AnIntroductionto

CanadianCultureMarcUpton英語國家概況-加拿大(Canada)CANADA’sHISTORYNativeAmericanslivedinCanadaforthousandsofyears.Intheearly1600s,colonistsfromBritainandFrancebegantosettleineasternCanada,alongtheSt.LawrenceRiver.Canadaprovedtobeanexcellentspotfortrappingandtradingoffurs.Inthe1800s,settlersbegantopushwest.MostofthenativeAmericansweredisplacedbytheEuropeans.

英語國家概況-加拿大(Canada)Land&ClimateCanadaisthesecondlargestcountryintheworld,withover3,851,877squaremilesofland2varyinginclimatefrompermafrostinthenorthtofourdistinctseasonsofspring,summer,fall,andwinternearertheequator3.Canadahas10provinces;BritishColumbia,Alberta,Saskatchewan,Manitoba,Ontario,Quebec,NewBrunswick,NovaScotia,PrinceEdwardIsland,Newfoundland&Labrador,and3territories;Yukon,Northwestterritories,Nunavut6.ThecapitalcityisOttawa,inOntario11.7%ofCanada’slandmassiscoveredwithover2millionlakes,thelargestbeingtheNorthwestTerritories’GreatBearLake4.Anestimated14%oftheworld’sfreshwatersupplyislocatedinCanada4.SomeofCanada’snaturalresourcesare;ironore,nickel,zinc,copper,gold,lead,rareearthelements,molybdenum,potash,diamonds,silver,fish,timber,wildlife,coal,petroleum,naturalgas,andhydropower8.英語國家概況-加拿大(Canada)英語國家概況-加拿大(Canada)BanffNationalPark英語國家概況-加拿大(Canada)GovernmentResponsibilitiesThefederalgovernmentisresponsibleforthingseffectingtheentirecountrysuchascitizenship,immigration,nationaldefense,tradewithothercountries12,thebankingsystem,criminalcode,andindigenouspopulations8.Thefederalgovernmentalsohassomeinvolvementinthingslikeemployment,insurance,andMedicarethatwereoncecontrolledbytheprovinces,becauseofthegreaterresourcesofthefederalgovernment8.Theprovincesorterritorieshaveresponsibilityforthingslikeeducation,highways,healthcare,andwelfare8.Inareaswithamunicipalgovernment,themunicipalgovernmentisresponsibleforlocalmatterslikefirefightingandcitystreets12.QueenElizabethIIGovernorGeneral:DavidJohnston英語國家概況-加拿大(Canada)Ottawa英語國家概況-加拿大(Canada)EconomyTheeconomyinCanadaisthe9thstrongest17intheworld8.Thesubstantialgrowthofthemanufacturing,mining,andservicesectorsinCanadasinceWorldWarIIhasrevampedthenationfromaprimarilyruraleconomyintoonepredominantlyindustrialandurban8.Canadaisthe10thlargestexporterofoilandthe3rdlargestexporterofnaturalgasintheworld17.CanadaisthelargestforeignsupplierofenergytotheUnitedStates,including;oil,gas,uranium,andalsoelectricpower8.英語國家概況-加拿大(Canada)Vancouver英語國家概況-加拿大(Canada)EconomyAsof2014thereareanestimated18.85millionpeopleintheCanadianworkforce8.Percentagesofoccupationsheldinthelaborforcein2006:agriculture:2%,manufacturing:13%,construction:6%,services:76%,other:3%8

