Findandunderlinealltherestrictiverelativeclausesinthetext.Unit4DiscoveringUsefulStructures1.Thereweredeepcracks

thatappearedinthewellwalls.2.Elevenkilometresdirectlybelowthecity,oneofthemostdeadlyearthquakesofthe20thcenturyhadbegun,aquake

thatevencauseddamagemorethan150kilometresawayinBeijing.3.Twothirdsofthepeople

wholivedthereweredeadorinjured.4.Thenumberofpeople

whowerekilledorbadlyinjuredinthequakewasmorethan400,000.5.Soonafterthequakes,thearmysent150,000soldierstoTangshantodigoutthose

whoweretrappedandtoburythedead.6.Workersbuiltsheltersforsurvivors

whosehomeshadbeendestroyed.Whatfunctiondotherestrictiverelativeclauseshave?修飾名詞或代詞Doyoustillrememberwhatattributeis？定語是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子，漢語中常用“...的”表示。單個單詞作定語通常位于被修飾的成分前，而短語或從句作定語時，則要放在被修飾的成分之后?？梢杂米鞫ㄕZ的有：形容詞、名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語和從句等。Sheisabeautifulgirl.

她是一個漂亮的女孩。Chinaisadevelopingcountry.中國是一個發(fā)展中國家。Themanstandingthereismybrother.

站在那里的人是我的弟弟。Thosewhostudyhardwillsucceed.那些努力學(xué)習(xí)的人將會成功。兩個簡單句：Amanisstandingthere.Themanismybrother.合并：Theman

whoisstandingthereismybrother.先行詞關(guān)系詞+定語從句在復(fù)合句中，修飾主句中的名詞或代詞或整個句子的從句叫做定語從句。定語從句的定義及構(gòu)成被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞叫做先行詞。連接先行詞和定語從句的詞叫做關(guān)系詞，其主要作用是連接主句和從句，并在從句中充當(dāng)一定的句子成分。關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系副詞who,whom,which,that,whose起著代詞和連詞的作用，在從句中充當(dāng)主語，賓語或定語when,where,why起著副詞或介詞短語和連詞的作用，在從句中充當(dāng)狀語關(guān)系詞關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的作用：1、引導(dǎo)作用2、替代作用3、在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)某個成分的作用Eg:1.Thosewhowanttogopleaseshouldbeready.2.Bill,whowasmystudent,askedmequestions.關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語從句，同時指代先行詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?所以先行詞在定語從句中不再出現(xiàn)，也不用其他詞代替。BillisaboywhoIteachhim.請找出下列句子中的主從句、先行詞、關(guān)系詞以及關(guān)系詞充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?.Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourfather？

2.Canyoulendmethedictionarythatyouboughtyesterday？

3.ThisisthebesthotelinthecitythatIknow.4.DoyourememberoneafternoontwoyearsagowhenIcametoyourhouse?

5.TheschoolwhereIstudiedforthreeyearswasthreekilometresaway.6.Herecomesthegirlwhosehandwritingisthebestinourclass.7.Theyoungladywhomwemetyesterdayisournewmathsteacher.

關(guān)系代詞:which,who,whom,that,whose,as1.TheTangshanearthquakewasaterribleexperiencethatmygreat-grandmacannotforget.2.Thecouplewholivenexttousvolunteeredtohelpafterthevolcanoerupted.3.Thesupplieswhichwereprovidedtothedisasterareawerecollectedfromaroundthecountry.4.Helivesinahousewhosegardenisattractive.5.Therearemanypeoplewithwhomyoucanshareyourfeelings.常見的關(guān)系代詞有______,______,_______,________和________，常在從句中充當(dāng)_______,________和________。thatwhowhichwhosewhom主語賓語定語(充當(dāng)

)(充當(dāng)

)(充當(dāng)

)(充當(dāng)

)(充當(dāng)

)賓語主語主語定語賓語(1)Helikestoreadbookswhicharewrittenbyforeignwriters.

(2)Thefilm(which)theywenttoseelastnightwasnotinterestingatall.1.which指物，在定語從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時?？墒÷?。(1)TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.(2)Look,herearesomepeople(who)Iwantyoutomeet.2.who指人，作主語或賓語(作賓語可省略）。(1)Theman(whom/who)ItalkedtoisMr.Li.(2)ThemantowhomItalkedisMr.Li.3.whom指人，作賓語(作賓語可省略，如介詞提前則不能省)=whom(1)Whereistheman(that/who/whom)Isawthismorning?(2)Theseasonthat/whichcomesafterspringissummer.

