EversinceEuropeanfirstexploredAustralia,peoplehavebeentryingtounderstandtheancientrockdrawingsandcarvingscreatedbytheAborigines,theoriginalinhabitantsofthecontinent.Earlyinthenineteenthcentury,encounterswithAboriginalrockarttendedtobeinfrequentandopentospeculativeinterpretation,butsincethelatenineteenthcentury,awarenessoftheextentandvarietyofAustralianrockarthasbeengrowing.InthelatterdecadesofthetwentiethcenturytherewereintensifiedeffortstounderstandandrecordtheabundanceofAustralianrockart.Accordingtoparagraph1,thetwentieth-centuryapproachtostudyingAustralianrockartwasdifferentfromearlierapproachesbecausethetwentieth-centuryapproachrecognizedthatmanydifferentgroupsofAboriginescreatedAustralianrockconcentratedonalimitedrangeofAboriginalrockexaminedAboriginalartfromanAboriginalratherthanfromaEuropeanfocusedmoreintenselyonunderstanding ingrockInthestudyofperceptualabilitiesofinfants,anumberoftechniquesareusedtodetermineinfants'responsestovariousstimuli.Becausetheycannotverbalizeorfilloutquestionnaires,indirecttechniquesofnaturalisticobservationareusedastheprimarymeansofdeterminingwhatinfantscansee,hear,feel,andsoforth.Eachofthesemethodscomparesaninfant'sstatepriortotheintroductionofastimuluswithitsstateduringorimmedia yfollowingthestimulus.Thedifferencebetweenthetwomeasuresprovidestheresearcherwithanindicationofthelevelanddurationoftheresponsetothestimulus.Forexample,ifauniformlymovingpatternofsomesortispassedacrossthevisualfieldofaneonate(newborn),repetitivefollowingmovementsoftheeyeoccur.Theoccurrenceoftheseeyemovementsprovidesevidencethatthemovingpatternisperceivedatsomelevelbythenewborn.Similarly,changesintheinfant'sgenerallevelofmotoractivity—turningthehead,blinkingtheeyes,crying,andsoforth—havebeenusedbyresearchersasvisualindicatorsoftheinfant'sperceptualabilities.Paragraph1indicatesthatresearchersuseindirectmethodsprimarilytoobserverangeofmotoractivityofanfrequencyanddurationofvariouschangeinaninfant'sstatefollowingtheintroductionofarangeofaninfant'svisual=原文人名/指代詞答案：AAlthoughtheremarkableantiquityofAustralia’srockartisnowestablished,thesequencesandmeaningsofitsimageshavebeenwidelydebated.Sincethemid-1970s,areasonablystablepicturehasformedoftheorganizationofAustralianrockart.Inordertocreateasenseofstructuretothispicture,researchershavereliedonadistinctionthatstillunderliestheformsofmuchindigenousvisualculture—adistinctionbetweengeometricandfigurativeelements.Simplegeometricrepeatedpatterns—circles,concentriccircles,andlines—constitutetheiconography(characteristicimages)oftheearliestrock-artsitesfoundacrossAustralia.Thefrequencywithwhichcertainsimplemotifsappearintheseoldestsiteshasledrock-artresearcherstoadoptadescriptiveterm—thePanaramiteestyle—alabelwhichtakesitsnamefromtheextensiverockpavementsatPanaramiteeNorthindesertSouthAustralia,whicharecoveredwithmotifspeckedintothesurface.Certainfeaturesoftheseengravingsleadtotheconclusionthattheyareofgreatage—geologicalchangeshadclearlyhappenedafterthedesignshadbeenmadeandlocalAboriginalinformants,whenfirstquestionedaboutthem,seemedtoknownothingoftheirorigins.Furthermore,thedesignswerecoveredwith“desertvarnish,”aglazethatdevelopsonrocksurfacesoverthousandsofyearsofexposuretotheelements.ThesimplemotifsfoundatPanaramiteearecommontomanyrock-artsitesacrossAustralia.Indeed,siteswithengravingsofgeometricshapesarealsotobefoundontheislandofTasmania,whichwasseparatedfromtheofthecontinentsome10,000yearsWhichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?IncorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleavewaysorleaveoutessentialTheoldestrockartsiteshavesimplermotifsthanthebestknownsitesofPanaramiteeBecausemotifsprimarilyassociatedwiththePanaramiteeregionarecommonintheoldestsites,thetermPanaramiteestylehas