Chapter5

TheBritishEducationalSystem英國教育體系_英文SchoolTodayPre-primarySchoolsPrimarySchoolsSecondarySchoolsUniversity/College

英國教育體系_英文Pre-PrimarySchoolsPre-schooleducationisavailable(oftenonafee-payingbasis)forchildrenaged2to4/5throughplaygroupsandnurseryschools(manyareprivate).Theemphasisisongroupwork,creativeactivityandguidedplay.

英國教育體系_英文1.StateSchools(公立學(xué)校):

11-year

Compulsory

Education(5-16) StatePrimarySchool→

ComprehensiveSchool(84%),GrammarSchool(3%)orSecondaryModernSchool(7%)2.PublicSchools/IndependentSchools(獨(dú)立學(xué)校/公學(xué)): PrepSchool→

Public(Independent)School(7%)TwoSystemsofprimaryandsecondaryeducationinBritain:英國教育體系_英文英國教育體系_英文英國教育體系_英文Question:

Whatarethemaindifferences betweenthetwo?StateschoolsPublicschoolsSchoolFundingStatefundingfromcentralgovernment;SupplementedbylocalfinanceTuitionfees;Endowments(捐贈)ordonationsfromsociety(esp.alumnitotheiralmamaters)Attendance93%7%TeachingStaffandFacilitiesPublicschoolshavebetterteachingstaff&facilities.GraduatesStudentsfromthepublicschoolsaremorepromising,e.g.EtonCollegehaseducated20PrimeMinisters,6ChancellorsofExchequers,etc.英國教育體系_英文PrimaryPhaseCompulsoryeducationbeginsat5inEngland,WalesandScotlandand4inNorthernIreland.Pupilsmainlyattendstatesectorprimaryschools(co-educationalormixedschools).Infants

Schools=FirstSchools(for2yearsfrom5)

Junior

Schools(for4yearsto11)There’slittleornospecialistsubjectteachingandgreatemphasisisonliteracyandnumeracyinearlyyears.PrepSchools(預(yù)備學(xué)校)(from7/8to13)(separate;fees;entranceexam)英國教育體系_英文SecondarySchoolsStateSchools(93%)

1.ComprehensiveSchools(綜合中學(xué))(84%)(Noentranceexam,generaleducation)2.GrammarSchools(文法中學(xué))(“the11 plus”examination選拔優(yōu)秀小學(xué)生畢業(yè)考 試,preparingstudentsforhigher education)(3%)3.SecondaryModernSchools(現(xiàn)代中學(xué))(7%)PublicSchools=IndependentSchools(7%)英國教育體系_英文TheNationalCurriculumEnglishDesign&TechnologyGeographyMathematicsInformationTechnologyMusicScienceArtPhysicalEducationHistoryModernForeignLanguage英國教育體系_英文Exams

