2016屆上海普陀高三一?？荚嚂r間:120分鐘滿分:150分II.GrammarandVocabulary(26分SectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagesbelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagescoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.(ADifferentformsofhospitality(好客IamaBritishwomansocialanthropologist(人類學家.IoncespentayearinMoldova,inEasternEurope,(25 (studyeverydaylifeinthecountry.IstayedwithaMoldovanfamilytoseefromtheinsidehowpeoplemanagedtheirlives.Ihadawonderfultimeandmademanynewfriends.WhatIobservedisofcoursebasedonmyownexperienceataparticularplaceandtime.Ioftenfound(26 surprisinglydifficulttoseelifetherethroughtheeyesofaMoldovan.Thiswas(27 thepeopleImetwereextremelyhospitableandIwastreatedasanhonouredguestatalltimes.Asmyhosts,theywantedmetoenjoymyself,andnottoget(28 (involveinshopping,cooking,orotherdomesticjobs.MostmorningsIwasencouragedtogoouttoexplorethecity,orcarryoutmyresearch,andIreturnedlatertofindthatmyelderlylandladyandhersisterhadtravelledacrossthecityonbusestothecentralmarket(29 (bringbackheavyloadsofpotatoes,awholelamb,orotherlargequantitiesofproducts.Iwasofteninvitedtopeople"shomes,andwasalwaysofferedfoodonentering.MostoftheadultsImetenjoyedinvitingfriends,family,neighbours,colleaguesandevenstrangersintotheirhomes,(30 theytreatedthemtofood,drink,andalivelyhospitableatmosphere.Hostshurriedtoserveguestsaswellandasquicklyaspossible.(31 ahouseholdwasexpectingguest,largeamountsoffoodwerepreparedinadvance,usuallybythewomen.Winehadalreadybeenmade,generallybythemen,(32 werealsoresponsibleforpouringit.Unexpectedvisitorswerestillofferedasmuchfoodanddrinkasthehousehold(33 provideinthecircumstances.(BHowEnglishfamilylifehasevolvedsincetheeighteenthcenturyThemajorityofEnglishfamiliesofthepre-industrialage,roughlyuntilthemid-eighteencentury,livedinarurallocation.Manyofthemownedorhadtheuseofasmallpieceofland,andactuallyallfamilymemberswerebusywithagriculturalworkinoneformoranother,usually(34 (growfoodfortheirownconsumptionandsometimesalsoproducingfoodorothergoodsforsale.Thelabourwascontrolledbythehusband,(35 hiswifeandchildren,too,hadaneconomicvalueastheircontributionstothefamilyincomewerelikelytomakethedifferencebetweenstarvationandsurvival.Childrenworkedfromanearlyage,girlshelpingtheirmothers,andboystheirfathers.Schoolwasanoccasionalfactorintheirlives.Instead,childrenlearnedbydoing(36 theirparentsshowedthem.Knowledgeofcaring(37 animals,sewingwashandeddownfromparenttochild.Also,mostpeopleengagedinhandicraftproductioninthehome,andthefamily(38 (paytoworkwithcloth,woodorleather.Ingeneral,thisworkcouldbeputasideandtakenupagainwhentherewasabreaksuchasagriculturalwork.Theprocessofindustrializationinthesecondhalfoftheeighteenthcenturyandduringthenineteenthtransformedlifeforthemajorityofthepopulation.Itwastheuseofsteamtopowermachinery(39 requiredlargebuildings,anditresultedintheconstructionofnumerousfactoriesinmanytownsandcities.Theseinturn(40 (encouragemigrationfromthecountrysideinsearchofwork.Ifelectricityhadprecededsteam,domesticindustrymighthavesurvivedmorefully.SectionBDirections:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.commentB.complexC.depressionD.expectequivalentholdG.mappedH.recommendedI.handleJ.notedK.severeBeingsociablelookslikeagoodwaytoaddyearstoyourlife.Relationshipswithfamily,friends,neighbours,evenpets,willalldothetrick,butthebiggestlongevity（長壽boostseemstocomefrommarriageora（n__41__relationship.Theeffectwasfirst—42—in1858byWilliamFarr,whowrotethatwidows（寡婦andwidowerswereatamuchhigherriskofdyingthantheirmarriedpeers.Studiessincethensuggestthatmarriagecouldaddasmuchassevenyearstoaman"slifeandtwotoawoman"s.Theeffects__43__forallcausesofdeath,whetherillness,accidentorself-harm.Eveniftheoddsarestackedagainstyou,marriagecanmorethancompensate.LindaWaiteoftheUniversityofChicagohasfoundthatamarriedoldermanwithheartdiseasecan__44__tolivenearlyfouryearslongerthananunmarriedmanwithahealthyheart.Likewise,amarriedmanwhosmokesmorethanapackadayislikelytoliveaslongasadivorcedmanwhodoesn"tsmoke.There"saflipside,however,aspartnersaremorelikelytobecomeillordieinthecoupleofyearsfollowingtheirspouse"sdeath,andcaringforaspousewithmentaldisordercanleaveyouwithsomeofthesame__45__problems.Evenso,theoddsfavourmarriage.Ina30-yearstudyofmorethan10,000people,NicholasChristakisofHarvardMedicalSchooldescribeshowallkindsofsocialnetworkshavesimilareffects.Sohowdoesitwork?Theeffectsare,__46__affectedbysocio-economicfactors,health-serviceprovision,emotionalsupportandothermorephysiological（生理的mechanisms.Forexample,socialcontactcanboostdevelopmentofthebrainandimmunesystem,leadingtobetterhealthandlesschanceof__47__laterinlife.Peopleinsupportiverelationshipsmay__48__stressbetter.Thentherearethepsychologicalbenefitsofasupportivepartner.Alifepartner,childrenandgoodfriendsareall__49__ifyouaimtoliveto100.Theultimatesocialnetworkisstillbeing__50__out,butChristakissays:“Peopleareinterconnected,sotheirhealthisinterconnected.”III.ReadingComprehension(47分SectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.Whoneedssleep?It"s2a.m.Thetimewhenyoushouldbeinbeds,soundasleep.ButpullbackthecurtainsandyoumightbesurprisedbythenumberoflightsoninyourstreetNight-timeis__51__justforsleeping.Ithasbecomethenewdaytime,offeringusthechancetocatchuponeverythingwedidn"tmanagetofinishduringwhatusedtobeour__52__hours.Now,__53__sleeping,wecancheckourbankbalancesbyphone,buygroceries,surfthenetforcheapflightsorgotothegym.Suchflexibility,__54__,hasaprice.Ourbodiesarerunbycircadianrhythms(晝夜節(jié)律,aprehistoricinternalclockthatregulateswhenwefeelsleepyorawakeandaffectsourbodytemperatureandlevelofalertness.Itmakesourbrainsandbodies__55__duringthedayandallowsthemtorecoverthroughthenight.Sopowerfulisthisclockthateventwoweeksonanightshiftwithoutbreakwillnot__56__itsrhythm,andwhenscientistskeephumanvolunteersinisolation,withoutanyindicationofwhattimeitisintheday,theystillshowdailycyclesoftemperaturechanges,sleepandwakefulness,andhormonerelease.But,__57__workingagainstourbody"snaturalrhythmislikelytocauseourselvesbothphysicalandpsychologicaldamage.Researchalsoshowsitmayactually__58__ourriskofhealthproblemssuchasstomachdiseases.ConsultantTomMackeybelievesthatournormalcircadianrhythmsareincreasinglybeingcompletely__59__.