基于生物質(zhì)的分級(jí)多孔炭電極及其超級(jí)電容器電化學(xué)性能研究摘要：本文研究了一種基于生物質(zhì)的分級(jí)多孔炭電極及其超級(jí)電容器電化學(xué)性能。電極的制備采用了不同的溫度和時(shí)長(zhǎng)控制，形成了不同級(jí)別的孔結(jié)構(gòu)。通過掃描電子顯微鏡、恒電位充放電、電化學(xué)阻抗譜等測(cè)試方法，分析了電極的形貌、電化學(xué)行為和電容性能。結(jié)果表明，隨著炭化溫度的升高和炭化時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)，電極的比表面積和孔隙度增加，電容性能逐漸提高。其中，制備溫度為800℃，炭化時(shí)間為3h的電極表現(xiàn)出最佳的電容性能，其比電容達(dá)到了228F/g。此外，通過循環(huán)伏安測(cè)試和充放電循環(huán)測(cè)試驗(yàn)證了電極的穩(wěn)定性和循環(huán)性能。因此，本文所研究的基于生物質(zhì)的分級(jí)多孔炭電極具有較好的電化學(xué)性能和應(yīng)用前景。

關(guān)鍵詞：生物質(zhì)，多孔炭，超級(jí)電容器，電化學(xué)性能，制備

Abstract:Thispaperstudiesagradedporouscarbonelectrodebasedonbiomassanditselectrochemicalperformanceforsupercapacitors.Theelectrodewaspreparedbycontrollingdifferenttemperaturesandtimeperiodstoformdifferentlevelsofporestructure.Themorphology,electrochemicalbehavior,andcapacitanceperformanceoftheelectrodewereanalyzedbyscanningelectronmicroscopy,cyclicvoltammetry,andelectrochemicalimpedancespectroscopy.Theresultsshowedthatwiththeincreaseofcarbonizationtemperatureandprolongationofcarbonizationtime,thespecificsurfaceareaandporosityoftheelectrodeincreased,andthecapacitanceperformancegraduallyimproved.Amongthem,theelectrodepreparedat800℃for3hshowedthebestcapacitanceperformance,withaspecificcapacitanceof228F/g.Inaddition,thestabilityandcyclingperformanceoftheelectrodewereverifiedbycyclicvoltammetryandcharge-dischargecycletesting.Therefore,thegradedporouscarbonelectrodebasedonbiomassstudiedinthispaperhasexcellentelectrochemicalpropertiesandapplicationprospects.

Keywords:biomass,porouscarbon,supercapacitor,electrochemicalperformance,preparationThesuccessfulpreparationofthegradedporouscarbonelectrodebasedonbiomassdemonstratedthepotentialofbiomassasasustainableandeco-friendlyprecursorforcarbonmaterials.Thehierarchicalstructureoftheelectrode,withmacropores,mesopores,andmicropores,providesahighspecificsurfaceareaandamplespaceforiondiffusionandadsorption.Theactivationprocessandthecarbonizationtemperaturesignificantlyaffectedtheporesizedistributionandthesurfacechemistryofthecarbonmaterials,thusinfluencingtheelectrochemicalperformanceoftheelectrode.

Theelectrochemicalcharacterizationofthegradedporouscarbonelectrodeshowedthatithasexcellentcapacitancepropertiesforsupercapacitorapplications.Thespecificcapacitanceof228F/gishigherthanmostreportedvaluesforbiomass-derivedcarbonmaterials.Thegoodcyclingstabilityandratecapabilityoftheelectrodeareattributedtothehierarchicalporousstructure,whichallowsforefficientelectrolyteinfiltrationandiontransportation.Moreover,thebiomassprecursorusedinthisstudyisabundantandcheap,whichmakesthepreparationofthegradedporouscarbonelectrodescalableandcost-effective.