Compulsoryeducationendsatage16.At16,studentsinEnglandandWalestakeGCSE(GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation中學(xué)畢業(yè)證書)examinationsinvolvingafinalexam,anassessmentofworkdoneduringthetwo-yearcourse,orbothofthesethings.Thentheycanleaveschoolandfindajob.OtherpupilswhodecidenottogotouniversitymaychoosetotakevocationaltrainingandgettheGNVQ(GeneralNationalVocationalQualification國家專業(yè)資格證書,5levels).英國教育體系_英文Tertiaryeducation延續(xù)教育(FurtherEducation)是繼小學(xué)(Primary)中學(xué)(Secondary)教育之后的“第三級教育”(Tertiary)。為進(jìn)入高等教育或者就業(yè)打下基礎(chǔ)。也是中國的高中學(xué)生留學(xué)英的關(guān)鍵階段。一般來說接受延續(xù)教育的學(xué)生介于16和18歲之間。它分為兩種體系：學(xué)業(yè)路線（AcademicRoute）和職業(yè)路線（VocationalRoute）。學(xué)業(yè)路線著重于培養(yǎng)學(xué)術(shù)研究方面的人才，職業(yè)路線則結(jié)合社會各層面的職業(yè)需要，培養(yǎng)在各種行業(yè)中具有專門技能和知識的人才。英國教育體系_英文SomemoreambitiousandhardworkingstudentswilltakeGCEO-level(一般水平普通教育證書)exams.Iftheypass,theymaytransfertoaSixthFormschool(六年級學(xué)校)ortertiarycollege(三級學(xué)校)tolearnA-levelclassesfor2years.At18,theytakeGCEA-levelexaminations(AdvancedGeneralCertificateofEducation高級水平普通教育證書＝大學(xué)入學(xué)考試),usuallyinnotmorethan3subjects.It’snecessarytohaveA-levelsinordertogotoauniversityorotherinstitutionsofhighereducation.英國教育體系_英文WidelyHeldBeliefsFirstly,“thebestwaytoensuregoodresultsistovest(賦予)responsibilityforajobinanindividualbodyandthenallowittogoinitsownway,intervening(干預(yù))onlyifit’smanifestly(顯而易見地)notperformingitsjobproperly.”Secondly,“aschoolisnotonlyaplaceforlearningbutalsoasociety,freetoplanandconductitscorporatelifeasseemsbesttoit,providedthatitkeepsthislifewithintheacceptedframeworklaiddownbysocialconventionandthenationalpolicyforeducation.”Questionforyou:

Howdoyouinterpretthebeliefsabove?英國教育體系_英文Individualschoolsenjoygreatfreedomandspace!Althoughtheultimateresponsibilityfortheeducationalsystemlieswiththeparliament,itdoesn’tlaydownwhatsubjectsshallbetaught;nordoesitgiveanydirectionsaboutteachingmethods,orprescribe(規(guī)定、指定、開處方)anytextbooks.TheQueenoncesaid,“AheadmasteroncetoldmethatinhisopinionthefreedomwhichteachershaveisthemostvaluablethinginBritisheducation”.英國教育體系_英文CaseStudyComparedwiththatinChinesecounterparts,thecurriculumintheUKprimaryorsecondaryschoolsismuchsimpler.(esp.mathematics&reading)

WHY?IstheirIntelligenceQuotientlow?AccordingtoaschoolmasterinBristol:1.Thecompulsoryeducationaimstocultivateeligible(合格的)citizensratherthanelites;2.Curiosityandself-confidencematteralotmorethantheknowledgeitself.3.Shapingcharactersandindividualityisemphasized.Teamspiritandleadershipcanbedevelopedthroughgames.英國教育體系_英文PublicSchools

IntheUKprivate

schoolsareconfusinglycalledpublicschools!Onlyenrollpupilsfromprepschools.Hightuitionfees+largequantityofsocialendowments=affordingsmallerclasses+betterfaculty(withnicesalaries)Mainlysingle-sexratherthanco-edschools.Boardingschools.Question:Whoareattendingsuchschools?

英國教育體系_英文Thestudentsarelargelyfromaristocratic(貴族)andupperclassfamilies.Despitethehighfeestheyaccountforaround7%ofthetotalschoolpopulation.BUTopponentsvoicedoubts:

It’ssociallydivisiveandbreedselitism;theyareofferingmorepromisingopportunitiesto7%ofBritishchildren,butit’sunfairfortheremaining93%!

英國教育體系_英文TheMostWell-knownPublicSchools:EtonCollege(伊頓公學(xué))(1440byKingHenryVI)