Althoughmanypeoplereapthebenefitsofastrongeconomy,7.3%ofthepopulationwasunemployedin2012andmorethan9%oftheCanadianpopulationlivesinpovertyasofanestimatedonein20088.14.8%ofCanadiansages15-24areunemployed.Canadaisaleaderintheproductionofgold,silver,copper,uranium,oil,naturalgas,agriculture,woodpulp,andtimber-relatedproducts8..TheaverageminimumwageinCanada$10.10.&theworkforce英語國家概況-加拿大(Canada)CurrencyAllofCanadausestheCanadianDollar20.Thereareno1or2dollarbillsinCanada,theyhavebeenreplacedbythe1and2dollarcoins–the“l(fā)oonie”andthe“toonie”20.Inhistory,theCanadiandollarhasusuallybeenatleastabitweakerthantheUnitedStatesdollar,butrecentlythetrendhaschanged8.Canadianbillsarebrightlycoloredandeasytodistinguish-whichalsohappenstobeapointofculturalCanadianpride20.ThenewestCanadianbills,releasedin2011,aremadeofpolymerinsteadofpaper21.英語國家概況-加拿大(Canada)SymbolsofCanadaJustafewNationalFlagofCanadaTheMapleTreeTheMapleLeafTheCoatofArmsNationalHorseofCanadaTheBeaverTheGreatSealHockey:Canada’snationalwintersportLacrosse:Canada’snationalsummersport英語國家概況-加拿大(Canada)TheHealthcareSystemOftenreferredtoas“Medicare”,Canada’snationalhealthinsuranceprogram30consistsofagroupofsocializedhealthinsuranceplansthatprovidepubliclyfundedhealthcarecoveragetomostallthecitizensofCanadaregardlessofmedicalhistory,personalincome,orstandardofliving.Healthcareisadministeredonaprovincialorterritorialbasis,withguidelinesthataresetbythefederalgovernment29.Citizensareprovidedpreventativecare,medicaltreatmentsfromprimarycarephysicians,accesstohospitals,dentalsurgeryandsomeadditionalmedicalservices29.Theaveragenumberofphysiciansper1,000peopleinCanadais:2.1.46英語國家概況-加拿大(Canada)Toronto英語國家概況-加拿大(Canada)Health

StatisticsCurrentsmokers24:19.9%PercentageofCanadianswithadoctor24:84.7%PercentageofCanadiansthatdrinkheavily24:19%PercentageofCanadianswithhighbloodpressure24:17.6%Lifeexpectancyformales24:78.8yearsLifeexpectancyforfemales8:84.2yearsPercentageofoverweightorobeseadults24:52.1%Percentageofoverweightorobeseyouth(age12-17)24:20.4%Percentageofleisuretimededicatedtophysicalactivity24:53.8%英語國家概況-加拿大(Canada)Education-InCanada,theeducationsystemismadeupofbothpublicand privateschools,including;communitycolleges,technicalinstitutes,secondaryschools,universities,universitycolleges,careercolleges,summercamps,andlanguageschools34.UndertheCanadianconstitutioneachprovincehasresponsibilityforit’seducationalsystem2.Canadianchildrengenerallyvoluntarilyattendkindergartenforoneortwoyearsattheageoffourorfive34.AllchildrenbeginGradeOneataboutsixyearsofage34.TheschoolyearlastsfromSeptembertothefollowingJune34.Dependingonwhatprovinceyouarein,secondaryschoolsgouptoGrade11or1234.99%ofthepopulationofCanadaovertheageof15isliterate8.英語國家概況-加拿大(Canada)PopulationCanadaistheninth-mostsparselypopulatednationintheworldwithapopulationdensityof8.6peoplepersquaremile8.Around33.4millionpeopleliveinCanada,andthepopulationisgrowingby0.9percentannually2.Canada’sper-capitaimmigrationrateisoneofthehighestintheworldwithabout250,000immigrantsbeingadmittedyearlysince20067.Canadahasasocietythatisopenandrelativelyfreeof socialclass

distinctions50.

EthnicgroupsofCanadainclude;28%ofBritishIsles origin,23%ofFrenchorigin,15%otherEuropean, 2%Amerindian,6%other,mostlyAsian,African, Arab,and26%mixedbackground.8