4.that指人或物

在定語從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時常可省略。(1)Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.(2)Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?5.whose在定語從句中作定語，與后面的名詞為所屬關(guān)系。

whose既可指人，也可指物。(3)Iboughtapen,whosecolorisred.=?注意：在非限制性定語從句中,

whose+n=the+n+of+which/whom

(因?yàn)楸硎舅鶎儆袃煞N表達(dá):

one’s;the+n+of)Iboughtapen,thecolorofwhichisred.(4)Thatisthewoman,whosehusbandisdied.=?Thatisthewoman,thehusbandofwhomisdied.指代內(nèi)容所做成分是否可省略thatwhichwhowhomwhose關(guān)系代詞的用法人；物物人人(人/物)的主語,賓語主語,賓語主語,賓語賓語定語作賓語可省作賓語可省作賓語可省作賓語可省不可省Iamsureshehassomething

youcanborrow.先行詞為all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little,much,none等不定代詞時,只用that。Note1只用that的情況

thatThisisthe

firstbook

hehasread.Thisisthe

verybook

belongstohim.(3)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或最高級修飾時，只用that。(4)先行詞被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast,just,last修飾時，只用that。I’vereadallthebooks

arenotmine.(2)先行詞指物被all,every,no,some,any,little,fewmuch等修飾時，只用that。thatthatthat(5)當(dāng)主句為以who或which開頭的特殊疑問句,只用that。(6)先行詞同時包含了人和物時。Whoistheman

isstandingthere?Wetalkedaboutthepersonsandthings

wecouldremember.thatthat當(dāng)先行詞是one,ones,anybody,anyone,all,none,those等,指人時一般用who,不用that。

Those

wanttogotothecinemawillhavetowaitatthegateoftheschool.

(2)

非限制性定語從句中，指人用who和whom，指物只能用which，不能用thatFootball,

isaveryinterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.whowhichNote2不用that的情況

Heisthestudent

youwanttosee.I’mlookingforacontainerin

Icanputallthesepeaches.Thehomework(that/which)Ifinishedlastnightwaslefthome.Isthereanything(that)youwant?關(guān)系代詞that,which,whom在從句中作賓語時可省略掉。但放在介詞后面只能用whom/which而且不可省略。

（who,whom,that）whichNote3省略問題定語從句的省略現(xiàn)象：Themoviewesawlastnightissointeresting.Ilostthebookhelentmetheotherday.Heoncetalkedtohismomaboutthecitieshehadvisitedabroad.Youcanneverimaginethedifficultwehad______(solve)theproblem.whichTips選擇關(guān)系代詞時，在沒有介詞提前的情況下，如果指人用“who”，如果指物用“that”，不考慮其他。1.All___________canbedonehasbeendone.2.Thisistheman__________wantstoseeyou.3.Thefirstplace__________theyvisitedinBeijingwastheForbiddenCity.4.Doyouknowtheboy_________isunderthetree?5.Thisisthebestway_________isusedtosoveltheproblem.thatwhothatwhothat指代內(nèi)容所做成分是否可省略thatwhichwhowhomwhose關(guān)系代詞的用法人；物物人人(人/物)的主語,賓語主語,賓語主語,賓語賓語定語作賓語可省作賓語可省作賓語可省作賓語可省不可省關(guān)系代詞that,which,who,whom在從句中作賓語時可省略掉。但放在介詞后面有且只能用whom/which而且不可省略。非限制性定語從句中不能用that。Thisisoneofthebookswhich

(be)writtenbyCharlesDickens.Heistheonlyoneoftheboysinourclasswho

(have)learnedFrench.HesaidhewasaFrenchman,which

(be)nottrue.拓展：定語從句中的主謂一致werehaswas當(dāng)碰到以oneof做主語時，我們要注意以下三點(diǎn)：1.oneof

后面加名詞復(fù)數(shù)Maryisoneofmyfriends.

瑪麗是我的一個朋友（朋友之一）。2.oneof作主語時，后謂語動詞用單數(shù)

Oneoftheappleshasgonebad.

蘋果中有一個壞了。3.oneof

后的形容詞一般用最高級Heisoneofthebeststudentinthatclass.

他是該班最好的學(xué)生之一。【例句】1.Iamnotonewhoisafraidof

difficulty.我是個不怕困難的人。2.Don'tchooseme,whoamnotqualifiedforthisjob.不要選我，我不適合做這項(xiàng)工作。

Tips：一般來講，定語從句中的動詞在人稱和數(shù)方面應(yīng)該與它的先行詞保持一致。

關(guān)系副詞:when,where,why1.Overtheyears,thesystemdevelopedintodifferentforms,asitwasatimewhenpeopleweredividedgeographically,leadingtomanyvarietiesofdialectsandcharacters.2.EmperorQinshihuangunitedthesevenmajorstatesintooneunifiedcountrywheretheChinesewritingbegantodevelopinonedirection.3.Therearemanyreasonswhythishasbeenpossible.Whatfunctiondotherestrictiverelativeclauseshave?修飾表示時間、地點(diǎn)或原因的詞1.Idon’tknowtheplacewherehelived.2.Doyouremeberthedayswhenwespenttogetheronthefarm？3.ThereasonwhyIwaslateisthatIgotuplate.