HarrowSchool(哈羅公學(xué))(1571)(Byron,Churchill)(forBoysonly)WinchesterCollege(溫切斯特公學(xué))(1394)RugbySchool(拉格貝公學(xué))(1567)(Rugbywasfirstplayedhere.)Tosendaboytoaleadingpublicschoolcosts￡1200to￡2000,even￡3500aterm.英國教育體系_英文EtonCollegeForboysONLY!Itsstudentsarefromnobleandupperclassfamilies.(PrinceCharles,William&Harry)Sofar,about20PMswereeducatedatEton.Theschoolfeeincludestuition,board&lodging,laundry,personalaccidentinsurance,andthecostofmostactivities.HowmuchisthetuitionatEton?Anannualfeeofabout￡16,000.英國教育體系_英文EtonCollegeEtonPupilswiththetutor英國教育體系_英文HigherEducationAllBritishuniversitiesareself-governingandfee-charging.TheyreceivefinancialaidthroughtheUniversityGrantsCommittee(高?；鹞瘑T會)fromthegovernment.Over42%ofpupilsbecomeuniversitystudentsonleavingschoolat18.110universitiesinUK(93inEngland,13inScotland,2inWalesand2inN.Ireland)3categories:olduniversities,redbrickuniversities(1850-1930),newuniversities(WWII-present).英國教育體系_英文EntranceProceduresInthethirdtermofYear12,studentspreparetheirapplicationstouniversity.ApplicationsarethenmadeinthefirsttermoftheYear13throughonecentralizedorganizationknownasUCAS(UniversitiesandCollegesAdmissionsService大學(xué)院校入學(xué)委員會).Studentscanapplytoamaximumof6universities/institutions.Admission–selectiononbasisofAlevelresults&aninterview.英國教育體系_英文Fee-charging(ontheaverage:￡1200-3000)DegreesBA/BSc3yearsfull-timeMA/MSc1yearfull-time/2yearspart-timePhDatleast3yearsoriginalresearchBA:BachelorofArts

(文學(xué)學(xué)士)

BSc:BachelorofScience(理學(xué)學(xué)士)

BS:同上

英國教育體系_英文TeachingMethods

TheUKeducationalsystemencouragesself-study,discussionsandpracticalwork.Thestudentsmayhavetime-tabledclassesormightbeencouragedtodomoreofindependentworkforasubstantialamountoftimedependingonthecourse.Mostofthecourseswouldincludethefollowingteachingmethods:英國教育體系_英文A.Lectures講座Theprofessorsdominatethelectureswhichservetoguidethestudents.Thesizeoftheclassisgenerallylarge,oftenupto100students.NOprescribedtextbooksbutreadinglistsandhandouts(講稿)!英國教育體系_英文B.Seminars討論會Theseminarsprovidethestudentswithaplatformforsharingtheirviewsonagiventopic.Thestudentsaretoldinadvanceaboutatopic&arerequiredtoprepareapresentationonit.Whatisthepointofattendingseminars? Thediscussionsthattakeplaceinseminarsoftenhelpstudentsunderstandatopicbetterindifferentperspectivesandhelpstudentsdeveloptheircommunicationskills.

英國教育體系_英文C.Tutorials導(dǎo)師輔導(dǎo)課Tutorialsgiveyoufocusedguidanceonaparticulartopiconceaweek.Thesizeoftutorialsisquitesmall.(15-20) Everystudenthastospeakinclass.Thestudentsmeetwiththeprofessorsindividuallytodiscusstheirconcernsaboutthetopicthattheyhaveundertakenandthusseekindividualguidance.英國教育體系_英文D.IndependentworkStudentsaresupposedtoinvestigateatopicindetailanddeveloptheirownviewsaboutit.(off-campusresearch)Thisusuallyinvolvesworkingindividuallyorinasmallgroupwithotherstudentstoresearchatopic.Producewrittenworkormakepresentationforaseminar.英國教育體系_英文E.Coursework課程論文／學(xué)年作業(yè)Thismayincludeessays,reports,projects,presentationsorreflections.Courseworkisassessedandgivengrades.Assessment:acombinationofmethodsQuestion:

Isthewrittenexamamustforcourseassessment?