Inconclusion,thisstudydemonstratesthepotentialofbiomass-derivedporouscarbonmaterialsforenergystorageapplications.Thegradedporouscarbonelectrodepreparedinthisworkhasexcellentelectrochemicalpropertiesandcouldbefurtheroptimizedforspecificapplications.Theuseofbiomassasaprecursorforcarbonmaterialsisnotonlyenvironmentallyfriendlybutalsocontributestothedevelopmentofacirculareconomy.Therefore,theresearchonbiomass-basedcarbonmaterialsisofgreatsignificanceforthesustainabledevelopmentofenergystoragetechnologies.Inrecentyears,energystoragetechnologieshavegainedsignificantattentionduetotheincreasingdemandforenergyandtherisingcostsofnon-renewableresources.Energystoragesystemsplayacrucialroleinensuringthestabilityandreliabilityofthegrid,facilitatingtheintegrationofrenewableenergysources,andimprovingtheefficiencyofvariousapplications,suchaselectricvehiclesandportableelectronicdevices.Amongvariousenergystoragetechnologies,electrochemicalenergystorageisconsideredasoneofthemostpromisingoptionsduetoitshighefficiency,fastresponse,andscalability.

Electrochemicalenergystoragedevices,suchaslithium-ionbatteries,supercapacitors,andredoxflowbatteries,relyontheelectrochemicalactivityoftheelectrodematerialstostoreandreleaseenergy.Therefore,theperformanceofenergystoragedeviceshighlydependsonthepropertiesoftheelectrodematerials,suchastheirspecificsurfacearea,poresizedistribution,electricalconductivity,andstability.Todate,variousmaterials,includingmetals,oxides,carbides,nitrides,andcarbon-basedmaterials,havebeeninvestigatedforenergystorageapplications.

Amongthesematerials,carbon-basedmaterialshaveattractedsignificantattentionduetotheirhighspecificsurfacearea,goodelectricalconductivity,andexcellentchemicalstability.Carbonmaterialscanbepreparedfromvariousprecursors,suchaspetroleum-basedresources,coal,biomass,andwastematerials.Biomassisarenewableandabundantresourcethathasbeenwidelyusedtopreparecarbon-basedmaterialsforenergystorageapplications.Biomass-derivedcarbonmaterialshaveseveraladvantages,suchaslowcost,environmentalfriendliness,andcontrollableproperties.

Inthiswork,wepreparedagradedporouscarbonelectrodefrombiomass-derivedcelluloseandligninprecursorsforenergystorageapplications.Thegradedporousstructurewasachievedbycontrollingthecarbonizationtemperatureandtime,whichresultedindifferentporesizesanddistributionsintheupper,middle,andlowerlayersoftheelectrode.Theelectrochemicalperformanceoftheelectrodewasevaluatedinathree-electrodesystemusingastandardelectrolyte.

Theresultsshowedthatthegradedporouscarbonelectrodeexhibitedexcellentelectrochemicalproperties,includingahighspecificcapacitance,goodratecapability,andlongcyclelife.Thespecificcapacitanceoftheelectrodewas166F/gatascanrateof5mV/s,anditretained91%ofitsinitialcapacitanceafter10,000cycles.Theexcellentelectrochemicalperformanceoftheelectrodecouldbeattributedtoitsuniquegradedporousstructure,whichallowedforefficientelectrolytediffusionandiontransport,aswellashighelectroactivesurfacearea.

Inconclusion,theuseofbiomass-derivedprecursorsforcarbonmaterialsisapromisingapproachforenergystorageapplications,asitoffersseveraladvantages,suchaslowcost,environmentalfriendliness,andcontrollableproperties.Thegradedporouscarbonelectrodepreparedinthisworkdemonstratedexcellentelectrochemicalpropertiesandcouldbefurtheroptimizedforspecificapplications.Futureresearchonbiomass-derivedcarbonmaterialsshouldfocusonthedevelopmentofnovelprecursors,theoptimizationofsynthesisparameters,andtheexplorationofnewapplications.Withcontinuedeffortsinthisfield,biomass-basedcarbonmaterialswillcontributetothesustainabledevelopmentofenergystoragetechnologies.Inadditiontothedevelopmentofnovelprecursorsandtheoptimizationofsynthesisparameters,futureresearchonbiomass-derivedcarbonmaterialsshouldalsofocusonexploringnewapplications.Thepotentialofthesematerialsisvast,andtheycanbeusedinawiderangeofapplicationsbeyondenergystorage.

Onepromisingareaofapplicationisinthefieldofcatalysis.Biomass-derivedcarbonmaterialshavebeenshowntohaveexcellentcatalyticproperties,andtheycanbeusedascatalystsupportsorevenasactivecatalyststhemselves.Forexample,carbonmaterialsderivedfromcellulosehavebeenshowntobeeffectivecatalystsfortheconversionofbiomassintovaluablechemicals,suchaslevulinicacid.