ethegeneraltermforrockartofthistype.BecausethePanaramiteestyleissocommonintheoldersites,researchershavedescribeditmostThemotifscarvedintherockysurfaceofthePanaramiteeregionmakeuptheoldestformofrockartdiscoveredinAustralia.Accordingtoparagraph4,researchershaveorganizedandstructuredAustralianrockartbydistinguishingbetweenwhichofthefollowing?ImagesfoundatPanaramiteeNorthandimagesfoundinotherpartsofImagesfoundinaparticulartypeofrocklayerandimagesfoundinothertypesofrockImagesthathavegeometricelementsandimagesthathavefigurativeImagesthataretypicallyfoundandimagethatarerarelyAccordingtoparagraph4,allofthefollowingaresignsofthegreatageofthePanaramiteeengravingsTheengravingsconsistedofsimpleanimalTheengravingswerecoveredwithalayerofasubstanceknownas“desertLocalAborigineswhowereaskedknewnothingabouttheoriginoftheGeologicchangeshadoccurredaftertheengravingswereWhydoestheauthorincludeinformationaboutTasmaniainparagraphToprovideevidencethatthePanaramiteestyleiswidespreadandofgreatToprovethatAboriginalAustralianscouldnothavemadethecarvingsinToindicatehowresearchershavedeterminedhowlongagoTasmaniaseparatedfromToillustratetheimportanceofgeometricrockarttotourisminInthe1970swhenthestudyofAustralianarchaeologywasinanexcitingphaseofdevelopment,withthegreatantiquityofrockart ingclear,LesleyMaynard,thearchaeologistwhocoinedthephrase“Panaramiteestyle,”suggestedthatasequencecouldbedeterminedforAustralianrockart,inwhichageometricstylegavewaytoasimplefigurativestyle(outlinesoffiguresandanimals),followedbyarangeofcomplexfigurativestylesthat,unlikethepan-Australiangeometrictraditiontendedtobemuchgreaterregionaldiversity.Whileacceptingthatthissequencefitsthearchaeologicalprofileofthosesites,whichwereoccupiedcontinuouslyovermanythousandsofyears,anumberofwritershavewarnedthattheunderlyingassumptionofsuchasequence—adevelopmentfromthesimpleandthegeometrictothecomplexandnaturalistic—obscurestheculturalcontinuitiesinAboriginalAustralia,inwhichgeometricsymbolismremainsfundamentallyimportant.Inthiscontextthesimplicityofageometricmotifmaybemoreapparentthanreal.MotifsofseemingsimplicitycanencodecomplexmeaningsinAboriginalAustralia.Andhasnottwentieth-centuryartshownthatnaturalismdoesnotnecessarilyfollow ioninsomekindofpredeterminesequence?Accordingtoparagraph5,thecomplexfigurativestylediffersfromthegeometricstyleinthatthecomplexfigurativestylevariessignificantlyfromregiontoismoreappearsononlyafewtypesofhaschangedlittleAccordingtoparagraph5,LesleyMaynardmadewhichofthefollowingsuggestionsaboutAustralianrockart?TherewereapatternofhumanfiguresbeingrepresentedinamorecomplexstylethananimalAustralianarchaeologyshouldconcentrateondeterminingthesequenceofstylesthatleduptothePanaramiteestyle.ThegreatantiquityofAustralianrockartwouldprobablymakeitimpossibletodeterminetheagesofthevariousstylesfoundinrockart.ThegeometricstyleofAustralianrockartwasrecedbyincreasinglycomplexfigurativeInparagraph5,theauthorindicatesthattwentiethcenturyarthasshownthatnaturalismdoesnotnecessarilyfollow