NOTnecessarily!TakeMarketingManagementforexample,coursework65%

(grouppresentation20%+individualreflection20%+businessplan25%)+writtenexam35%英國教育體系_英文Plagiarism剽竊Plagiarismmeanspresentingotherpeople’sworkasone'sownwithoutacknowledgingthesourceorreferencing.Cheatingorplagiarismcanresultinstudentsnotbeingallowedtograduate.Adviceisnormallygivenbyyourprofessorsonanacceptablewayandamountofreferencing.(footnote/bibliography)英國教育體系_英文CambridgeCambridgeUniversitywasfoundedin1209bystudentsfleeingfromOxfordafteroneofthemanyepisodesofviolencebetweentheuniversityandthetownofOxford.英國教育體系_英文英國教育體系_英文英國教育體系_英文英國教育體系_英文FamousStudentsJohnMiltonCharlesDarwinPrinceCharles英國教育體系_英文Vice-Chancellor–

ProfessorAlisonRichardCambridgeisoneoftheworld’sgreatuniversities,andhastheabilitytotransformlives.Ifyoustudyhere,youwillexperiencethatqualityatfirsthand.Daytoday,youwillworkwithacademicstaffwhoareleadersintheirfields,andwhoarealsocommittedtoseeyousucceed,andtohelpyoudevelopyourideas,knowledgeandunderstanding.英國教育體系_英文OxfordUniversity英國教育體系_英文英國教育體系_英文英國教育體系_英文FamousStudentsOscarWildeSamuelJohnsonBillClintonTonyBlairMargaretThatcher英國教育體系_英文OxfordLegendhasitthatOxfordUniversitywasfoundedbyKingAlfredin872toencourageeducationandestablishschoolsthroughouthisterritory.Likeagrammarschool,itwasjustaplaceforteachingLatingrammaratthattime.TheUniversityactuallybeganinthe12thcenturyasgatheringsofstudentsaroundpopularmasters.Theuniversityconsistedofpeople,notbuildings.Thebuildingscamelaterasarecognitionofsomethingthatalreadyexisted.Inaway,Oxfordwasneverfounded;itgrew.英國教育體系_英文ChancellorofOxfordOxfordisoneofthegreatestuniversitiesintheworld.Ithasplayedadistinguishedpartinthehistoryofourcountryandourcontinent,andhasmuchtocontributetooursuccessandourwell-beingasacivilizedcommunityinthefuture.ChrisPatten英國教育體系_英文OxbridgeBoatRaceTheBoatRacebetweenOxford&CambridgestartedJune10,1829.TheeventisnowaBritishnationalinstitution,andistelevised

liveeachyear.TheracehasbeenwonbyCambridge79timesandOxford73sofar.Theraceiscurrentlyrunoverafourmileand374yard(6.8km)

stretchoftheRiverThamesbetweenPutneyandMortlakeinLondon.OxfordweardarkblueandCambridgelightblue.

英國教育體系_英文TheDarkBlueCrew英國教育體系_英文TheLightBlues&DarkBlues英國教育體系_英文GlasgowUniversityNottinghamUniversity英國教育體系_英文BuckinghamUni.VerneyParkCampusChandosRoadCampus英國教育體系_英文UniversitygraduatesdominateBritishpoliticalleadership,especiallythosefromOxbridge–Thatcher&BlairfromOxford;2/3ofBlair’scabinetmemberseducatedatOxfordorCambridge.英國教育體系_英文Students’ActivitiesOuting英國教育體系_英文Pubbing英國教育體系_英文SportsRugbyFootball英國教育體系_英文Choir英國教育體系_英文ChineseHigherEducationenrollmentexpansionResourcesarestraining.Educationqualityissuffering.Intensecompetitioninthejobmarket.eliteedu.vs.massedu.dilemma1345英國教育體系_英文HaveadiscussiononthedefectsofChinesehighereducationDefect1:

BlindEnrollmentExpansionDefect2:

AwkwardTeachingMethodDefect3:

Prescribed/DesignatedTextbooksDefect4:

UnreasonableCurriculumDefect5:

UnfairAssessmentSystem英國教育體系_英文Defect1:

BlindEnrollmentExpansionUniversitiesseemtohaveenrolledmorethantheycanaccommodate!Limitedfacilities&space,insufficientresources,shabbydorms(slum)…Expansionmeansalotmore! Fiercecompetitioninthejobmarket,

英國教育體系_英文Defect2:

AwkwardTeachi