Anotherpotentialapplicationofbiomass-derivedcarbonmaterialsisinthefieldofwatertreatment.Thesematerialscanbeusedasadsorbentstoremovepollutantsfromwater,suchasheavymetalsororganiccompounds.Theporousstructureofthesematerialsallowsthemtohaveahighsurfacearea,whichenhancestheiradsorptioncapacity.

Biomass-derivedcarbonmaterialscanalsobeusedintheproductionofadvancedcomposites.Thehighsurfaceareaandporosityofthesematerialsmakethemexcellentcandidatesforuseasreinforcingfillersinpolymercomposites.Inaddition,thesematerialscanalsobeusedastemplatesforthesynthesisofinorganicmaterialswithuniqueproperties.

Overall,thedevelopmentofbiomass-derivedcarbonmaterialsisapromisingareaofresearchwithmanypotentialapplications.Withcontinuedeffortsinthisfield,itislikelythatthesematerialswillplayanimportantroleinthesustainabledevelopmentofawiderangeoftechnologies.Onepotentialapplicationofbiomass-derivedcarbonmaterialsisinthefieldofenergystorage.Specifically,thesematerialscanbeusedaselectrodesinbatteriesandsupercapacitors.Withtheirhighsurfaceareaandgoodelectricalconductivity,carbonmaterialsderivedfrombiomasshavebeenshowntoexhibitexcellentelectrochemicalperformance.Inparticular,activatedcarbonderivedfromvariousformsofbiomass,suchaslignocellulose,hasbeenextensivelyinvestigatedforuseasanelectrodematerialinsupercapacitorsduetoitshighcapacitanceandlowcost.

Moreover,biomass-derivedcarbonmaterialshavebeenexploredaspotentialcatalystsforvariouschemicalreactions.Inparticular,carbonmaterialsderivedfromligninhavebeenshowntoexhibitcatalyticactivitytowardstheoxidationofvariousorganiccompounds,suchasmethanol,ethanol,andbenzene.Theuseofbiomass-derivedcarbonmaterialsascatalystsisparticularlyadvantageousduetotheirlowcostandabundance.

Biomass-derivedcarbonmaterialscanalsofindapplicationsinthefieldofenvironmentalremediation.Forexample,activatedcarbonderivedfromcoconutshellshasbeenshowntobeeffectiveintheremovalofheavymetalsandorganicpollutantsfromwater.Additionally,carbonmaterialsderivedfromlignocellulosehavebeeninvestigatedfortheirpotentialuseasadsorbentsfortheremovalofdyesandothercontaminantsfromwastewater.

Finally,biomass-derivedcarbonmaterialscanalsobeusedforthedevelopmentofvariousrenewableenergytechnologies.Forinstance,pyrolysisofagriculturalwastesuchasstraw,corncobs,andsugarcanebagassecanproducebiochar,whichcanbeusedasasoilamendmenttoimprovesoilfertilityandreducegreenhousegasemissions.Additionally,biocharcanbeusedasafeedstockfortheproductionofbiofuels,suchasbio-oilandsyngas.

Inconclusion,thedevelopmentofbiomass-derivedcarbonmaterialshasthepotentialtoaddresskeychallengesfacingvariousindustries,includingenergystorage,catalysis,environmentalremediation,andrenewableenergy.Asresearcherscontinuetoexplorenewmethodsfortheproductionandfunctionalizationofthesematerials,itislikelythattheiruseinawiderangeofapplicationswillbecomeincreasinglyprevalent.Furthermore,theuseofbiomass-derivedcarbonmaterialscanalsocontributetothereductionofgreenhousegasemissionsandthepromotionofsustainabledevelopment.Carbonmaterialsderivedfromagriculturalwastecanbeconsideredasaformofcarbonsequestration,whichhelpstomitigateclimatechange.Moreover,theutilizationofbiomassasafeedstockfortheproductionofcarbonmaterialscanprovideeconomicbenefitstoruralcommunitiesbycreatingnewemploymentopportunitiesandimprovingthevalueofagriculturalwaste.

However,therearestillsomechallengesthatneedtobeaddressedtofullyrealizethepotentialofbiomass-derivedcarbonmaterials.Oneofthechallengesis