“Moreandmoreofusarebeingpressuredintodoingthingsatoddhours.Thisisgoingtohavea(n__60__impactonqualityandlengthofsleep.Ifpeopledon"tgotobedatareasonabletime,sayaround11p.m.,andhavebetweensixandeighthoursofsleep,theywillbeunabletoconcentrate.Youneedsleepforrestand__61__.Ifyoustuffyourmindwithinformationfortoolong,theneverythinggetsdisorganized---youbecome__62__tomanagedaytimeactivities.”Thecircadianrhythmsthatrunthesleep/wakecycleareasoldas__63__itself.Ourprehistoricancestorswouldhaveneededtheirbiologicalclocktogetthemouthuntingduringthedayandprobablyinbedaroundnightfalltoavoidintruders.Ournightvisionisnotasfastasthatofnocturnal(夜間活動的animals---ournaturalrhythmwastosleepasthesunwentdown.Theinventionoftheelectriclightobviously__64__that.Likemostbiologicalsystems,circadianrhythmsarenotmadeto__65__.Ourinternalclockrunsabitlongerthan24hours,henceitsLatinname,circadian,whichmeans“aboutaday.”A.byallmeansB.onearthC.innotimeD.tothisdayA.sleepingB.wakingC.businessD.rushA.intermsofB.regardlessofC.asaresultofD.insteadofA.furthermoreB.otherwiseC.howeverD.somewhatA.activeB.relaxingC.tiringD.consciousA.formB.destroyC.improveD.recoverA.EfficientlyB.ProudlyC.ContinuallyD.IndependentlyA.minimizeB.assessC.avoidD.increaseA.brokenB.enhancedC.emphasizedD.misunderstoodA.effectiveB.negativeC.directD.reliableA.reservationB.resettingC.repairD.replacementA.boredB.willingC.likelyD.unableA.evolutionB.clockC.mysteryD.huntingA.improvedB.changedC.speededD.followedA.measureB.reverseC.regulateD.discoverSectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.AWhenmilkarrivedonthedoorstepWhenIwasaboygrowingupinNewJerseyinthe1960s,wehadamilkmandeliveringmilktoourdoorstep.HisnamewasMr.Basille.Heworeawhitecapanddroveawhitetruck.Asa5-year-oldboy,icouldn"ttakemyeyesoffthecoinchangerfixedtohisbelt.Henoticedthisonedayduringadeliveryandgavemeaquarteroutofhiscoinchanger.Ofcourse,hedeliveredmorethanmilk.Therewascheese,eggsandsoon.Ifweneededtochangeourorder,mymotherwouldpenanote-“Pleaseaddabottleofbuttermilknextdelivery”-andplaceitintheboxalongwiththeemptybottles.Andthen,thebuttermilkwouldmagicallyappear.Allofthiswasaboutmorethanconvenience.Thereexistedacloserelationshipbetweenfamiliesandtheirmilkmen.Mr.Basilleevenhadakeytoourhouse,forthosetimeswhenitwassocoldoutsidethatweputtheboxindoors,sothatthemilkwouldn"tfreeze.AndIrememberMr.Basillefromtimetotimetakingabreakatourkitchentable,havingacupofteaandtellingstoriesabouthisdelivery.Thereissadlynohomemilkdeliverytoday.Bigcompaniesallowedtheproductionofcheapermilk,thusmakingitdifficultformilkmentocompete.Besides,milkisforsaleeverywhere,anditmayjustnothavebeenpracticaltohaveadeliveryservice.Recently,anoldmilkboxinthecountrysideIsawbroughtbackmychildhoodmemories.Itookithomeandplanteditonthebackporch（門廊.Everysooftenmyson"sfriendswillaskwhatitis.SoIstarttellingstoriesofmyboyhood,andofthemilkmanwhobroughtusfriendshipalongwithhismilk.MrBasillegavetheboyaquarteroutofhiscoinchanger .tosatisfyhiscuriosity.topleasehismother.toshowhismagicalpower.topayforthedelivery.WhatcanbeinferredfromPara.3?Hepreferredteatocoffee.Hehadalargesumofmoney.Hewastreatedasafamilymember.Hewasafamousandpopularperson.Whydoeshomemilkdeliverynolongerexist?Itisforbiddenbylaw.Itsserviceisgettingpoor.Ithasbeendrivenoutofthemarket.Nobodywantstobeamilkmannow.Whydidtheauthorbringbackhomeanoldmilkbox?Heplantedflowersinit.Hemissedthegoodolddays.Heneededitforhismilkbottles.Hewasfondoftellinginterestingstories.BCWUThecommunicationunionHeadofResearchSalary:￡55.271WearelookingforaHeadofResearchtomanagetheCWUResearchDepartmentandInformationCentre.Youwouldberequiredtoexercisecontrolofallresearchworkofthedepartmentandmanageateamofthreeresearchersandfoursupportstaff.ThepersonappointedwouldbeexpectedtocarryoutresearchworkofastrategicnatureacrosstherangeofbusinessesinwhichtheCWUhasorseeksmembershipandtocontributetothestrategicthinkinganddirectionoftheunionasawhole.Youwillneed:provenlinemanagementskills,especiallyinmanagingandmotivatingateam;goodresearchskills,holdingagooddegreeinarelatedsubjectorothersimilarexperience;ahighlevelofmathematicalandcalculatingskills;theabilitytoproducehighqualityworkunderpressure;acommitmenttoandknowledgeofthetradeunionmovementandsocialdemocraticpolitics;andknowledgeand/orexperienceofthepostaland/ortelecommunicationsindustry.Toapply,pleaserequestanapplicationpackbyemailinghr@orbytelephoningHR(HumanResourceson02089717482.Whenapplyingpleasestateyoursource.ClosingDateforApplications:4thDecember2015Anticipatedinterviewdate:17thDecember2015NoagenciespleaseInwhichcolumnofanewspapercouldwefindthisadvertisement?Arts.Sales.Jobs.News.Oneofthedutiesofthepersontobeappointedis .A.takingchargeofresearchwork.seekingmembershipforthetradeunion.runningatelecommunicationscompany.managingateamofthreeorfourmembers.Ifyouwanttoapplyforthisposition,youcandoallEXCEPT .askanagencyforanapplicationformdial02089717482formoreinformationemailhr@foranapplicationpacksendinyourapplicationbefore4thDecember2015Whichofthefollowingapplicantsismostlikelytobeemployed?Achemistryteacherwithamaster'sdegree.Aclerkfromatelecommunicationscompany.Auniversitygraduatemajoringincomputerscience.Adirectorfromaresearchcentrewithamaster'sdegree.CAchild'smapoftenprovidesamuch-neededrestforparentstoo.Timeforanuninterruptedphonecall,orarestonthesofa.Andnapshavetobeagoodthingforpreschools,surely,sincetheyneedtotakearestandgetenoughsleepfortheirbrainstodevelop.Shortnapshavealsobeenshowntobegoodforadults---improvingalertnessandreactiontimes.Soitfeelscounterintuitiveforareviewof26studiestoconcludethatnappinginchildrenovertwoyearsofagemaynotbeagoodideaatall.Thereviewsaysthataftertwoyearsofage,nappingisassociatedwithgoingtosleeplateatnight,poorerqualitysleepandwakingearlier.Soshouldwediscouragenapsinpreschoolchildren-eveniftheyreallyseemtoneedone?Althoughthereviewtalksabouttheeffectsofnappingontwo-year-olds,mostoftheevidenceinreviewactuallycomesfromstudiesonthree-year-olds.Also,theauthorsoftheviewarticleareclearthattheresearchonchildren*napsisofpoorquality;somestudiesrelyonparents"rememberinghowmuchtheirchildrenslept,orareforveryshortperiods.AstudypublishedinthejournalofattentiondisordersinFebruarysuffersfromsomemethodologicalshortcomings（forinstancesmallnumbers--only28childrenbetweentheagesofthreeandfour,andonlyforfivedays,butisatleastarandomized（任意的controlledtrial,usingactigraphs（活動記錄儀wornonthewristtoobjectivelymeasuresleep.Itfoundthatchildrenwhomissedtheirnapssleptbetteratnightandscoredhigherinstudiesofmemoryandattention.DrMarkMahone,oneoftheauthors,saysthatsleepatnightmaybeofabetterqualitythanduringdaytimenapping.Havingasoundsleepatnight,hesays,providesagreaterproportionoftheslow-wave,restorativesleepthatpromotesbraindevelopmentandreinforceswhathasbeenlearnedthedaybefore.Thestudyalsofoundthatthechildrenwhowentwithoutnapsdidnotsleepmoreatweekends.Icouldnevergetmychildrentonap,butforparentswhocan,thereisnoreasontostop.Mahonesaysthatmoreresearchisneededbeforeanyonestartsmakingrecommendation,andchildren"ssleeprequirementsareknowntobevariable.Theword‘’counterintuitive""inpara.2mostprobablymeans .A.difficultunreasonablerevolutionarymeaningless75.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofthestudypublishedinAttentionDisoders？A.ItsobjectsaretooyoungtotakethetestB.ItsfindingsarereliableduetotheactigraphsC.IthasenoughobjectstoproducetheresultsD.Itprovidesvariouswaystohelpadultstotakenaps76.AccordingtoDrMarkMahone,abetter-qualitynightsleepwillresultin .A.frequentrestsonthesofaB.higherefficiencyoflearningC.moreseriousattentiondisorderD.fewerdaytimenapsatweekends77.Theauthortalksmainlyabouthisorher .A.opinionsonwhetherchildrenneedsnapsB.varioussystemicstudiesonchildren'snapsC.commentsonsomestudiesonchildren'snapsD.understandingofthefunctionsofchildren'snapsSectionCDirections:Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.Arebeeshappierincities?Weoftenthinkofthemaslivinghappilyinwildflowermeadows（草場androllingfields.ButnewresearchsuggestsBritain*beesarehappierneartownsandcities.AnewstudyofwildlifesitesacrossfourEnglishcountieshasfoundthatmostarehometofewerspeciesofbeetodaythantheywereinthepast.ItfoundthattheexpansionoffarmlandhasactuallybeenmoredamagingtoBritain*beepopulationthantheconcretingover（鋪設混凝土ofthecountrysideforhousing.Forinstance,meadowsnearMiltonKeynesnowboastmorespeciesofbeethansitesinmoreruralareas.ReadingUniversityresearcherDrDeepaSenapathibelievesintensiveagricultureistoblame.Climatechangecouldbedestroyingtherelationshipbetweenbeesandplants.That'saccordingtoastudythatsaidwarmerspringscanchangethelifecyclesofbees,whichcanthrowthemoutoftheplantstheyrelyon.Theresearchisthefirstclearexampleofthepotentialforclimatechangetodestroysuchcriticalrelationshipsbetweenspecies.Whilethegardens,parksandchurchyardsoftownsandcitiesprovidebeeswithavarietyofplantstoforageonandanextendedfloweringseason,popularcropssuchasoilseedrapeonlybloomforafewweeks.Drsenapathisaid:?Whileconcretingoverthecountrysidemayappeartobebadnewsfornature,we"vefoundthatprogressiveurbanizationmaybemuchlessdamagingthanintensiveagriculture.Urbanareasmaybenefitbeesmorethanfarmlandbyprovidingawidevarietyoffloweringplantsandanextendedfloweringseason,accordingtotheresearcher.“OverthepastcenturyrurallandscapesinBritainhavebecomeincreasinglydominatedbylargeexpansesofmonoculture-thegrowingofasingletypeofplant,whichhashelpedboostcropproduction.Butwithoutamixtureofhabitatandfoodsources,ruralareascansometimesbelittlebetterthangreendesertsforbiodiversity（生物多樣性.”Scientistsaroundthecountryaretryingto