...20/20第三篇TheCaledonianMarketinLondonisaclearinghouseofthejunk<舊貨、廢棄物>oftheuniverse.Here,rubbishisacommodityandrubbishpickingisasport.Somebody,somewhere,wantedthesethings,perhapsjusttolookat.Youlearnheretheincredibleobscurityofhumanneedsanddesires.Peoplegrope<摸索>,withfascinatedcuriosity,amongtheturnedoutdebris<廢墟>ofthousandsofatticrooms.Junkpoursintwiceaweek,yearinandyearout.TheMarketisthepenultimate<倒數(shù)第二的>restingplaceofbanishedvases,musicalinstrumentsthatwillnotplay,sewingmachinesthatwillnotsew,paralyzedperambulator,epilepticbicyclesandnumerousotherarticlesfromwhichallmoraleandhopehavelongdeparted.TherearestoriesoffortunesbeingpickedupintheMarket.Oncesevenhundredgoldsovereignswerefoundinasecretdrawerofacrazyoldbureau.AndbookbuyershavediscoveredvaluableeditionsofMiltonandDickensandCarlyla.ThereisnothingonecannotbuyintheMarket.21.Thetitlebelowthatbestexpressestheideaofthispassageis____.A>WhyPeopleBuyWhatTheyDoB>ReflectionsonAFamousJunkMarketC>TheCauseforFascinatedCuriosityD>WhatHappenstoAtticDebris22.ThearticlesforsaleintheCaledonianMarket____.A>arewantedtolookatB>arecollected100timesayearC>revealobscureneedsanddesiresD>bringfortunetothebuyers23.Fromthestyleofthispassageonemightassumethatitwastakenfrom____.A>areportonmarketingB>aguidebookC>directionsforastagesettingD>aninformationessayQuestions24to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Allelomimeticbehaviormaybedefinedasbehaviorinwhichtwoormoreindividualanimalsdothesamething,withsomedegreeofmutualsimulationandcoordination.Itcanonlyinvolveinspecieswithsenseorgansthatarewellenoughdevelopedsothatcontinuoussensorycontactcanbemaintained.Itisfoundprimarilyinvertebrates<脊椎動物>,inthosespeciesthatarediurnal,andusuallyinthosethatspendmuchoftheirlivesintheair,inopenwateroronopenplains.Inbirds,allelomimeticbehavioristheruleratherthantheexception,thoughitmayoccasionallybelimitedtoparticularseasonsoftheyearasitisintheredwingblackbird.Itsprincipalfunctionisthatofprovidingsafetyfrompredators<掠食者>,partlybecausetheflockcanrelyonmanypairsofeyestowatchforenemies,andpartlybecauseifonebirdreactstodanger,thewholeflockiswarned.Amongmammals,allelomimeticbehaviorisveryrareinrodents<嚙齒動物>,whichalmostnevermoveinflocksorherds.Evenwhentheyareartificiallycrowdedtogether,theydonotconformintheirmovements.Ontheotherhand,suchbehaviorisamajorsystemamonglargehoofedmammals,suchassheep.Inthepackhuntingcarnivores<食肉類飛禽>,allelomimeticbehaviorhasanotherfunctionofcooperativehuntingforlargeprey<被捕食者>animals,suchasmoose.Wolvesalsodefendtheirdensasagroupagainstlargerpredators,suchasbears.Finally,allelomimeticbehaviorishighlydevelopedamongmostprimategroups,whereithastheprincipalfunctionofprovidingwarningagainstpredators,asthoughcombineddefensivebehaviorisalsoseenintroopsofbaboons<狒狒>.24.Themaintopicofthepassageisthe____.A>valueofallelomimeticbehaviorinvertebrateandinvertebratespeciesB>definitionanddistributionofallelomimeticbehaviorC>relationshipofallelomimeticbehaviortothesurvivalofthefittestD>personalityfactorsthatdeterminewhenanindividualanimalwillshowallelomimeticbehavior25.Whichofthefollowingplacesisthemostlikelysettingforallelomimeticbehavior?A>Alake.B>Acave.C>Anundergroundtunnel.D>Athickforest.26.Theauthorimpliesthatallelomimeticbehavioroccursmostoftenamonganimalsthat____.A>preyonotheranimalsB>arelessintelligentthantheirenemiesC>moveingroupsD>haveonesenseorganthatdominatesperception27.Whichofthefollowingisthemostclearexampleofallelomimetic?A>Bearshuntingforcarnivores.B>Cattlefleeingfromafire.C>Horsesrunningataracetrack.D>Dogsworkingwithpoliceofficers.28.Accordingtothepassagetheprimaryfunctionofallelomimeticbehaviorinbirdisto____.A>defendnestsagainstpredatorsB>lookateachotherC>locatepreyD>warnagainstpredators29.Accordingtothepassage,whathappenstothebehaviorofrodentswhentheyareartificiallycrowdedtogether?A>Theirallelomimeticbehaviorincreases.B>Continuouscooperationbetweenthemismaintained.C>Theybecomeaggressiveandattackeachother.D>Theyshowlittleallelomimeticbehavior.30.Whichofthefollowinggroupsofhumanbeingswouldprobablyshowthegreatestamountofallelomimeticbehavior?A>Agroupofstudentstakingatest.B>Tennisplayerscompetinginatournament.C>Apatrolofsoldiersscoutingfortheenemy.D>Driverswaitingforatrafficlighttochange.Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:TheAmericanHeartAssociationandothergroupshavesaidformanyyearsthatpeoplecouldreducethechanceofsufferingaheartattackbyeatinglessofthefoodsrichincholesterol<膽固醇>.Theseincludesuchfoodsasmeats,milkproductsandeggs.TheHeartAssociationnotedanumberofstudieswhichshowthatnationswherepeopleeatalotofhighcholesterolfoodshaveahighernumberofdeathsfromheartdisease.However,thenewreportdisagrees.ItwasmadebytheFoodandNutritionBoardoftheUnitedStatesNationalAcademyofSciences.Thenewreportbyateamof15scientistssaidthereisnoevidencetolinkcholesterolinfooddirectlytoheartdisease.Itnotedsevenmajorstudiesinvolvingpeoplewhosedietwaschangedtoincludeonlyfoodslowincholesterol.Thestudiesfoundonlyaverysmallreductioninthenumberofheartattacksandtherewasnoreductioninthenumberofheartattackdeaths.Otherstudieshaveshownsimilarresults.Theyfoundthatachangetolowcholesterolfoodswillhaveonlyaminoreffectontheamountofcholesterolinaperson'sbloodandonlyaminoreffectonthenumberofdeaths.Medicalscientistshopethattwohugenewstudiesmaysettlethecholesteroldispute.Thetestsaredesignedtolearniflowcholesterolfoodsoranticholesteroldrugs,orboth,canreducetheamountofthesubstanceinthebloodandreducethechanceofaheartattack.Thetwonewstudieswillbefinishedinthenextyearortwo.ThenewAcademyofSciencesreportalsodiscussedotherpossiblelinksbetweenfoodanddisease.Thescientists,ingeneral,theyaredeeplyconcernedaboutsomeoftherecentadvicegivenaboutfood.Theynotedthatanumberofprivategroups,governmentagenciesandseveralpopularbookshaveadvisedthatpeoplecanpreventheartdisease,cancerandothersicknessesbychangingthekindsoffoodstheyeat.Thenewreportsaidthereisoftennogoodscientificevidencetosupportsuchadvice.Infact,thescientistssaidsuchideasoftenproduceonlyfalsehopesorunnecessaryfears.31.Accordingtothepassage,peoplecouldreducethechanceofsufferingheartattackby____.A>eatinglessfoodswithalotofcholesterolB>eatinglessoflowcholesterolfoodsC>eatingalotofhighcholesterolfoodsD>eatingdrugs32.Highcholesterolfoodsinclude____.A>eggs,meatsandmilkproductsB>potatoes,greenvegetablesandtomatoesC>corn,wheatandbeefD>sugar,riceandbutter33.Somescientistsbelievethatthereisnoevidencethatcholestrolinfoodisdirectlylinkedto____.A>blooddiseaseB>heartdiseaseC>infectiousdiseaseD>mentaldisorder34.Medicalscientistsbelievethat____.A>testshavebeendesignedtosettlethecholesteroldisputeB>drugshavebeentestedtoreducetheamountofthesubstanceinbloodC>lowcholesterolfoodsoranticholesteroldrugsorbothcanreducethechanceofaheartattackD>noneofthestatementsmentionedaboveiscorrect35.WhichofthefollowingstatementsinNOTtrue?A>Onecanavoidaheartdiseasebyeatinglessfoodswithlittlecholesterol.B>Onecanavoidaheartdiseasebytakingthedoctor'sadvicetoeatlowcholesterolfoodsandanticholesteroldrugsorboth.C>Therehasbeengoodscientificevidencethatcholesterolfoodscanproducethechanceofsufferingaheartdisease.D>Peopleusuallybelievethatcholesterolfoodsaredirectlylinkedtoheartdisease.Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Themostinterestingarchitecturalphenomenonofthe1970'swastheenthusiasmforrefurbishingoldbuildings.Obviously,thiswasnotanentirelynewphenomenon.Whatisnewisthewholesaleinterestinreusingthepast,inrecycling,inadaptiverehabilitation.Afewtrialefforts,suchasGhirardelliSquareinSanFrancisco,provedtheirfinancialviabilityinthe1960's,butitwasinthe1970's,withstronggovernmentsupportthroughtaxincentivesandrapiddepreciation,aswellasgrowinginterestinecologyissues,thatrecyclingbecameamajorfactorontheurbanscene.OneofthemostcomprehensiveventureswastherestorationandtransformationofBoston'seighteenthcenturyFaneuilHallandtheQuincyMarket,designedin1824.Thissectionhadfallenonhardtimes,butbeginningwiththeconstructionofanewcityhallimmediatelyadjacent,ithasreturnedtolifewiththeintelligentreuseofthesefineoldbuildingsunderthedesignleadershipofBenjaminThompson.Hehasprovidedamarveloussettingfordining,shopping,professionaloffices,andsimplywalking.ButlerSquare,inMinneapolis,examplifiesmajorchangesinitscomplexofoffices,commercialspace,andpublicamenitiescarvedoutofamassivepiledesignedin1906asahardwarewarehouse.Theexcitinginteriortimberstructureofthebuildingwashighlightedbycuttinglightcourtsthroughtheinteriorandaddinglargeskylights.SanAntonio,Texas,offersanobjectlessonfornumerousothercitiescombatingurbandecay.Ratherthanbringinginthebulldozers,SanAntonio'sleadersrehabilitatedexistingstructures,whilesimultaneouslycleaninguptheSanAntonioRiver,whichmeandersthroughthebusinessdistrict.36.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A>Duringthe1970's,oldbuildingsinmanycitieswererecycledformodernuse.B>Recentinterestinecologyissueshasledtothecleaningupofmanyrivers.C>TheSanAntonioexampleshowsthatbulldozersarenotthewaytofighturbandecay.D>StronggovernmentsupporthasmadeadaptiverehabilitationarealityinBoston.37.WhatisthespaceatQuincyMarketnowusedfor?A>Boston'snewcityhall.B>Sportsandrecreationalfacilities.C>Commercialandindustrialwarehouses.D>Restaurants,offices,andstores.38.Accordingtothepassage,BenjaminThompsonwasthedesignerforaprojectin____.A>SanFranciscoB>BostonC>MinneapolisD>SanAntonio39.WhenwastheButlerSquarebuildingoriginallybuilt?A>Intheeighteenthcentury.B>Intheearlynineteenthcentury.C>Inthelatenineteenthcentury.D>Intheearlytwentiethcentury.40.Whatistheauthor'sopinionoftheSanAntonioproject?A>Itisclearlythebestoftheprojectsdiscussed.B>Itisagoodprojectthatcouldbecopiedinothercities.C>Theextensiveuseofbulldozersmadetheprojectunnecessarilycostly.D>Theworkdoneontheriverwasmoreimportantthantheworkdoneonthebuildings.