11.Anewstudyonbirds'sleephasrevealedthat half-brainsleepisfoundinawidevarietyofhalf-brainsleepischaracterizedbyslowbrainbirdscancontroltheirhalf-brainsleepbirdsseldomsleepwiththewholeoftheirbrainatAccordingtothepassage,birdsoftenhalfsleepbecause theyhavetowatchoutforpossibletheirbrainhemispheretaketurnstorestthetwohalvesoftheirbrainaredifferentlystructuredtheyhavetoconstantlykeepaneyeontheircompanionsTheexampleofabirdsleeinfrontofamirrorindicates thephenomenonofbirdsdozinginpairsisbirdsprefertosleepinpairsforthesakeofevenanimaginedcompaniongivesthebirdasenseofasinglepetbirdenjoysseeingitsownreflectionintheWhileslee,somewater lstendtokeephalfawakeinorder alertthemselvestotheapproachingemergefromwaternowandthentobesensitivetotheever-changingavoidbeingsweptawaybyrapidBy"justthetipoftheiceberg"(Line2,Para.8),Siegelsuggests half-brainsleephassomethingtodowithicythemysteryofhalf-brainsleepisclosetobeingmostbirdslivingincoldregionstendtobehalfhalf-brainsleepisaphenomenonthatcouldexistamongotherBirdsthatarelillyhalf-asleep-withonebrainhemispherealertandtheotherslee-controlwhichsideofthebrainremainsawake,accordingtoanewstudyofsleeducks.Earlierstudieshaveedhalf-brainsleepinawiderangeofbirds.Thebrainhemispherestaketurnssinkingintothesleepstagecharacterizedbyslowbrainwaves.Theeyecontrolledbythesleehemispherekeepsshut,whilethewakefulhemisphere'seyestaysopenandalert.Birdsalsocansleepwithbothhemispheresrestingatonce.Decadesofstudiesofbirdflocksledresearcherstopredictextraalertnessinthemorevulnerable,end-of-the-rowsleepers,Sureenough,theendbirdstendedtowatchcarefullyonthesideawayfromtheircompanions.Ducksintheinnerspotsshowednopreferenceforgazedirection.Alsobirdsdozing（打盹）attheendofthelineresortedtosingle-sleep,ratherthantotalrelaxation,moreoftenthaninnerducksdid.Rotaing16birdsthroughthepositionsinafour-duckrow,theresearchersfoundouterbirdshalf-asleepduringsome32percentofdozingtimeversusabout12percentforbirdsininternalspots."Webelievethisisthefirstevidenceforananimalbehaviorallycontrollingsleepandwakefulnesssimultaneouslyindifferentregionsofthebrain,"theresearcherssay.Theresultsprovidethebestevidenceforalong-standingsuppositionthatsingle-hemispheresleepevolvedascreaturesscannedforenemies.Thepreferenceforopeninganeyeonthelookoutsidecouldbewidespread,hepredicts.He'sseenitinapairofbirdsdozingside-by-sideinthezooandinasinglepetbirdsleebymirror.Themirror-sideeyeclosedasifthereflectionwereacompanionandtheothereyestayedopen.Usefulashalf-sleemightbe,it'sonlybeenfoundinbirdsandsuchwatermls（哺乳動物）asdolphins,whales,andseals.PerhapskeeonesideofthebrainawakeallowsasleeanimaltosurfaceoccasionallytoavoidStudiesofbirdsmayofferuniqueinsightsintosleep.JeromeM.SiegeloftheUGLAsayshewondersifbirdshalf-brainsleepisjustthetipoftheiceberg（冰山）".Hespeculatesthatmoreexamplesmayturnupwhenwetakeacloserlookatotherspecies.WhichofthefollowingisevidencethatTTiswidelyTThasbeeninexistenceforManypatientswerecuredbytherapeuticTTthesareoftenemployedbyleadingMorethan100,000peopleareundergoingTTVeryfewTTpractitionersrespondedtothe$1millionoffer theydidn'ttaketheoffertheydidn'twanttorisktheirtheywereunwillingtorevealtheirtheythoughtitwasnotinlinewiththeirThepurposeofEmilyRosa'sexperimentwas toseewhyTTcouldworkthewayittofindouthowTTcuredpatient'stotestwhethershecouldsensethehumanenergytotestwhetherahumanenergyfieldreallyWhydidsomeTTpractitionersagreetobethesubjectsofEmily'sItinvolvednothingmorethanmereTheythoughtitwasgoingtobealotofItwasmorestraightforwardthanotherTheysensednoharminalittlegirl's注：對應文章第三段末句，noharm對應innocent，littlegirl對應-WhatcanwelearnfromtheSomewidelyacceptedbeliefscanbeSolidevidenceweighsmorethanpureLittlechildrencanbeascleverastrainedTTTheprincipleofTTistooprofoundtoAnine-year-oldschoolgirlsingle-handedlycooksupascience-fairexperimentthatendsupdebunking（揭穿．