalhumantraitthatallhumanbeingsareequallywellpossessedwith.（T）

3.Allnormalchildrenhaveequalabilitytoacquiretheirfirstlanguage.（T）

4.Childrenfollowasimilaracquisitionscheduleofpredictablestagesalongtherouteoflanguagedevelopmentacrosscultures,thoughthereisanidiosyncraticvariationintheamountoftimethattakesindividualstomasterdifferentaspectsofthegrammar.（T）

5.Humanscanbesaidtobepredisposedandbiologicallyprogrammedtoacquireatleastonelanguage.

6.Somelanguagesareinferior,orsuperior,tootherlanguages.(T)

7.Languageacquisitionisprimarilytheacquisitionofthevocabularyandthemeaningoflanguage.(F)

8.Humanbeingsaregeneticallypredeterminedtoacquirelanguage,thisgeneticpredispositionisasufficientconditionforlanguagedevelopment.(F)

9.Childrenwhogrowupinculturewherecaretakerspeechisabsentacquiretheirnativelanguagemoreslowlythanchildrenwhoareexposedtocaretakerspeech.(F)

10.Inmothertongueacquisition,normalchildrenarenotnecessarilyequallysuccessful.(F)

11.Forthevastmajorityofchildren,languagedevelopmentoccursspontaneouslyandrequirelittleconsciousinstructiononthepartofadults.(T)

12.Theavailableevidencetodateindicatesthatanexplicitteachingofcorrectformstoyoungchildrenplaysaminorroleatbest.(T)

13.Correctionandreinforcementarenotkeyfactorsinchildlanguagedevelopmentastheywereclaimedtobe.(T)

14.Imitation,playsatbestaveryminorroleinthechild'smasteryoflanguage.(T)

15.Observationsofchildrenindifferentlanguageareasoftheworldrevealthatthedevelopmentalstagesaresimilar,possiblyuniversal,whateverthenatureoftheinput.(T)

16.Achild'sbabblingseemstodependonthepresenceofacoustic,auditoryinput.(F)

17.Ingeneral,thetwo-wordstagebeginsroughlyinthesecondhalfofthechild'sfirstyear.(F)

18.Children'stwo-wordexpressionsareabsentofsyntacticormorphologicalmarkers.(T)

19.Childrenfirstacquirethesoundsinalllanguagesoftheworld,nomatterwhatlanguagetheyareexposedto,andinlatestagesacquirethemoredifficultsounds.(T)

20.

Languageacquisitionbeginsataboutthesametimeaslateralizationdoesandisnormallycomplete,asfarastheessentialsareconcerned,bythetimethattheprocessoflateralizationcomestoanend.(T)

Chapter12：language&brain(Psycholinguistics)

1.Thelinguisticabilityofhumanbeingsdependsprimarilyonthestructureofthevocalcords.（F）

2.Humanbeingsaretheonlyorganismsinwhichoneparticularpartofthelefthalfofthebrainislargerthanthecorrespondingpartoftherighthalf.（T）

3.ThecaseofPhineasGagesuggeststhatifourlanguageabilityislocatedinthebrain,itisclearthatitisnotsituatedrightatthefront.（T）

4.Ingeneral,therightsideofthebraincontrolsvoluntarymovementsof,andrespondstosignalsfrom,theleftsideofthebody,whereastheleftsidecontrolsvoluntarymovementsof,andrespondstosignalsfrom,therightsideofthebody.（T）

5.Languagefunctionsarebelievedtobelateralizedprimarilyinthelefthemisphereofthebrain.（T）

6.

Thelanguagewespeakdeterminesthewayweperceivetheworldandthereforethenatureofthought.（F）

7.

Humanbeingscannotthinkwithoutlanguage,justastheycannotspeakwithoutthinking.（F）

8.Ifalanguagelacksaword,itsspeakerswillnotbeabletograspitsconcept.（F）

9.

Generallyspeaking,lefthemisphereisresponsibleforlanguageandspeech,analyticreasoning,associativethought,etc.,whiletherighthemisphereisresponsibleforperceptionofnonlinguisticsounds,holisticreasoning,recognitionofmusicalmelodies,etc.（T）

10.

Languagebynomeansdeterminesthewaysweperceivetheobjectiveworld,butbyitsconvenience,availability,andhabitualuse,doesinfluencetheperceptionsofhumanbeing.（T）Chapter7：LanguageChange（HistoricalLinguistics）1.Oneofthetasksofthehistoricallinguistsistoexploremethodstoreconstructlinguistichistoryandestablishtherelationshipbetweenlanguages.（T）

2.Languagechangeisagradualandconstantprocess,thereforeoftenindiscernibletospeakersofthesamegeneration.（T）

3.ThehistoryoftheEnglishlanguageisdividedintotheperiodsofOldEnglish,MiddleEnglishandModernEnglish.（T）

4.MiddleEnglishbeganwiththearrivalofAnglo-Saxons,whoinvadedtheBritishIslesfromnorthernEurope.（F）

5.InOldEnglish,allthenounsareinflectedtomarknominative,genitive,dativeandaccusativecases.（F）

6.InOldEnglish,theverbofasentenceoftenprecedesthesubjectratherthanfollowsit.（T）

7.AdirectconsequenceoftheRenaissanceMovementwastherevivalofFrenchasaliterarylanguage.（F）

8.Ingeneral,linguisticchangeingrammarismorenoticeablethanthatinthesoundsystemandthevocabularyofalanguage.（F）

9.Thesoundchangesincludechangesinvowelsounds,andintheloss,gainandmovementofsounds.（T）

10.Theleastwidely-spreadmorphologicalchangesinthehistoricaldevelopmentofEnglisharethelossandadditionofaffixes.（F）

11.InOldEnglish,themorphosyntacticruleofadjectiveagreementstipulatedthattheendingsofadjectivemustagreewiththeheadnounincase,numberandgender.（T）

12.ThewordorderofModernEnglishismorevariablethanthatofOldEnglish.（F）

13.Derivationreferstotheprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytheadditionofaffixestotheroots,stems,orwords.（T）

14.“Smog”isawordformedbytheword-formingprocesscalledacronymy.（F）

15.“fridge”isawordformedbyabbreviation.（F）

16.Modernlinguistsareabletoprovideaconsistentaccountfortheexactcausesofalltypesoflanguagechange.（F）

17.Soundassimilationmaybringaboutthelossofoneoftwophoneticallysimilarsyllablesinsequence,asinthecaseofchangeof“Engla-land”to“England”.（T）

18.Ruleelaborationoccurswhenthereisaneedtoreduceambiguityandincreasecommunicativeclarityorexpressiveness.（T）

19.Languagechangeisalwaysachangetowardsthesimplificationoflanguagerules（F）

20.Thewaychildrenacquirethelanguageisoneofthecausesforlanguagechange.（T）Chapter8：LanguageandSociety(Sociolinguistics)

1.Sociolinguisticsisthesub-disciplineoflinguisticsthatstudiessocialcontexts.（F）

2.Languageasameansofsocialcommunicationisahomogeneoussystemwithahomogeneousgroupofspeakers.（F）

3.Languageusevariesfromonespeechcommunitytoanother,fromoneregionalgrouptoanother,fromonesocialgrouptoanother,andevenfromoneindividualtoanother.（T）

4.Thegoalofsociolinguisticsistoexplorethenatureoflanguagevariationandlanguag