答案：21-25BBDBA26-30CBDDC31-35BABCC36-40ADBDD第四篇Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Therearetwomethodsoffighting,theonebylaw,theotherbyforce;thefirstmethodisthatofmen,thesecondofbeasts;butasthefirstmethodisofteninsufficient,onemusthaverecoursetothesecond.Itis,therefore,necessaryforaprincetoknowwellhowtouseboththebeastandtheman.Thiswascovertlytaughttorulersbyancientwriters,whorelatedhowAchillesandmanyothersofthoseancientprincesweregiventoChironthecentaurtobebroughtupandeducatedunderhisdiscipline.Theparableofthissemianimal,semihumanteacherismeanttoindicatethataprincemustknowhowtousebothnatures,andthattheonewithouttheotherisnotdurable.Aprince,beingthusobligedtoknowwellhowtoactasabeast,mustimitatethefox,andthelion,forthelioncannotprotecthimselffromtraps,andthefoxannotdefendhimselffromwolves.Thosethatwishtobeonlylionsdonotunderstandthis.Therefore,aprudentruleroughtnottokeepfaithwhenbydoingsoitwouldbeagainsthisinterest,andwhenthereasonswhichmadehimbindhimselfnolongerexist.Ifmenwereallgood,thispreceptwouldnotbegood;butastheyarebad,andwouldnotobservetheirfaithwithyou,soyouarenotboundtokeepfaithwiththem.Norhavelegitimategroundseverfailedaprincewhowishedtoshowcolorableexcuseforthenonfulfilmentofhispromise.Ofthisonecouldfurnishaninfinitenumberofexamples,andshowhowmanytimespeacehasbeenbroken,andhowmanypromisesrenderedworthless,bythefaithlessnessofprinces,andthosethathavebestbeenabletoimitatethefoxhavesucceededbest.Butitisnecessarytobeabletodisguisethischaracterwell,andtobeagreatfeigneranddissembler,andmenaresosimpleandsoreadytoobeypresentnecessities,thattheonewhodeceiveswillalwaysfindthosewhoallowthemselvestobedeceived.21.Theauthorofthepassagedoesnotbelievethat____.A>peoplecanprotectthemselvesB>thetruthmakesmenfreeC>leadershavetobeconsistentD>princesarehuman22.Thelionrepresentsthosewhoare____.A>tootrustingB>strongandcarefulC>reliantonforceD>lackinginintelligence23.Thefox,inthispassage,is____.A>admiredforhistrickeryB>nomatchforthelionC>pitiedforhistrickD>consideredworthless24.Thewritersuggeststhatasuccessfulleadermust____.A>beprudentandfaithfulB>cheatandlieC>haveprincipletoguidehisactionsD>tellthepeoplethetruthabouthisopponent25.Thewriterwouldapproveanunsuccessfulpoliticalcandidate____.A>gaveupallhisopportunitiesB>promisedtotryagainnexttimeC>overthrewthegovernmentbyforceD>toldthepeoplethetruthabouthisopponentQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:TheforestfromwhichMantakeshistimberisthetallestandmostimpressiveplantcommunityonEarth.IntermsofMan'sbrieflifeitappearspermanentandunchanging,savefortheseasonalgrowthandfalloftheleaves,buttoforesteritrepresentstheclimaxofalongsuccessionofevents.Nowoodedlandscapeweseetodayhasbeenforestforalltime.Plantshaveminimumrequirementsoftemperatureandmoistureand,inagespast,virtuallyeverypartofEarth'ssurfacehasatsometimebeeneithertoodryortoocoldforplantstosurvive.However,assoonasclimaticconditionschangeinfavourofplantlife,afascinatingsequenceofchangesoccurs,calledaprimarysuccession.Firsttocolonizethebarrenlandarethelowlylichens,survivingonbarerock.Slowly,theacidsproducedbytheseorganismscracktherocksurface,plantdebrisaccumulates,andmossesestablishashallowroothold.Fernsmayfollowand,withshortgrassesandshrubs,graduallyformacoveringofplantlife.Rootsprobeevendeeperintothedevelopingsoilandeventuallylargeshrubsgivewaytothefirsttrees.Thesegrowrapidly,cuttingoffsunlightfromthesmallerplants,andsoonestablishcompletedomination—closingtheirranksandformingaclimaxcommunitywhichmayendureforthousandsofyears.Yeteventhiscommunityisnoteverlasting.Firemaydestroyitoutrightandsettlersmaycutitdowntogainlandforpastureorcultivation.Ifthelandisthenabandoned,asecondarysuccessionwilltakeover,developingmuchfasteronthemorehospitablesoil.Shrubsandtreesareamongtheearlyinvaders,theirseedscarriedbythewind,bybirdsandlodgedinthecoatsofmammals.Foraslongasitstandsandthrives,theforestisavastmachine,storingenergyandmanyelementsessentialforlife.26.Whatdoestheforeststrikemankindaspermanent?A>Thetreesareincommunity.B>Theforestisrenewedeachseason.C>Man'slifeisshortincomparison.D>Itisanessentialpartourlives.27.Whathassometimescausedplantstodieoutofthepast?A>Interferencefromforesters.B>Variationsinclimate.C>Theabsenceofwoodedland.D>Theintroductionofnewtypeofplants.28.Ina"primarysuccession',whatmakesitpossibleformossestotakeroot?A>Thetypeofrock.B>Theamountofsunlight.C>Theamountofmoisture.D>Theeffectoflichens.29.Whatconditionsareneededforshrubstobecomeestablished?A>Fernsmusttakeroot.B>Thegroundmustbecoveredwithgrass.C>Moresoilmustaccumulate.D>Smallerplantsmustdieout.30.Whyisa"secondarysuccession"quicker?A>Thegroundismoresuitable.B>Thereismorespacefornewplants.B>Birdsandanimalsbringnewseeds.D>Itissupportedbytheforest.Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:GrandmaMosesisamongthemostcelebratedtwentiethcenturypaintersoftheUnitedStates,yetshehadbarelystartedpaintingbeforeshewasinherlateseventies.Assheoncesaidofherself:"Iwouldneversitbackinarockingchair,waitingforsomeonetohelpme."Noonecouldhavehadamoreproductiveage.ShewasbornAnnaMaryRobertsononafarminNewYorkState,oneoffiveboysandfivegirls.<"Wecameinbunches,likeradishes.">Attwelveshelefthomeandwasindomesticserviceuntil,attwentyseven,shemarriedThomasMoses,thehiredhandofoneofheremployers.Theyfarmedmostoftheirlives,firstinVirginiaandtheninNewYorkState,atEagleBridge.Shehadtenchildren,ofwhomfivesurvived;herhusbanddiedin1927.GrandmaMosespaintedalittleasachildandmadeembroiderypicturesasahobby,butonlyswitchedtooilsinoldagebecauseherhandshadbecometoostifftosewandshewantedtokeepbusyandpassthetime.Herpictureswerefirstsoldatthelocaldrugstoreandatafair,andweresoonspottedbyadealerwhoboughteverythingshepainted.ThreeofthepictureswereexhibitedintheMuseumofModernArt,andin1940shehadherfirstexhibitioninNewYork.Betweenthe1930'sandherdeathsheproducedsome2,000pictures:detailedandlivelyportrayalsoftherurallifeshehadknownforsolong,withamarveloussenseofcolorandform."IthinkreallyhardtillIthinkofsomethingreallypretty,andthenIpaintit."shesaid.31.