ioninsomekindofpredeterminedsequenceinordertoemphasizethatitmaynotbepossibletodeterminewhatthefiguresinancientrockartsuggestareplytothosewhohavequestionedMaynard’sinterpretationofthesequenceofAustralianrockartprovideacounterexampletoMaynard’sinterpretationofthesequenceofAustralianrockindicatethattwentiethcenturyartismoreadvancedthanancientrockLong-distancetradeinobsidianprobablygavetheeliteresidentsofTeotihuacánaccesstoawidevarietyofexoticgood,aswellasarelativelyprosperouslife.SuchsuccessmayhaveattractedimmigrantstoTeotihuacán.Inaddition,Teotihuacán’selitemayhaveconsciouslyattemptedtoattractnewinhabitants.Itisalsoprobablethatasearlyas200B.C.,Teotihuacánmayhaveachievedsomereligioussignificanceanditsshrine(orshrines)mayhaveservedasanadditionalpopulationmagnet.Finally,thegrowingpopulationwasprobablyfedbyincreasingthenumberandsizeofirrigatedfields.SelecttheTWOanswerchoicesthatarementionedinparagraph5asbeingfeaturesofTeotihuacánthatmayhaveattractedimmigrantstothecity.Toreceivecredit,youmustselectTWOanswers.TheprosperityofthePlentyofavailableOpportunitiesforwell-paidagriculturalThepresenceofoneormorereligiousAsthedemandforagriculturalproducefrombothconsumersandindustryincreased,agriculturallandbecamemorevaluableandpeopletriedtoworktheavailablelandmoreintensivelyandtoreclaimmorelandfromwetlandsandlakes.Inordertoincreaseproductiononexistingland,thepeasantsmademoreuseofcroprotationand,inparticular,begantoapplyanimalwastetothesoilregularly,ratherthanleavingthefertilizationprocessuptothegrazinglivestock.Forthefirsttimeindustrialwaste,suchasashfromthesoap-boilers,wascollectedinthecitiesandsoldinthecountryasartificialfertilizer.Theincreasedyieldandpriceoflandjustifiedreclaiminganddrainingevenmoreland.SelecttheTWOanswerchoicesthat,accordingtoparagraph4,indicatetwomethodspeopleusedtoincreasetheproductivityoftheirland.ToreceivecredityoumustselectTWOanswersTheynteddifferentcropsindifferentsectionsofthefarmeachTheyusedimprovedirrigationmethodstoincreasetheyieldofTheyincreasedtheuseoffertilizerstosupplymorenutrientstoTheyusednewhorticulturalpracticestoproducedifferentvarietiesofntsinthesamesectionoftheStatueswerenormallymadeofstone,wood,ormetal.Stonestatueswereworkedfromsinglerectangularblocksofmaterialandretainedthecompactnessoftheoriginalshape.Thestonebetweenthearmsandthebodyandbetweenthelegsinstandingfiguresorthelegsandtheseatinseatedoneswasnotnormallycutaway.Fromapracticalaspectthisprotectedthefiguresagainstbreakageandpsychologicallygivestheimagesasenseofstrengthandpower,usuallyenhancedbyasupportingbackpillar.Bycontrast,woodenstatueswerecarvedfromseveralpiecesofwoodthatwerepeggedtogethertoformthefinishedwork,andmetalstatueswereeithermadebywrapsheetmetalaroundawoodencoreorcastbythelostwaxprocess.Thearmscouldbeheldawayfromthebodyandcarryseparateitemsintheirhands;thereisnobackpillar.Theeffectisaltogetherlighterand rthanthatachievedinstone,butbecausebothperformthesamefunction,formalwoodenandmetalstatuesstilldisyfrontality.Accordingtoparagraph3,whywerecertainareasofastonestatueleftTopreventdamagebyprovidingphysicalToemphasizethatthematerialwasasimportantasthefigureToemphasizethatthefigurewasnotmeanttobearealhumanToprovide withthechancetofinishtheAccordingtoparagraph3,whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutwoodenstatuesisWoodenstatueswereusuallylargerthanstoneWoodenstatuesweremadefromasinglepieceofWoodenstatuescontainedpiecesofmetalorstoneattachedtotheWoodenstatueshadadifferenteffectontheviewerthanstoneEvendevelopmentinarchitecturehasbeentheresultofmajortechnologicalchanges,materialsandmethodsofconstructionareintegralpartsofthedesignofarchitecturestructures.Inearliertimesitwasnecessarytodesignstructuralsystemssuitableforthematerialsthatwereavailable,suchaswood,stone,brick.Todaytechnologyhasprogressedtothepointwhereitispossibletoinventnewbuildingmaterialstosuitthetypeofstructuredesired.Enormouschangesinmaterialsandtechniquesofconstructionwithinthelastfewgenerationshavemadeitpossibletoenclosespacewithmuchgreatereaseandspeedandwithaminimumofmaterial.Progressinthisareacanbemeasuredbythedifferenceinweightbetweenbuildingsbuiltnowandthoseofcomparablesizebuiltonehundredago.Accordingtoparagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrueaboutmaterialsusedintheconstructionofBecausenewbuildingmaterialsarehardtofind,constructiontechniqueshavechangedverylittlefrompastgenerations.TheavailabilityofsuitablebuildingmaterialsnolongerlimitsthetypesofstructuresthatmaybeTheprimarybuildingmaterialsthatareavailabletodayarewood,stone,andArchitectsinearliertimesdidnothaveenoughbuildingmaterialstoencloselargeModernarchitecturalformsgenerallyhavethreeseparatecomponentscomparabletoelementsofthehumanbody;asupportingskeletonorframe,anouterskinenclosingtheinteriorspaces,equipment,similartothebody’svitalorgansandsystems.Theequipmentincludesplumbing,electricalwiring,hotwater,andair-conditioning.Ofcourseinearlierarchitecture—suchasigloosandadobestructures—therewasnosuchequipment,andtheskeletonandskinwereoftenone.Whichofthefollowingcorrectlycharacterizestherelationshipbetweenthehumanbodyandarchitecturethatisdescribedinparagraph5?Complexequipmentinsidebuildingsistheoneelementinmodernarchitecturethatresemblesacomponentofthehumanbody.ThecomponentsinearlybuildingsweresimilartothreeparticularelementsofthehumanModernbuildingshavecomponentsthatareaslikelytochangeasthehumanbodyIngeneral,modernbuildingsmorecloselyresemblethehumanbodythanearlierbuildingsTwospeciesofdeerhavebeenprevalentinthePugetSoundareaofWashingtonStateinthePacificNorthwestoftheUnitedStates.Theblack-taileddeer,alowland,west-sidecousinofthemuledeerofeasternWashington,isnowthemostcommon.Theotherspecies,theColumbianwhite-taileddeer,inearliertimeswascommonintheopenprairiecountry,itisnowrestrictedtothelow,marshyislandsandfloodinsalongthelowerColumbiaRiver.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingistrueofthewhite-taileddeerofPugetItisnativetolowlandsandItismorecloselyrelatedtothemuledeerofeasternWashingtonthantoothertypesofIthasrecedtheblack-taileddeerintheopenItnolongerlivesinaparticulartypeofhabitatthatitonceEachsoldierreceivedhispay,butinregionswithoutadevelopedeconomytherewasinitiallylittleonwhichitcouldbespent.Thepoolofexcesscashrapidlystimulatedathrivingeconomyoutsidefortgates.Someofthedemandfortheservicesandgoodswasnodoubtfulfilledbypeopledrawnfromfarafield,butsomelocalpeoplecertainlybecameentwinedinthisneweconomy.Therewasinformalmarriagewithsoldiers,whountilAD197werenotlegallyentitledtowed,andwholenewcommunitiesgrewupneartheforts.Thesesettlementsactedlikesmalltowns, ingcentersfortheartisanandtradingpopulations.Accordingtoparagraph3,howdidthesoldiersmeettheirneedsforgoodsandTheirneedsweremetbythearmy,andalloftheireconomictransactionstookcewithintheMostoftheirneedsweremetbytravelingtradespeoplewhovisittheDuringtheirdaysoff,soldierstraveledtodistanttownstomakeTheyboughtwhattheyneededfromtheartisansandtradersinnearbyRelianceontradehadseveralimportantconsequences.Productionwasgenerallyinthehandsofskilledindividualartisans ngpieceworkunderthetu ageofamasterwhowasalsotheshopowner.Intheseshopsdifferencesofrankwereblurredasartisansandmasterslaboredsidebysideinthesamemodestestablishment,wereusuallymembersofthesameguildandreligioussect,livedinthesameneighborhoods,andoftenhadassumed(orreal)kinshiprelationships.Theworkerwasboundtothemasterbyamutualcontractthateitheronecouldrepudiate,andtherelationshipwasconceptualizedasoneofTheword“repudiate”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningAccordingtoparagraph2,howdidMiddleEasternshopownerstreattheirWorkerswererankedaccordingtotheirskilllevel,withthemost-experiencedartisans