DiscoveringUsefulStructuresGrammar——

過(guò)去完成時(shí)與過(guò)去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)Unit3FoodandCulture

Lead-inThechefhadsetupafarm-to-tablerestaurantbeforehisnewcookbookwaspublished.Anewfarm-to-tablerestauranthadbeensetup

bythechefbeforehisnewcookbookwaspublished.PastPerfectTense:haddoneObserve&DiscoverWhichactionhappenedfirst,“setup”or“waspublished”?ActiveVoicePassiveVoiceLeading-inLookatthetwopairsofsentences.Thechefhadsetupafarm-to-tablerestaurantbeforehisnewcookbookwaspublished.Anewfarm-to-tablerestauranthadbeensetupbythechefbeforehisnewcookbookwaspublished.Underlinethepredicateverbs.Circletheconjunctions.后先時(shí)態(tài)：過(guò)去完成時(shí)語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：haddone先時(shí)態(tài)：一般過(guò)去時(shí)語(yǔ)態(tài)：被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：was/weredone后時(shí)態(tài)：過(guò)去完成時(shí)語(yǔ)態(tài)：被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：hadbeendone時(shí)態(tài)：一般過(guò)去時(shí)語(yǔ)態(tài)：被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：was/weredoneTheyhadfinishedtheirdinnerbythetimeSamjoinedthem.TheirdinnerhadbeenfinishedbythetimeSamjoinedthem.時(shí)態(tài)：一般過(guò)去時(shí)語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：did動(dòng)作：后發(fā)生時(shí)態(tài)：過(guò)去完成時(shí)語(yǔ)態(tài)：被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：hadbeendone動(dòng)作：先發(fā)生時(shí)態(tài)：一般過(guò)去時(shí)語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：did動(dòng)作：后發(fā)生Trytoanalysethesentencesbelow.時(shí)態(tài)：過(guò)去完成時(shí)語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：haddone動(dòng)作：先發(fā)生一、什么是過(guò)去完成時(shí)？表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，以及對(duì)過(guò)去的某一點(diǎn)造成的某種影響或是結(jié)果。例：1.Bynineo'clocklastnight,wehadgot200picturesfromthespaceship.2.Alltheticketshadbeensoldoutwhenthey

arrived.表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或事件之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或已經(jīng)存在的狀態(tài)。過(guò)去完成時(shí)ThePastPerfectTenseThechefhadsetupafarm-to-tablerestaurantbeforehisnewcookbookwaspublished.Themediareportedthatthesecompanieshadtreatedpollutionasahotpotato.動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成事件已經(jīng)存在二、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成基本結(jié)構(gòu)：had＋動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞(1)肯定句：主語(yǔ)＋had＋動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞＋其他。(2)否定句：主語(yǔ)＋had＋not＋動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞＋其他。HehadalreadybeentoNewYorkearlierintheweek.本周早些時(shí)候他去過(guò)紐約。Atthattimewehadn'tmether.那時(shí)我們還沒(méi)有見(jiàn)到她。(3)疑問(wèn)句：Had＋主語(yǔ)＋動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞＋其他？肯定回答：Yes，主語(yǔ)＋had.否定回答：No，主語(yǔ)＋hadn't.—Hadyouvisitedherebefore?—Yes,Ihad./No,Ihadn't.(4)特殊疑問(wèn)句：特殊疑問(wèn)詞或詞組＋had＋主語(yǔ)＋過(guò)去分詞＋其他？Wherehadyoubeenbeforeyoucamehere?(5)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：主語(yǔ)＋had(not)＋been＋動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞＋其他。Bytheendoflastyearallthepreparatoryworkhadbeendone.定義：過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。過(guò)去過(guò)去的過(guò)去現(xiàn)在基本結(jié)構(gòu)：(1)肯定：主語(yǔ)＋had(been)done(2)否定：主語(yǔ)＋hadnot(been)done(3)疑問(wèn)：Had＋主語(yǔ)＋(been)done疑問(wèn)詞＋had＋主語(yǔ)＋(been)done三、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的用法三、基本用法1.表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或動(dòng)作以前完成了的動(dòng)作，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。Afterhehadfinishedhishomework,hewenttobed.2.表示由過(guò)去的某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始，一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和for，since構(gòu)成的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。Ihadbeenatthebusstopfor20minuteswhenabusfinallycame.3．?dāng)⑹鲞^(guò)去發(fā)生的事情，在已敘述了過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情后，反過(guò)來(lái)追述或補(bǔ)述以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作時(shí)，常使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。Mr.Smithdiedyesterday.Hehadbeenagoodfriendofmine.4.在含有定語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句中，如果敘述過(guò)去的事，先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。IreturnedthebookthatIhadborrowed.5.過(guò)去完成時(shí)常常用在told，said，knew，heard，thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句(或間接引語(yǔ))中，這時(shí)從句中的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句表示的過(guò)去的動(dòng)作之前。即學(xué)即練：1.Bynineo'clocklastnight,we__________________(get)200picturesfromthespaceship.2.

Theclassroom________________________(notclean)beforetheteachercame.3.She____________(return)homeand__________(find)allherfurniture______________________(ruin)bytheflood.hadgothadn'tbeencleanedfoundhadbeenruinedreturnedHesaidthathehadknownherwell.IthoughtIhadsenttheletteraweekbefore.6.狀語(yǔ)從句：在過(guò)去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在前，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：when,before,after,assoonas,till/until引導(dǎo)的復(fù)合句。WhenIwokeup,ithadalreadystoppedraining.Shedidn'tgotobeduntilshehadfinishedherwork.注意：如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著發(fā)生，則常常不用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，特別是在包含before和after的復(fù)合句中，因?yàn)閺木涞膭?dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序已經(jīng)非常明確，可以用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例:①Wehadhopedthatyouwouldbeabletovisitus.②Ihadmeanttotakeagoodholidaythisyear,butIwasnotabletoleave.7．動(dòng)詞think，want，hope，mean，plan，intend

等用過(guò)去完成時(shí)來(lái)表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法、希望、打算或意圖等。四、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志詞和句型by+過(guò)去時(shí)間點(diǎn)，before,until,hardly/scarely...when...;nosooner...than;Itwasthefirst/secondtimethat...2.過(guò)去完成時(shí)幾種固定結(jié)構(gòu)1)用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣中1.IwishIhadtoldhimaboutit.2.HetalkedaboutRomeasifhehadbeenthere.3.Ifonlywehadenteredcollegelastyear！4.Iwouldratheryouhadn'tdonethat.5.Ifithadnotbeenforyourhelpyesterday,Icouldnothavecaughtthebus.6.Ifyouhadtakenmyadvicethen,youwouldnotbeintroublenow.對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬3)在hardly…when…,scarcely...when...,nosooner…than…,固定句型中，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。1.Hehadhardlybeguntospeakwhentheaudienceinterruptedhim.2.Hardlyhadweleftthehousewhenitbegantorain.3.Nosoonerhadhearrivedthanhewentawayagain.[即學(xué)即練2]單句語(yǔ)法填空①We__________________(build)fivenewbuildingsbytheendoflastyear.②Icouldseefromherfacethatshe__________________(receive)somegoodnews.③Hesaidhe__________________

(be)therebefore.④Werealizedwe__________________

(lose)ourway.⑤We___________(hope)thatyouwouldbeabletovisitus.hadbuilthadreceivedhadbeenhadlosthadhoped五、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)過(guò)去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的結(jié)合。表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)被完成的動(dòng)作，常與by，before等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。由“had＋been＋過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。過(guò)去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有以下幾種形式：(1)肯定結(jié)構(gòu)：主語(yǔ)＋hadbeendone＋其他成分。(2)否定結(jié)構(gòu)：主語(yǔ)＋hadnotbeendone＋其他成分。(3)疑問(wèn)句結(jié)構(gòu)：had＋主語(yǔ)＋beendone＋其他成分？疑問(wèn)詞＋had＋主語(yǔ)＋beendone＋其他成分？過(guò)去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的結(jié)合。表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)被完成的動(dòng)作，常與by，before等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。由“had＋been＋過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。五、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)六、過(guò)去完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別時(shí)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)用法一般過(guò)去時(shí)主動(dòng)：did/was/were動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去的某個(gè)時(shí)間被動(dòng)：was/weredone過(guò)去完成時(shí)主動(dòng)：haddone動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去的某個(gè)時(shí)間、動(dòng)作之前被動(dòng)：hadbeendone七、過(guò)去完成時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)用法區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示相對(duì)于現(xiàn)在來(lái)說(shuō)已被完成的動(dòng)作，過(guò)去完成時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示相對(duì)于過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻來(lái)說(shuō)已被完成的動(dòng)作。1.一般過(guò)去時(shí)與過(guò)去完成時(shí)時(shí)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)用法一般過(guò)去時(shí)主動(dòng):did/was/were動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去的某個(gè)時(shí)間被動(dòng):was/weredone過(guò)去完成時(shí)主動(dòng):haddone動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去的某個(gè)時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前被動(dòng):hadbeendone2.過(guò)去完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)時(shí)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)用法現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)主動(dòng):have/hasdone動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去的某個(gè)時(shí)間,但側(cè)重對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響被動(dòng):have/hasbeendone過(guò)去完成時(shí)主動(dòng):haddone動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去的某個(gè)時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前被動(dòng):hadbeendone截止到現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間點(diǎn)Completethetwoconversationswiththecorrectformsofthewordsintheboxusingthepastperfecttenseorthepastperfectpassivevoice.(p29)arrivecanceleatfinishgettastetellCarol:____youever______anyScottishfoodbeforeyourtriptoSt

Andrewslastyear?Paul:No,notreally.ButI___________abouthaggismanytimesbeforewewentthere.Carol:Oh…Didyoutryit?Paul:Oh,yes!Youknowwhat?We_______lateforsupperthatday,andsowejustatewhateverwasleftintheuniversitycanteen.We_________ourmealbeforewe____learntwejust____haggis!Carol:Mygoodness!Paul:Well,itwasnotbad.Ihavetosay…HadtastedhadbeentoldarrivedhadfinishedhadeatenPracticearrivecanceleatfinishgettastetellatewhateverwasleftintheuniversitycanteen.We__________ourmealbeforewe____learntwejust_____haggis!Carol:Mygoodness!Paul:Well,itwasnotbad.Ihavetosay…2.Carol:WhenIgottotheteahouseyesterday,Ifoundnobodythere.____it____________?Paul:Oh,I’msosorrythatIforgottotellyou!Theget-togetherwascancelledyesterdaymorningbecauseSally,thehostess,_______intoacaraccident.Carol:Oh,I’msorrytohearthat.HopeSallyrecoverssoon!hadfinishedhadeatenHadbeencancelledhadgotWorkinpairs.Chooseoneofthesethreesituations,andmakeasmanysentencesasyoucanusingthepastperfecttenseandthepastperfectpassivevoice.Thenmakeaconversationusingthesesentences.ProductionEXAMPLE1.WhenIsetoffforthecafeteria......Ihadjustfinishedmyhomework....Ihadorderedataxionline....thewindowshadbeenclosed....thelighthadbeenswitchedoff.SampleConversationA:What?B:Well,afterwehadroundedupalltheinsects,wewerealsotiredanddisgustedwithhandlingthemthatnoonewantedtoeatthem.A:Somuchfortheinsectparty!B:Butithadahappyending.Weorderedoutforpizzaandthensatdownandwatchedacoolmovieonthecomputer.A:Soundsgreat!1.Shereturnedhomeand________(find)allherfurniture______________

(ruin)by

theflood.2.ThisMondaymorningIwasinformedI________