2023年全國碩士研究生入學統一考試英語一試題Section1UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareasrelatedasfourthcousins,sharingabout1%ofgenes.Thatis1astudypublishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaandYaleUniversityintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has2.Thestudyisagenome-wideanalysisconducted31932uniquesubjectswhich4pairsofunrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth5.While1%mayseem6,itisnotsotoageneticist.AsJamesFowler,professorofmedicalgeneticsatUCSanDiego,says,Mostpeopledonoteven7theirfourthcousinsbutsomehowmanagetoselectasfriendsthepeoplewho8ourkin.Thestudy9foundthatthegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriendsbutnotgenesforimmunity.Whythissimilarityinolfactorygenesisdifficulttoexplain,fornow.10Perhaps,astheteamsuggests,itdrawsustosimilarenvironmentsbutthereismore11it.Therecouldbemanymechanismsworkingintandemthat12usinchoosinggeneticallysimilarfriends13thannalkinshipofbeingfriendswith14!Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthatthesimilargenesseemtobeevolving15thanothergenes.Studyingthiscouldhelp16whyhumanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast30,000years,withsocialenvironmentbeingamajor17factor.Thefindingsdonotsimplycorroboratepeoples18tobefriendthoseofsimilar19backgrounds,saytheresearchers.ThoughallthesubjectsweredrawnfromapopulationofEuropeanextraction,carewastakento20thatallsubjects,friendsandstrangersweretakenfromthesamepopulation.Theteamalsocontrolledthedatatocheckancestryofsubjects.SectionIIReadingComprehension1、What2、Concluded223、On4、Compared5、Samples6、Insignificant7、Know8、Resemble9、Also10、Perhaps11、To12、Drive13、Ratherthan14、Benefits15、Faster16、understand17、Contributory18、Tendency19、Ethnic20、see23PartAReadthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)原標題：2023年考研英語一真題答案（完整版）TEXT1KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsistedkingsdontabdicate,theydieintheirsleep.ButembarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicansleftintherecentEuro-electionshaveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.So,doestheSpanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchyisseeingitslastdays?DoesthatmeanthewritingisonthewallforallEuropeanroyals,withtheirmagnificentuniformsandmajesticlifestyles?TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchy.Whenpublicopinionisparticularlypolarized,asitwasfollowingtheendoftheFranceregime,monarchscanriseabovemerepolitiesandembodyaspiritofnationalunity.Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpolitiesthatexplainsmonarchyscontinuingpopularityasheadsofstate.Andso,theMiddleEastexpected,Europeisthemostmonarch-infestedregionintheworld,with10kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCityandAndorra).ButunliketheirabsolutistcounterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchforanon-controversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicofnationalunityastheyclaimtobe,theirveryhistory-andsometimesthewaytheybehavetoday-embodiesoutdatedandindefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.AtatimewhenThomasPikettyandothereconomistsarewarmingofrisinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmoderndemocraticstates.Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.Princesandprincesseshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters).Evenso,thesearewealthyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesitincreasinglydifficulttomaintaintherightimage.WhileEuropesmonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtosurviveforsometimetocome,itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.24ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemonarchysreputationwithherratherordinary(ifwell-heeled)grannystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensivetasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehasfailedtounderstandthatmonarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovideaservice-asnon-controversialandnon-politicalheadsofstate.CharlesoughttoknowthatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,notrepublicans,whoarethemonarchysworstenemies.21.Accordingtothefirsttwographs,KingJuanCarlosofSpain[A]easedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals.[B]usedtoenjoyhighpublicsupport.[C]wasunpopularamongEuropeanroyals.[D]endedhisreigninembarrassment.22.MonarchsarekeptasheadofstateinEuropemostly[A]togivevotersmorepublicfigurestolookupto.[B]toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandreality.theoldassumptionsthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughthepossessionsofsuspectsatthetimeoftheirarrest.Itishard,thestateargues,forjudgestoassesstheimplicationsofnewandrapidlychangingtechnologies.ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCaliforniasadvice.Enoughoftheimplicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,sothatthejusticecanandshouldprovideupdatedguidelinestopolice,lawyersanddefendants.TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCaliforniaslameargumentthatexploringthecontentsofasmartphone-avaststorehouseofdigitalinformationissimilartosay,goingthroughasuspectspurse.ThecourthasruledthatpolicedontviolatetheFourthAmendmentwhentheygothroughthewalletorpocketbook,ofanarresteewithoutawarrant.Butexploringonessmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.Asmartphonemaycontainanarresteesreadinghistory,financialhistory,medicalhistoryandcomprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.Thedevelopmentofcloudcomputing.meanwhile,hasmadethatexplorationsomuchtheeasier.ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCaliforniasargumentwhole.New,disruptivetechnologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitutionsprotections.OrinKerr,alawprofessor,comparestheexplosionandaccessibilityofdigitalinformationinthe21stcenturywiththeestablishmentofautomobileuseasadigitalnecessityoflifeinthe20th:Thejusticeshadtospecifynovelrulesforthenewpersonaldomainofthepassengercarthen;theymustsortouthowtheFourthAmendmentappliestodigitalinformationnow.26.TheSupremecourt,willworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,itislegitimateto[A]searchforsuspectsmobilephoneswithoutawarrant.[B]checksuspectsphonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized.[C]preventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontents.[D]prohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones.27.TheauthorsattitudetowardCaliforniasargumentisoneof[A]tolerance.27[B]indifference.[C]disapproval.[D]cautiousness.28.Theauthorbelievesthatexploringonesphonecontentiscombleto[A]gettingintoonesresidence.[B]handingoneshistoricalrecords.[C]scanningonescorrespondences.[D]goingthroughoneswallet.29.Ingraph5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthat[A]principlesarehardtobeclearlyexpressed.[B]thecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforaction.[C]phonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation.[D]citizensprivacyisnoteffectiveprotected.30.OrinKerrscomparisonisquotedtoindicatethat(A)theConstitutionshouldbeimplementedflexibly.(B)NewtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution.(C)CaliforniasargumentviolatesprinciplesoftheConstitution.(D)PrinciplesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbealtered.2826.Bchecksuspectsphonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized.27.Cdisapproval28.Agettingintoonesresidence29.Dcitizensprivacyisnoteffectivelyprotected30.BnewtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheconstitutionText3ThejournalScienceisaddinganextrasourceatPeer-reviewprocess,editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNottannouncedtoday.TheFollowssimilareffortsfromotherjournals,afterwidespreadconcernthatMistakesindataanalysisarecontributingtothePublishedresearchfindings.Readersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspublishedinourjournal,writesMcNuttinaneditorial.WorkingwiththeAmericanStatisticalAssociation,theJournalhasappointedsevenexpertstoastatisticsboardofreviewingManutwillbeflaggedupforadditionalscrutinybytheJournalseditors,orbyitsexistingBoardofReviewingEditorsorbyoutsidepeerTheSBoREpanelwillthenfindexternalstatisticianstoreviewtheseAskedwhetheranyparticularpapershadimpelledthechange,McNuttsaid,ThecreationofthestatisticsboardwasmotivatedbyconcernsbroadlywiththeapplicationofstatisticsanddataanalysisinscientificresearchandispartofSciencesoveralldrivetoincreasereproducibilityintheresearchwepublish.GiovanniParmigiani，abiostatisticianattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth,amroftheSBoREgroup,saysheexpectstheboardtoplayprimarilyonadvisoryrole.HeagreedtojoinbecausehefoundtheforesightbehindtheestablishmentoftheSBoREtobenovel,uniqueandlikelytohavealastingimpact.ThisimpactwillnotonlybethroughthepublicationsinScienceitself,buthopefullythroughalargergroupofpublishingplacesthatmaywanttomodeltheirapproachafterScience.JohnIoannidis,aphysicianwhostudiesresearchmethodology,saysthatthepolicyisamostwelcomestepforwardandlongoverdue,Mostjournalsareweakinstatisticalreview，andthisdamagesthequalityofwhattheypublish.Ithinkthat,forthemajorityofscientificpapersnowadays,statisticalreviewismoreessentialthanexpertreview,hesays.ButhenotedthatbiomedicaljournalssuchasAnnalsofInternalMedicine,theJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationandTheLancetpaystrongattentiontostatisticalreview.29Professionalscientistsareexpectedtoknowhowtoanalyzedata,butstatisticalerrorsarealarminglycommoninpublishedresearch，accordingtoDavidVaux，acellbiologist.Researchersshouldimprovetheirstandards,hewrotein2023，butjournalsshouldalsotakeatougherline，engagingreviewerswhoarestatisticallyliterateandeditorswhocanverifytheprocess.VauxsaysthatSciencesideatopasssomepaperstostatisticianshassomemerit，butaweaknessisthatitreliesontheboardofreviewingeditorstoidentifythepapersthatneedscrutinyinthefirstplace.31.ItcanbelearnedfromgraphIthat[A]Scienceintendstosimplifyitspeer-reviewprocess.[B]journalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks.[C]fewjournalsareblamedformistakesindataanalysis.[D]lackofdataanalysisiscommoninresearchprojects.32.Thephraseflaggedup(.2)istheclosestinmeaningto[A]found.[B]revised.[C]marked[D]stored33.GiovanniParmigianibelievesthattheestablishmentoftheSBoREmay[A]poseathreattoallitspeers[B]meetwithstrongopposition[C]increaseSciencescirculation.[D]setanexampleforotherjournals3034.DavidVauxholdsthatwhatScienceisdoingnowA.addstoresearchersworklosd.B.diminishestheroleofreviewers.C.hasroomforfurtherimprovement.D.istofailintheforeseeablefuture.35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?A.ScienceJoinsPushtoScreenStatisticsinPapersB.ProfessionalStatisticiansDeserveMoreRespectC.DataAnalysisFindsItsWayontoEditorsDesksD.StatisticiansAreComingBackwithScience31.Bjournalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks32.Bmarked33.Dsetanexampleforotherjournals34.Chasroomforfurtherimprovement35.AsciencejoinsPushtoscreenstatisticsinpapersText4Twoyearsago.RupertMurdochsdaughter,spokeattheunsettlingdearthofintegrityacrosssomanyofourcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofacollectiveacceptancethatthemechanisminsocietyshouldbeprofitandthemarketwethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit.31Drivingherpointhome,shecontinuedItsincreasinglyabsenceofpurpose，ofamorallanguagewithingovernment,couldbecomeoneofthemostdangerousgoalsforcapitalismandfreedom.Thissameabsenceofmoralpurposewaswoundingcompanies,suchasInternational,shethought,makingitmorelikelythatitwouldforehadwithwidespreadillegaltelephonehacking.Asthehackingtrialconcludes-findingguiltyoneex-editoroftheNewsoftheWorld,AndyCoulson,forconspiringtohackphones,andfindingthepredecessor,RebekahBrooks,innocentofthesamecharge-thewidedearthofintegritystillstands.Journalistsareknowntohavehackedthephonesofupto5,500people.Thisishackingonanindustrialscale,aswasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,themanhiredbytheNewsoftheWorldin2001tobethepointpersonforphonehacking.Othersawaittrial.Thislongstorystillunfolds.Inmanyrespects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythefactofsuchwidespreadphonehackingbutthetermsonwhichthetrialtookplace.OneoftheastonishingrevelationswashowlittleRebekahBrooksknewofwhatwentoninhernewsroom,howlittleshethoughttoaskandthefactthatsheneverinquiredhowthestoriesarrived.Thecoreofhersuccessfuldefencewasthatsheknewnothing.Intodaysworld,ithasbecomenormalthatwell-paidexecutivesshouldnotbeaccountableforwhathappensintheorganizationsthattheyrun.Perhapsweshouldnotbesosurprised.Forageneration,thecollectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesortingmechanismofsocietyshouldbeprofit.Thewordsthathavematteredareefficiency,flexibility,shareholdervalue,business-friendly,wealthgeneration,sales,impactand,innewspapers,circulation.Wordsdegradedtothemarginhavebeenjustice,fairness,tolerance,proportionalityandaccountability.ThepurposeofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottopromotereaderunderstanding,tobefairinwhatwaswrittenortobetrayanycommonhumanity.Itwastoruinlivesinthequestforcirculationandimpact.MsBrooksmayormaynothavehadsuspicionsabouthowherjournalistsgottheirstories,butsheaskednoquestions,gavenoinstructions-norreceivedtraceable,recordedanswers.36.Accordigntothefirsttwographs,Elisabethwasupsetby(A)theconsequencesofthecurrentsortingmechanism.(B)companiesfinanciallossduetoimmoralpractices(C)governmentalineffectivenessonmoralissues.(D)thewidemisuseofintegrityamonginstitutions.3237.Itcanbeinferredfromgraph3that(A)GlennMulcairemaydenyphonehackingasacrime.(B)morejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphonehacking.(C)AndyCoulsonshouldbeheldinnocentofthecharge.(D)phonehackingwillbeacceptedoncertainoccasions.38.TheauthorbelievesthatRebekahBrookssdefence(A)revealedacunningpersonality.(B)centeredontrivialissues.(C)washardlyconvincing.(D)waspartofaconspiracy.39.Theauthorholdsthatthecurrentcollectivedoctrineshows(A)generallydistortedvalues.(B)unfairwealthdistribution.(C)amarginalizedlifestyle.(D)arigidmoralcode.40Whichofthefollowingissuggestedinthelastgraph?(A)Thequalityofwritingsisofprimaryimportance.(B)Commonhumanityiscentraltonewsreporting.33(C)Moralawarenessmattersineditinganewspaper.(D)Journalistsneedstricterindustrialregulations.36.Atheconsequencesofthecurrentsortingmechanism37.Bmorejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphonehacking38.Cwashardlyconvincing39.Agenerallydistortedvalues40.CmoralawarenessmattersineditinganewspaperPartBInthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofnumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)Howdoesyourreadingproceed?Clearlyyoutrytocomprehend,inthesenseofidentifyingmeaningsforindividualwordsandworkingoutrelationshipsbetweenthem,drawingonyourimplicitknowledgeofEnglishgrammar.(41)Youbegintoinferacontextforthetext,forinstance,bymakingdecisionsaboutwhatkindofspeecheventisinvolved.Whoismakingtheutterance,towhom,whenandwhere.Thewaysofreadingindicatedherearewithoutdoubtkindsofcomprehension.Buttheyshowcomprehensiontoconsistnotjustofpassiveassimilationbutofactiveengagementininferenceandproblem-solving.Youinferinformationyoufeelthewriterhasinvitedyoutograspbypresentingyouwithspecificevidenceandclues.(42)Conceivedinthisway,comprehensionwillnotfollowexactlythesametrackforeachreader.Whatisinquestionisnottheretrievalofanabsolute,fixedortruemeaningthatcanbereadoffandcheckedforaccuracy,orsometimelessrelationofthetexttotheworld.(43)Suchbackgroundmaterialinevitablyreflectswhoweare.(44)34Thisdoesnt,however,makeinterpretationmerelyrelativeorevenpointless.Preciselybecausereadersfromdifferenthistoricalperiods,placesandsocialexperiencesproducedifferentbutoverlappingreadingsofthesamewordsontheincludingfortextsthatengagewithfundamentalhumanconcerns-debatesabouttextscanplayanimportantroleinsocialdiscussionofbeliefsandvalues.Howwereadagiventextalsodependstosomeextentonourparticularinterestinreadingit.(45)Suchdimensionsofreadingsuggest-asothersintroducedlaterinthebookwillalsodo-thatwebringanimplicit(oftenunacknowledged)agendatoanyactofreading.Itdoesntthennecessarilyfollowthatonekindofreadingisfuller,moreadvancedormoreworthwhilethananother.Ideally,differentmindsofreadinginformeachother,andactasusefulreferencepointsforandcounterbalancestooneanother.Together,theymakeupthereadingcomponentofyouroverallliteracy,orrelationshiptoyoursurroundingtextualenvironment.[A]Arewestudyingthattextandtryingtorespondinawaythatfulfillstherequirementofagivencourse?Readingitsimplyforpleasure?Skimmingitforinformation?Waysofreadingonatrainorinbedarelikelytodifferconsiderablyfromreadinginaseminarroom.[B]Factorssuchastheplaceandperiodinwhichwearereading,ourgender,ethnicity,ageandsocialclasswillencourageustowardscertaininterpretationsbutatthesametimeobscureorevencloseoffothers.[C]Ifyouareunfamiliarwithwordsoridioms,youguessattheirmeaning,usingcluespresentedinthecontext.Ontheassumptionthattheywillbecomerelevantlater,youmakeamentalnoteofdiscourseentitiesaswellaspossiblelinksbetweenthem.[D]Ineffect,youtrytoreconstructthelikelymeaningsoreffectsthatanygivensentence,imageorreferencemighthavehad:Thesemightbetheonestheauthorintended.[E]Youmakefurtherinferences,forinstance,abouthowthetextmaybesignificanttoyou,oraboutitsvalidity-inferencesthatformthebasisofapersonalresponseforwhichtheauthorwillinevitablybefarlessresponsible.[F]Inplays,novelsandnarrativepoems,charactersspeakasconstructscreatedbytheauthor,notnecessarilyasmouthpiecesfortheauthorsownthoughts.[G]Rather,weascribemeaningstotextsonthebasisofinteractionbetweenwhatwemightcalltextualandcontextualmaterial:betweenkindsoforganizationorpatterningweperceiveinatextsformalstructures(so35especiallyitslanguagestructures)andvariouskindsofbackground,socialknowledge,beliefandattitudethatwebringtothetext.41.C42.E43.G44.B45.APartCReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Withinthespanofahundredyears,intheseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturies,atideofemigration-onethegreatfolkwanderingsofhistory-sweptfromEuropetoAmerica.(46)Thismovement,drivenbypowerfulanddiversemotivations,builtanationoutofawildernessand,byitsnature,shapedthecharacteranddestinyofanunchartedcontinent.(47)TheUnitedStatesistheproductoftwoprincipalforces-theimmigrationofEuropeanpeopleswiththeirvariedideas,customsandnationalcharacteristicsandtheimpactofanewcountrywhichmodifiedthesetraits.Ofnecessity,colonialAmericawasaprojectionofEurope.AcrosstheAtlanticcamesuccessivegroupsofEnglishmen,Frenchmen,Germans,Scots,Irishmen,Dutchmen,Swedes,andmanyotherswhoattemptedtotransplanttheirhabitsandtraditionstothenewworld.(48)ButtheforceofgeographicconditionspeculiartoAmerica,theinterplayofthevariednationalgroupsupononeanother,andthesheerdifficultyofmaintainingold-worldwaysinaraw,newcontinentcausedsignificantchanges.Thesechangesweregradualandatfirstscarcelyvisible.Buttheresultwasanewsocialpatternwhich,althoughitresembledEuropeansocietyinmanyways,hadacharacterthatwasdistinctlyAmerican.(49)ThefirstshiploadsofimmigrantsboundfortheterritorywhichisnowtheUnitedStatescrossedtheAtlanticmorethanahundredyearsafterthe15th-and-16th-centuryexplorationsofNorthAmerica.Inthemeantime,thrivingSpanishcolonieshadbeenestablishedinMexico,theWestIndies,andSouthAmerica.ThesetravelerstoNorthAmericacameinsmall,unmercifullyovercrowdedcraft.Duringtheirsix-totwelve-weekvoyage,theysurvivedonbarelyenoughfoodallottedtothem.Manyoftheshipswerelostinstorms,manypassengersdiedofdisease,andinfantsrarelysurvivedthejourney.Sometimesstormsblewthevesselsfarofftheircourse,andoftencalmbroughtunbearablylongdelay.TotheanxioustravelersthesightoftheAmericanshorebroughtalmostinexpressiblerelief.Saidonerecorderofevents,Theairattwelveleaguesdistancesmeltassweetasanew-blowngarden.Thecolonistsfirstglimpseofthenewlandwasasightofdensewoods.(50)Thevirginforestwithitsrichnessandvarietyoftreeswasareal36treasure-housewhichextendedfromMaineallthewaydowntoGeorgia.Herewasabundantfuelandlumber.Herewastherawmaterialofhousesandfurniture,shipsandpotash,dyesandnavalstores.46）在多種強大的動機驅動下，這次運動在一片荒野上建起了一個國家，其本身塑造了一個未知大陸的性格和命運。47）美國是兩種主要力量的產物即思想習俗、民族特色各異的歐洲移民和修改這些特征的新國家的影響的產物。48）但由于美國特有的地理條件,不同民族的相互作用,以及維護原始老式方式的純粹困難,新大陸引起了重大變化。49）在15-16世紀北美探索的一百多年之后，運往該領土-即當今的美國-的第一船移民橫渡了大西洋。50）擁有豐富多樣樹種的原始森林是