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A>GrandmaMoses:ABiographicalSketchB>TheChildrenofGrandmaMosesC>GrandmaMoses:HerBestExhibitionD>GrandmaMosesandOtherOlderArtists32.Accordingtothepassage,GrandmaMosesbegantopaintbecauseshewantedto____.A>decorateherhomeB>keepactiveC>improvehersalaryD>gainaninternationalreputation33.FromGrandmaMoses'descriptionofherselfinthefirstparagraph,itcanbeinferredthatshewas____.A>independentB>prettyC>wealthyD>timid34.GrandmaMosesspentmostofherlife____.A>nursingB>paintingC>embroideringD>farming35.Inline14,theword"spotted"couldbestbereplacedby____.A>speckledB>featuredC>noticedD>damagedQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Theproducersofinstantcoffeefoundtheirproductstronglyresistedinthemarketplacesdespitetheirmanifest<明顯的>advantages.Furthermore,theadvertisingexpenditureforinstantcoffeewasfargreaterthanthatforregularcoffee.Effortsweremadetofindthecauseoftheconsumers'seeminglyunreasonableresistancetotheproduct.Thereasongivenbymostpeoplewasdislikeforthetaste.Theproducerssuspectedthattheremightbedeeperreasons,however.Thiswasconfirmedbyoneofmotivationresearch'sclassicstudies,oneoftencitedinthetrade.MasonHaire,oftheUniversityofCalifornia,constructedtwoshoppingliststhatwereidenticalexceptforoneitem.Thereweresixitemscommontobothlists:hamburger,carrots<胡蘿卜>,bakingpowder,bread,cannedpeachesandpotatoes,withthebrandsoramountsspecified.Theseventhitem,inthefifthplaceonbothlists,read"11b.MaxwellHousecoffee"ononelistand"Nescafeinstantcoffee"ontheother.Onelistwasgiventoeachpersoninagroupoffiftywomen,andtheotherlisttothoseinanothergroupofthesamesize.Thewomenwereaskedtostudytheirlistsandthentodescribe,asfarastheycould,thekindofwoman<"personalityandcharacter">whowoulddrawupthatshoppinglist.Nearlyhalfofthosewhohadreceivedthelistincludinginstantcoffeedescribedahousewifewhowaslazyandapoorplanner.Ontheotherhand,onlyonewomanintheothergroupdescribedthehousewife,whohadincludedregularcoffeeonherlist,aslazy;onlysixofthatgroupsuggestedthatshewasapoorplanner.Eightwomenfeltthattheinstantcoffeeuserwasprobablynotagoodwife!Nooneintheothergroupdrewsuchaconclusionaboutthehousewifewhointendedtobuyregularcoffee.36.Thefactthatproducersfoundresistancetotheirproductdespitethefactthattheyspentmoreadvertisingmoneyoninstantthanregularcoffeeshowsthat____.A>advertisingdoesnotassurefavorablesalesresultB>companiesspentmoremoneyonadvertisingthantheyshouldC>peoplepaylittleattentiontoadvertisingD>themoreoneadvertisesthebetterthesalespicture37.Inthisinstance,thepurposeofmotivationresearchwastodiscover____.A>whypeopledrinkcoffeeB>whyinstantcoffeedidnottastegoodC>whyregularcoffeewassuccessfulD>therealreasonwhypeoplewouldnotbuyinstantcoffee38.Thisinvestigationindicatedthat____.A>50percentofhousewivesarelazyB>housewiveswhouseinstantcoffeearelazyC>manywomenbelievethatwiveswhouseinstantcoffeearelazyD>wiveswhouseregularcoffeearegoodplanners39.Ontheresultsofthistest,theproducersprobablyrevisedtheiradvertisingtoshowa____.A>lazyhousewifeusingregularcoffeeB>hardworkinghousewifeusinginstantcoffeeC>lazyhousewifeusinginstantcoffeeD>manobviouslyenjoyingthetasteofinstantcoffee40.Impliedbutnotstated:____.A>Despiteitsadvantages,mostpeopledislikedinstantcoffeebecauseofitstaste.B>Theadvertisingexpenditureforinstantcoffeewasgreaterthanthatforregularcoffee.C>Veryoftenwedonotknowtherealreasonsfordoingthings.D>Tasteistheprincipalfactorindeterminingwhatwebuy.答案：21-25DCABC26-30CBDCA31-35ABADC36-40ADCBC第五篇Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Chemistrydidnotemergeasascienceuntilafterthescientificrevolutionintheseventeenthcenturyandthenonlyratherslowlyandlaboriously.Butchemicalknowledgeisasoldashistory,beingalmostentirelyconcernedwiththepracticalartsofliving.Cookingisessentiallyachemicalprocess;soisthemeltingofmetalsandtheadministrationofdrugsandpotions.Thisbasicchemicalknowledge,whichwasappliedinmostcasesasaruleofthumb,wasneverthelessdependentonpreviousexperiment.Italsoservedtostimulateafundamentalcuriosityabouttheprocessesthemselves.Newinformationwasalwaysbeinggainedasartisansimprovedtechniquestogainbetterresults.Thedevelopmentofascientificapproachtochemistrywas,however,hamperedbyseveralfactors.Themostseriousproblemwasthevastrangeofmaterialavailableandtheconsequentdifficultyoforganizingitintosomesystem.Inaddition,thereweresocialandintellectualdifficulties,chemistryisnothingifnotpractical;thosewhopracticeitmustusetheirhands,theymusthaveacertainpracticalflair.Yetinmanyancientcivilizations,practicaltaskswereprimarilytheprovinceofaslavepopulation.Thethinkerorphilosopherstoodapartfromthismundaneworld,wherethepracticalartsappearedtolackanyintellectualcontentorinterest.Thefinalproblemforearlychemicalsciencewastheelementofsecrecy.Expertsinspecifictradeshaddevelopedtheirowntechniquesandguardedtheirknowledgetopreventothersfromstealingtheirlivelihood.Anotherfactorthatcontributedtosecrecywastheesotericnatureoftheknowledgeofalchemists,whoweretryingtotransformbasemetalsintogoldorwereconcernedwiththehuntfortheelixirthatwouldbestowtheblessingofeternallife.Inonesense,thesecondofthesewasthemoreseriousimpedimentbecausetherecordsofthechemicalprocessesthatearlyalchemistshaddiscoveredwereoftenwrittendowninsymboliclanguageintelligibletoveryfeworinsymbolsthatwerepurposelyobscure.21.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A>Thescientificrevolutionintheseventeenthcentury.B>Reasonsthatchemistrydevelopedslowlyasascience.C>Thepracticalaspectsofchemistry.D>Difficultiesoforganizingknowledgesystematically.22.Accordingtothepassage,howdidknowledgeaboutchemicalprocessesincreasebeforetheseventeenthcentury?A>Philosophersdevisedtheoriesaboutchemicalproperties.B>Aspecialsymboliclanguagewasdeveloped.C>Experienceledworkerstorevisetheirtechniques.D>Expertssharedtheirdiscoverieswiththepublic.23.Theboldword"hampered"inLine1Para2isclosestinmeaningto____.A>recognizedB>determinedC>solvedD>hindered24.Theboldword"it"referstowhichofthefollowing?A>Problem.B>Material.C>Difficulty.D>System.25.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexplainswhy"thesecondofthesewasthemoreseriousimpediment"<Underlined>?A>Chemicalknowledgewaslimitedtoasmallnumberofpeople.B>Thesymboliclanguageusedwasveryimprecise.C>Veryfewnewdiscoveriesweremadebyalchemists.D>Therecordsofthechemicalprocesseswerenotbasedonexperiments.Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Animportantnewindustry,oilrefining,grewaftertheCivilWar.Crudeoil,orpetroleumadark,thickoozefromtheearthhadbeenknownforhundredsofyears,butlittleusehadeverbeenmadeofit.Inthe1850'sSamuelM.Kier,amanufacturerinwesternPennsylvania,begancollectingtheoilfromlocalscapagesandrefiningitintoker