的）awidelypracticedmedicaltreatment.whoseadvocatesmanipulatepatients'"energyfield"tomakethemfeelbetterandeven,saysome,tocurethemofvariousills.YetEmily'stestshowsthattheseenergyfieldscan'tbedetected,evenbytrainedTTpractitioners（行醫(yī)者）.Obviouslymindfulofthepublicityvalueofthesituation,JournaleditorGeorgeLundbergappearedonTVtodeclare,"Agedoesn'tmatter.It'sgoodsciencethatmatters,andthisisgoodscience."Emily'smotherLindaRosa,aregisterednurse,hasbeenningagainstTTfornearlyadecade.LindafirstthoughtaboutTTinthelate'80s,whenshelearneditwasontheapprovedlistforcontinuingnursingeducationinColorado.Its100,000trainedpractitioners(48,000intheU.S.)don'teventouchtheirpatients.Instead,theywavedtheirhandsafewinchesfromthepatient'sbody,pushingenergyfieldsarounduntilthey'rein"balance."TTadvocatessaythesemanipulationscanhelphealwounds,relievepainandreducefever.TheclaimsaretakenseriouslyenoughthatTTthesarefrequentlyhiredbyleadinghospitals,atupto$70anhour,thesmoothpatients'energy,sometimesduringYetRosacouldnotfindanyevidencethatitworks.Toprovidesuchproof,TTtheswouldhavetositdownforindependenttesting-somethingtheyhaven'tbeeneagertodo,eventhoughJamesRandihasofferedmorethan$1milliontoanyonewhocandemonstratetheexistenceofahumanenergyfield.(He'shadonetakersofar.Shefailed.)AskepticmightconcludethatTTpractitionersareafraidtolaytheirbeliefsontheline.Butwhocouldturndownaninnocent-grader?SaysEmily:"Ithinktheydidn'ttakemeveryseriouslybecauseI'makid."Theexperimentwasstraightforward:21TTthesstucktheirhands, up,throughascreen.Emilyheldherownhandoveroneoftheirs-leftorright-andthepractitionershadtosaywhichhanditwas.Whentheresultswererecorded,they'ddonenobetterthantheywouldhavebysimplyguessing.iftherewasanenergyfield,theycouldn'tfeelit.Welearnfromthefirstparagraphthattwosystemsofautomated arebeingarebeingarenowinwideareunder注：onthedrawingboard就是 itwouldrequireonlyminorchangestoexistingitwouldachievethegreatesthighwaytrafficithasalaneforbothautomatedandpartiallyautomateditoffersmorelanesforautomatedWhichofthefollowingistrueaboutdrivingonanautomatedVehiclestravelingonitareassigneddifferentlanesaccordingtotheirAcarcanjoinexistingtrafficanytimeinamixedlaneThedrivershouldinformhiscarcomputerofhisdestinationbeforedrivingontoThedrivershouldsharetheautomatedlanewiththosefregularWeknowformthepassagethatacarcanenteraspecial-purpose bysmoothlymergingwithcarsontheconventionalbywayofarampwithelectroniccontrolthroughaspeciallyguardedafteralltrespassersareidentifiedandWhendrivinginanautomatedlane,thedriver shouldharmonizewithnewlyenteringdoesn'thavetorelyonhiscomputershouldwatchoutforpotentialdoesn'thavetoholdnottothesteeringWhatmightdrivingonanautomatedhighwaybelike?Theanswerdependsonwhatkindofsystemisultimayadopted.Twodistincttypesareonthedrawingboard.Thefirstisaspecial-purposelanesystem,inwhichcertainlanesareforautomatedvehicles.Thesecondisamixedtrafficsystem:fullyautomatedvehicleswouldsharetheroadwithpartiallyautomatedormanuallydrivencars.Aspecial-purposelandsystemwouldrequiremoreextensivephysicalmodificationstoexistinghighways,butitpromisesthegreatestgainsinway（高速公路Undereitherscheme,thedriverwouldspecifythedesireddestination,furnishingthisinformationtoacomputerinthecaratthebeginningofthetriporperhapsjustbeforereachingtheautomatedhighwayIfamixedtrafficsystemwasince,automateddrivingcouldbeginwheneverthedriverwasonsuitablyequippedroads.Ifspecial-purposelaneswereavailable,thecarcouldenterthemandjoinexistingtrafficintwodifferentways.Onemethodwoulduseaspecialonramp（引道）.Asthedriverapproachedthepointofentryforthehighway,devicesinstalledontheroadsidewouldelectronicallycheckthevehicletodetermineitsdestinationandtoascertainthatithadtheproperautomationequipmentingoodworkingorderAssumingitpassedsuchtests,thedriverwouldthenbeguidedthroughagateandtowardanautomatedlane.Inthiscase,thetransitionfrommanualtoautomatedcontrolwouldtakeceontheentranceramp.Analternativetechniquecouldemployconventionallanes,whichwouldbesharedbyautomatedandregularvehicles.Thedriverwouldsteerontothehighwayandmoveinnormalfashiontoa"transition"lane.Thevehiclewouldthenshiftundercomputercontrolontoalaneforautomatedtraffic.(Thelimitationoftheselanestoautomatedtrafficwouldpresumablybewellrespected,becausealltrespassers（進入者）couldbeswiftlyidentifiedby.)Eitherapproachtojoiningalaneofautomatedtrafficwouldharmonizethemovementofnewlyenteringvehicleswiththosealreadytraveling.Automaticcontrolhereshouldallowforsmoothmerging,withouttheusualuncertaintiesandpotentialforaccidents.andonceavehiclehadsettledintoautomatedtravel,thedrivewouldbetoreleasethewheel,openthemorningpaperorjustrelax.Accordingtotheauthor,theconventionalnotionofinligencemeasuredntermsofone'sabilitytoread,writeandcompute isawidelyheldbutwrongwillhelpeliminateinlectualistherootofallmentalwillcontributetoone'sself-Itisimpliedinthepassagethatholdingauniversitydegree mayresultinone'sinabilitytosolvecomplexreal-lifedoesnotindicateone'sabilitytowriteproperlywordedmaymakeonementallysickandphysicallydoesnotmeatthatoneishighlyinTheauthorthinksthatanin knows howtoputupwithsomeveryprevalenthowtofindthebestwaytoachievesuccessinhowtoavoiddepressionandmakehislifehowtopersuadeotherstoInthelastparagraph,theauthorlsusthat difficultiesarebutpartofeveryone'sdepressionandunhappinessareunavoidableinlifeeverybodyshouldlearntoavoidtryingcircumstancesgoodfeelingscancontributetoeventualacademicAccordingtothepassage,whatkindofpeopleareThosewhodon'temphasizebookishexcellenceintheirpursuitofThosewhoareawareofdifficultiesinlifebutknowhowtoavoidThosewhomeasurehappinessbyanabsenceofproblemsbutseldomsufferformN.B.D.'s.Thosewhoareabletosecurehappinessthoughhavingtostruggleagainsttryingcircumstances.Takingchargeofyourselfinvolvesputtingtorestsomeveryprevalentmyths.Atthetopofthelististhenotionthatinligenceismeasuredbyyourabilitytosolvecomplexproblems;toread,writeandcomputeatcertainlevels,andto equationsquickly.Thisvisionofinligenceassertsformaleducationandbookishexcellenceasthetruemeasuresofself-fulfillment.Itencouragesakindofinlectualprejudicethathasbroughtwithitsomediscouragingresults.Wehavecometobelievethatsomeonewhohasmoreeducationalmeritbadges,whoisverygoodatsomeformofschooldisciplineis"inligent."Yetmentalhospitalsarefilledwithpatientswhohavealloftheproperlylettereds.Atruerindicatorofinligenceisaneffective,happylifelivedeachdayandeachpresentmomentofeveryday.Ifyouarehappy,ifyouliveeachmomentforeverythingit'sworth,thenyouareaninligent .Problemsolvingisausefulhelptoyourhappiness,butifyo