ReligionsinCanada;RomanCatholic42.6%, Protestant23.3%(UnitedChurch9.5%,Anglican 6.8%,Baptist2.4%,Lutheran2%),otherChristian 4.4%,Muslim1.9%,otherandunspecified11.8%, non-religious16%英語國家概況-加拿大(Canada)Family,Marriage&RelationshipsThefamilystructureinCanadaHasbeenchangingandbecomingmorediverseoverthelast30+years.In2006,69.6%ofhouseholdswerefamilyhouseholds,26.8%wereone-personhouseholds,and3.7%ofhouseholdsconsistedofunrelatedpersons81.In2006,68.6%percentoffamiliesconsistedofamarriedcouplewithorwithoutchildren,15.5%offamiliesconsistedofcommon-lawcouplesand15.9%offamiliesweresingleparentfamilies81.Opposite-sexandsame-sexmarriagearebothlegalthroughoutCanada83.It’scommonforbothparentsinthefamilytoworkoutsideofthehome2.Theaveragefamilysizein2006was3members82.43.1%ofmarriagesendindivorcebeforethe50thanniversary84asof2011.Therewere70,226divorces84in2013Thedatingprocessusuallybeginsaroundages213-16inCanada.英語國家概況-加拿大(Canada)Communication,gestures

&bodylanguageShakinghandsiscustomarywhenbeingintroducedtosomeonenewinCanada47.ManyCanadiansexpectafirmhandshakewhenmeetingordepartingaswellasgoodeyecontact52.Saying“Hello”,noddingyourhead,orwavingyourhandareallacceptablewaystosayHello2.Itispropertoremoveanysunglassesorhatwhenspeakingwithsomeone52.InQuebecitisconsideredbadformtospeakwhenyouhaveyourhandsinyourpockets52.Asfaraspersonalspace,bodymovement,andbodygesturesareconcerned-thenormsaredifferentbetweenEnglishandFrenchprovinces48.OnetotwofeetofspacebetweentwopeopleistheusualpersonalboundaryinEnglishareasalongwithaminimalamountofbodymovement,andlittletouchingotherthanhandshakes48.FrenchCanadians,ontheotherhand,maystandslightlycloser,touchmorefrequently,andusemoreexpressivegestures48.英語國家概況-加拿大(Canada)Communication,gestures

&body

languageInQuebec,the"thumbsdown”signisconsideredoffensive,asisslappinganopenpalmoveraclosedfist52."The"okay"signmadewiththeindexfingerandthumbmeans"zero"inQuebec52.The“thumbsup"signisusedtomean"okay”throughoutCanada52.Pointingatsomeonewithyourindexfingerisconsideredrude2.Usingatoothpick,brushingyourhair,orclippingyourfingernailsareallthingsnottodoinpublic52...continued英語國家概況-加拿大(Canada)Social

normsIt’snotuncommoninCanadaforpeoplewhodon’tknowyoutogreetyouwith“Hi!”or“howareyou?”whenwalkingdownthestreet69.It’sconsideredrudetospeakinaforeignlanguageinthepresenceofotherswhodonotunderstandwhatisbeingsaid48.MostCanadiansonlyallowguestsinroomsoftheirhomethattheyhavedesignatedaspublicor“guest”rooms50.ManyCanadiansarenon-smokersandtheydonotallowsmokingintheirhomesorvehicles79.Recyclingandnotlitteringarevaluedbehaviors79.Alineisusuallyformedwhenseveralpeoplearewaitingforsomething,likeatacoffeeshop.Linesarefirstcomefirstserve,anditisconsideredveryrudetocutin69.BargainingorhagglingisnotacommonpracticeinCanadaotherthanforthingslikebuyingahouse,avehicle,ordealingwithaprivateseller69.InCanada,whiteliliesareassociatedwithfuneralsandredrosesarereservedformoreromanticsettings.Whenbuyingflowersforsomeone,it’swisetokeepthesenormsinmind48.英語國家概況-加拿大(Canada)EatingHabitsPunctualityisimportant,butarriving5minuteslateforadinnerpartyisacceptable50.Canadiansusuallyhavethestandard3mealsadayandsometimesmayhaveteacoffeeintheafternoonorasnackbreakatwork2.PolitelyrefusingfoodinCanadaisunlikelytocauseoffence48.Elbowsshouldneverbeonthetablewheneating50.15%tipsareexpectedatrestaurantsandoftenarenotincludedinthetabunlessyouhavealargeparty2.Eatingwhilewalkinginpublicisnotacceptable49.In