ingpartialownersoftheshop.Shopownerstreateddifferentworkersdifferentlydependingonhowmuchtheworkershadincommonwiththeirmasters.WorkerswereboundtotheirmastersbyunbreakablecontractsthatstrictlydefinedthetermsoftheirTheshopownerworkedalongsidetheworkersandoftenconsideredthempartnerandmembersoftheDuringNREM(thephaseofsleepinwhichthereisnorapideyemovement)breathing esdeeperandmoreregular,butthereisalsoadecreaseinthebreathingrate,resultinginlessairbeingexchangedoverall.ThisoccursbecauseduringNREMsleeptheautomatic,metabolicsystemhasexclusivecontroloverbreathingandthebodyuseslessoxygenandproduceslesscarbondioxide.Also,duringsleeptheautomaticmetabolicsystemislessresponsivetocarbondioxidelevelsandoxygenlevelsintheblood.Twothingsresultfromthesechangesinbreathingcontrolthatoccurduringsleep.First,theremaybeabriefcessationorreductionofbreathingwhenfallingasleepasthesleeperwaxesandwanesbetweensleepandwakefulnessandtheirdifferingcontrolmechanisms.Second,oncesleepisfullyobtained,thereisanincreaseofcarbondioxideandadecreaseofoxygeninthebloodthatpersistsduringNREM.ThewordexclusiveinthepassageisclosestinmeaningAccordingtoparagraph3,whichofthefollowingmayoccurjustbeforeNREMsleepTheautomatic,metabolicsystemmayincreaseitsdependenceonairBreathingcanstopforashorttimeasafallsAnincreaseintheoxygenlevelinthebloodcanoccuras esfullyThelevelofcarbondioxideinthebloodmaydropTwoadditionaltechniquesofstudyinginfantperceptionhavecomeintovogue.Thefirstisthehabituation-dishabituationtechnique,inwhichasinglestimulusispresentedrepeatedlytotheinfantuntilthereisameasurabledecline(habituation)inwhateverattendingbehaviorisbeingobserved.Atthatpointanewstimulusispresented,andanyrecovery(dishabituation)inresponsivenessisrecorded.Iftheinfantfailstodishabituateandcontinuestoshowhabituationwiththenewstimulus,itisassumedthatthebabyisunabletoperceivethenewstimulusasdifferent.Thehabituation-dishabituationparadigmhasbeenusedmostextensivelywithstudiesofauditoryandolfactoryperceptionininfants.Thesecondtechniquereliesonevokedpotentials,whichareelectricalbrainresponsesthatmayberelatedtoaparticularstimulusbecauseofwheretheyoriginate.Changesintheelectricalpatternofthebrainindicatethatthestimulusisgettingthroughtotheinfant'scentralnervoussystemandelicitingsomeformofresponse.Inparagraph4,whatdoestheauthorsuggestaboutthewayaninfant'sbrainperceivesAninfant'spotentialtorespondtoastimulusmayberelatedtothesizeofitsChangesintheelectricalpatternsofaninfant'sbrainaredifficulttoDifferentareasofaninfant'sbrainrespondtodifferenttypesofAninfantisunabletoperceivemorethanonestimulusataInthemiddleofthenineteenthcentury,LouisAgassiz,oneofthefirstscientiststostudyglaciers,immigratedtotheUnitedStatesfromSwitzerlandandbecameaprofessoratHarvardUniversity,wherehehisstudiesingeologyandothersciences.Forhisresearch,AgassizvisitedmanycesinthenorthernpartsofEuropeandNorthAmerica,fromthemountainsofScandinaviaandNewEnglandtotherollinghillsoftheAmericanMidwest.Inallthesediverseregions,Agassizsawsignsofglacialerosionandsedimentation.Inflatinscountry,hesawmoraines(accumulationsofearthandlooserockthatformattheedgesofglaciers)thatremindedhimoftheterminalmorainesfoundattheendofvalleyglaciersintheAlps.Theheterogeneousmaterialofthedrift(sand,clay,androcksdepositedthere)convincedhimofitsglacialorigin.Accordingtoparagraph1,whatpersuadedLouisAgassizthatglaciationinthepasthadbeenGeologicdifferencesbetweenmountainvalleysandflatThepresenceofsimilarglacialmaterialinmanydifferentGeologicresearchonmountainglaciersintheEvidenceofregionaldifferencesinthedriftcausedbyglacialSpeculationontheoriginofthesePacificislandersbeganassoonasoutsidersencounteredthem,intheabsenceofsolidlinguistic,archaeological,andbiologicaldata,manyfancifulandmutuallyexclusivetheoriesweredevised.PacificislanderswerevariouslythoughttohavecomefromNorthAmerica,SouthAmerica,Egypt,Israel,and ,aswellasSoutheastAsia.ManyoldertheoriesimplicitlydeprecatedthenavigationalabilitiesandoverallculturalcreativityofthePacificislanders.Forexample,BritishanthropologistsG.ElliotSmithandW.J.PerryassumedthatonlyEgyptianswouldhavebeenskilledenoughtonavigateandcolonizethePacific.TheyinferredthattheEgyptiansevencrossedthePacifictofoundthegreatcivilizationsoftheNewWorld(NorthandSouthAmerica).In1947NorwegianadventurerThorHeyerdahldriftedonabalsa-lograftwestwardwiththewindsandcurrentsacrossthePacificfromSouthAmericatoprovehistheorythatPacificislanderswereNativeAmericans(alsocalledAmericanAccordingtoParagraph2,whichofthefollowingledsomeearlyresearcherstobelievethatthePacificislandersoriginallycamefromEgypt?EgyptianswereknowntohavefoundedothergreatSailorsfromotherpartsoftheworldwerebelievedtolacktheskillsneededtotravelacrosstheLinguistic,archaeological,andbiologicaldataconnectedtheislandstoEgyptianaccountsclaimedresponsibilityforcolonizingthePacificaswellastheTheDeerPopulationinPudgetSoundAndwhengamemovedoutofthelowlandsinearlyspring,theexpeditiondecidedtoreturneastratherthanfacepossiblestarvation.Lateronintheearlyyearsofthenineteenthcentury,whenFortVancouverbecametheheadquartersoftheHudson'sBay,deerpopulations tofluctuate.DavidDouglas,Scottishbotanicalexplorerofthe1830s,foundadisturbingchangeintheanimallifearoundthefortduringtheperiodbetweenhisfirstvisitin1825andhisfinalcontactwiththefortin1832.ArecentDouglasbiographerstates:"Thedeerwhichoncepicturesquelydottedthemeadowsaroundthefortweregone[in1832],huntedtoexterminationinordertoprotectthecrops."Accordingtoparagraph3,howhadFortVancouverchangedbythetimeDavidDouglasreturnedinThefort etheheadquartersfortheHudson'sBayDeerhadbegunpopulatingthemeadowsaroundtheDeerpopulationsneartheforthadbeenCropyieldsintheareaaroundtheforthadThankstoextremelyfine-grainedexcavationandextensiveuseofflotationmethods(throughwhichseedsarerecoveredfromsoilsamples),weknowagreatdealabouttheforagingpracticesoftheinhabitantsofAbuHureyrainSyria'sEuphratesvalley.AbuHureyrawasfoundedabout9500B.C,asmallvillagesettlementofcrampedpitdwellings(housesdugpartiallyinthesoil)withreedroofssupportedbywoodenuprights.Forthenext1,500years,itsinhabitantsenjoyedasomewhatwarmeranddamperclimatethantoday,livinginawell-woodedsteppeareawherewildcerealgrasseswereabundant.TheysubsistedoffspringmigrationsofPersiangazellesfromthesouth.Withsuchafavorablelocation,about300to400peoplelivedinasizable,permanentsettlement.Theywerenolongeraseriesofsmallbandsbutlivedinalargecommunitywithmoreelaboratesocialorganization,probablygroupedintoclansofpeopleofcommondescent.Paragraph3suggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthesettlementofAbuThesettlementwasinhabitedbysmallgroupsofpeoplefromnearbySmallbandsofpeoplemigratedinandoutoftheThelocationofthesettlementmadepermanentdevelopmentTheeasyavailabilityoffoodledtothegrowthoftheThedetailedappearanceofMartianimpactcratersprovides3nimportantpieceofinformationaboutconditionsjustbelowthenedssurface.Martiancratersaresurroundedbyejecta(debrisformedasaresultofanimpact)thatlooksquitedifferentfromitslunarcounterparts.AcomparisonoftheCopernicuscraterontheMoonwiththe(fairlytypical)craterYutyonMarsdemonstratesthedifferences.Theejectasurroundingthelunarcraterisjustwhatonewouldexpectfromanexplosionejectingalargevolumeofdust,soil,andboulders.However,theejectaonMarsgivesthedistinctimpressionofaliquidthathassshedorflowedoutofthecrater.Geologiststhinkthatthisfluidizedejectacraterindicatesthatalayerofpermafrost,orwaterice,liesjustafewmetersunderthesurface.Explosiveimpactsheatedandliquefiedtheice,resultinginthefluidappearanceoftheejecta.Accordingtoparagraph6,theejectaofMars'scraterYutydiffersfromtheejectaoftheMoon'sCopernicuscraterinthattheejectaoftheYutycraterhas epartofapermafrostcontainsalargevolumeofdust,soil,andsuggeststhatliquidoncecameoutofthesurfaceatthecraterwasthrownacomparativelylongdistancefromthecenteroftheOnceallthisinformationhasbeengathered,it espossibletojudgewhetheralake’sflowismainlyduetoitssurfaceinputsandoutputsortoitsundergroundinputsandoutputs.Iftheformeraregreater,thelakeisasurface-water-dominatedlake;ifthelatter,itisaseedominatedlake.Occasionally,common lsyouwhichofthesetwopossibilitiesapplies.Forexample,apondinhillycountrythatmaintainsasteadywaterlevelallthroughadrysummerinspiteofhavingnostreamsflowingintoitmustobviouslybeseepagedominated.Conversely,apondwithastreamflowinginoneendandouttheother,whichdriesupwhenthestreamdriesup,isclearlysurfacewaterdominated.Accordingtoparagraph3,whichofthefollowingbestdescribesaseedominatedAlakethatisfedbystreamsbutstillhasfluctuatingwaterAlakewithaconstantwaterlevelthathasnostreamsorriversasAlakewithastreamflowingintoitandastreamflowingoutofAlakethathassurfaceandundergroundinputsbutloseswaterduringdryManysignalsthatanimalsmakeseemtoimposeonthesignalerscoststhatareoverlydamaging.Aclassicexampleisnoisybeggingbynestlingsongbirdswhenaparentreturnstothenestwithfood.Theseloudcheepsandpeepsmightgivethelocationofthenestawaytoalisteninghawkorraccoon,resultinginthedeathofthedefenselessnestlings.Infact,whentapesofbeggingtreeswallowswereyedatanartificialswallownestcontaininganegg,theegginthat“noisy”nestwastakenordestroyedbypredatorsbeforetheegginanearbyquietnestin29of37trials.Accordingtoparagraph1,theexperimentwithtapesofbeggingtreeswallowsestablisheswhichoftheBeggingbynestlingbirdscanattracttheattentionofpredatorstotheNestpredatorsattackneststhatcontainnestlingsmorefrequentlythantheyattackneststhatcontainonlyeggs.TapesofbeggingnestlingsattractpredatorstothenestlessfrequentlythanrealbeggingcallsNestpredatorshavenoothermeansoflocatingbirdnestsexceptthebeggingcallsofnestlingFurtherevidenceforthecostsofbeggingcomesfromastudyofdifferencesinthebeggingcallsofwarblerspeciesthatnestonthegroundversusthosethatnestintherelativesafetyoftrees.Theyoungofground-nestingwarblersproducebeggingcheepsofhigherfrequenciesthandotheirtree-nestingrelatives.Thesehigher-frequencysoundsdonottravelasfar,andsomaybetterconcealtheindividualsproducingthem,whoareespeciallyvulnerabletopredatorsintheirgroundnests.DavidHaskellcreatedartificialnestswithclayeggsandcedthemonthegroundbesideataperecorderthatyedthebeggingcallsofeithertree-nestingorofground-nestingwarblers.Theeggs“advertised”bythetree-nesters'beggingcallswerefoundbittensignificantlymoreoftenthantheeggsassociatedwiththeground-nesters'calls.Theexperimentdescribedinparagraph2supportswhichofthefollowingPredatorsareunabletodistinguishbet