常見的關(guān)系副詞有______,______,_______,常在從句中充當(dāng)_______。whenwherewhy狀語(充當(dāng)

)(充當(dāng)

)(充當(dāng)

)地點(diǎn)狀語時間狀語原因狀語1.when引導(dǎo)定語從句時，先行詞往往是表示時間的名詞（如time,day,week,month,year等），關(guān)系副詞when在從句中做時間狀語。(1)Istillrememberthetime

whenIfirsttravelledbyplane.(2)Iwillneverforgettheday

whenIwastrappedinaburninghouse.2.

where引導(dǎo)定語從句時，先行詞往往是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞如(place,room,spot,school,county等），一些抽象名詞如（situation情境,case情形,position位置，point地方，stage處境、階段）也用where引導(dǎo)。關(guān)系副詞where在從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語。(1)Iwanttoliveinthehouse

wherethereisplentyofsunshine.(2)Mr.Smithreturnedtothehometown

wherehegrewup.(3)Therearecases

wherechildrenaremadetolearnwhattheydon’twantto.1.why引導(dǎo)定語從句時，先行詞有且只有reason一個，關(guān)系副詞why在從句中做原因狀語。(1)Thereason

whyhefailedtheexamwasthathewastoocareless.(2)Nobodayknowsthereason

why

shedidn’tgototheparty.當(dāng)在從句中充當(dāng)時間狀語、原因狀語或地點(diǎn)狀語時，關(guān)系副詞可以與“介詞+which”來互換如：關(guān)系副詞when=表時間的介詞+which,表時間的介詞通常有in,at,during如：關(guān)系副詞why=表原因的介詞+which,表原因的介詞通常有for等如：關(guān)系副詞where=表地點(diǎn)的介詞+which，表地點(diǎn)的介詞通常有in,at,on,under等a.Iwillneverforgettheday____________Ifirstsawyou.b.Thereason_____________herefusedtheinvitationisnotclear.c.Hereturnedtothehometown______________hegrewupasachild.拓展：when/onwhichwhy/forwhichwhere/inwhich指代內(nèi)容所做成分是否可省略whenwherewhy關(guān)系副詞的用法時間地點(diǎn)原因

狀語

狀語

狀語

不可省

不可省

不可省

當(dāng)在從句中充當(dāng)時間狀語、原因狀語或地點(diǎn)狀語時，關(guān)系副詞可以與“介詞+which”來互換拓展一：關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的判斷名詞搬家法：把先行詞代入到從句中，只要句意和語法均說得通，則用關(guān)系代詞，反之，如果不能直接代入從句，則用關(guān)系副詞。Thisistheplace____________wevisitedlastyear.Thisistheplace____________heworks.Thatwasthetime____________hearrived.Doyoustillrememberthetime____________wespenttogether?Thisisthereason_______________hewent.Thereason_______________hegaveuswasquitereasonable.which/thatwherewhenthat/whichwhy/forwhichthat/whichIdon’tliketheway(that/inwhich)youtalktoyourparents.Iwilltreatyoutheway(that/inwhich)youoncetreatedme.Theway_____youtoldmeisveryuseful.注意：theway

做先行詞,永遠(yuǎn)用_______thatthat我不喜歡你和父母說話的方式。我將以你曾經(jīng)對待我的方式對待你。你告訴我的方式很有用。當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作介詞的賓語時，通常用“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語從句，如果指“人”，用“介詞+whom”；如果指“物”，用“介詞+which”；關(guān)系代詞有時也用whose（作定語）拓展二：“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句比如，有大量的書，我常常困惑選擇哪一本。Forexample,therearealargenumberofbooks___________Iamoftenconfusedtochoose.fromwhich昨天我們游覽了杭州著名的西湖。YesterdaywevisitedtheWestLake_________Hangzhouisfamous.forwhich到底采用什么介詞？“左看看右看看法則”：比如看從句中動詞或形容詞的搭配，如“l(fā)ivein”，“beinterestedin”；看先行詞搭配的具體意義；看邏輯關(guān)系等。IhavesomeAmericanfriends____________IhavelearnedmuchabouttheAmericancustoms.I'llneverforgetthefarm______________Ispentmychildhoodinthecountry.Thisisthebook___________wetalkedyesterday.Thething______________wecannotgooutismask.fromwhomonwhichaboutwhichwithoutwhich拓展三：限制性定語從句VS非限制性定語從句一、形式不同限制性定語從句與其先行詞關(guān)系密切，其間通常不用逗號隔開，非限制性定語從句與其先行詞關(guān)系不密切，常用逗號隔開。如：Thenumberofpeoplewho/thatowncarsisincreasing.IspoketoDr.Smithjustnow,whoisalwaysreadytohelpothers.二、作用不同限制性定語從句對先行詞進(jìn)行修飾和限制，如果去掉會造成句意的不完整；非限制性定語從句對先行詞是修飾，補(bǔ)充解釋說明或?qū)χ骶溥M(jìn)行評述，去掉不影響。如：Mikewasthefirstmanthattoldthetruth.Thedriver,whowasveryyoung,haddied.三、先行詞不同限制性定語從句的先行詞一般是名詞或代詞，非限制性定語從句的先行詞既可以是名詞或代詞,也可以是主句的一部分或整個主句。如：Mysonwonthemedal,whichsurprisedme.（先行詞為整個主句）翻譯？我的兒子贏得了獎牌，這讓我很驚訝。1.Ilikereadingnovels________Iwasinmiddleschool.2.Ilikereadingnovels___

wereboughtbymyoldsister.

3.Ilikethebooksomuch_