貿(mào)易方式詞匯一、貿(mào)易詞匯1、貿(mào)易方式stocks存貨，庫存量cashsale現(xiàn)貨purchase購買，進(jìn)貨bulksale整批銷售，躉售distributionchannels銷售渠道wholesale批發(fā)retailtrade零售業(yè)hire-purchase分期付款購買fluctuateinlinewithmarketconditions隨行就市unfaircompetition不合理競爭dumping商品傾銷dumpingprofitmargin傾銷差價，傾銷幅度antidumping反傾銷customsbond海關(guān)擔(dān)保chaindebts三角債freightforwarder貨運代理tradeconsultation貿(mào)易磋商mediationofdispute商業(yè)糾紛調(diào)解partialshipment分批裝運restraintoftrade貿(mào)易管制RTA(RegionalTradeArrangements)區(qū)域貿(mào)易安排favorablebalanceoftrade貿(mào)易順差unfavorablebalanceoftrade貿(mào)易逆差specialpreferences優(yōu)惠關(guān)稅bondedwarehouse保稅倉庫transittrade轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易tariffbarrier關(guān)稅壁壘taxrebate出口退稅TBT(TechnicalBarrierstoTrade)技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘2、貿(mào)易伙伴tradepartner貿(mào)易伙伴manufacturer制造商，制造廠middleman中間商，經(jīng)紀(jì)人dealer經(jīng)銷商wholesaler批發(fā)商retailer,tradesman零售商merchant商人，批發(fā)商，零售商concessionaire,licenseddealer受讓人，特許權(quán)獲得者consumer消費者，用戶client,customer顧客，客戶buyer買主，買方carrier承運人consignee收貨人3、進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易commerce,trade,trading貿(mào)易inlandtrade,hometrade,domestictrade國內(nèi)貿(mào)易internationaltrade國際貿(mào)易foreigntrade,externaltrade對外貿(mào)易，外貿(mào)import,importation進(jìn)口importer進(jìn)口商export,exportation出口exporter出口商importlicence進(jìn)口許口證exportlicence出口許口證commercialtransaction買賣，交易inquiry詢盤delivery交貨order訂貨makeacompleteentry正式/完整申報badaccount壞帳BillofLading提單marinebillsoflading海運提單shippingorder托運單blankendorsed空白背書endorsed背書cargoreceipt承運貨物收據(jù)condemnedgoods有問題的貨物catalogue商品目錄customsliquidation清關(guān)customsclearance結(jié)關(guān)4、貿(mào)易價格tradeterm/priceterm價格術(shù)語world/internationalmarketprice國際市場價格FOB(freeonboard)離岸價C&F(costandfreight)成本加運費價CIF(cost,insuranceandfreight)到岸價freight運費wharfage碼頭費landingcharges卸貨費customsduty關(guān)稅portdues港口稅importsurcharge進(jìn)口附加稅importvariableduties進(jìn)口差價稅commission傭金returncommission回傭，回扣priceincludingcommission含傭價netprice凈價wholesaleprice批發(fā)價discount/allowance折扣retailprice零售價spotprice現(xiàn)貨價格currentprice現(xiàn)行價格/時價indicativeprice參考價格customsvaluation海關(guān)估價pricelist價目表totalvalue總值5、貿(mào)易保險AllRisks一切險F.P.A.(FreefromParticularAverage)平安險W.A./W.P.A(WithAverageorWithParticularAverage)水漬險WarRisk戰(zhàn)爭險F.W.R.D.(FreshWaterRainDamage)淡水雨淋險RiskofIntermixtureandContamination混雜、玷污險RiskofLeakage滲漏險RiskofOdor串味險RiskofRust銹蝕險ShortageRisk短缺險T.P.N.D.(Theft,Pilferage&Non-delivery)偷竊提貨不著險StrikesRisk罷工險6、貿(mào)易機構(gòu)WTO(WorldTradeOrganization)世界貿(mào)易組織IMF(InternationalMonetaryFund)國際貨幣基金組織CTG(CouncilforTradeinGoods)貨幣貿(mào)易理事會EFTA(EuropeanFreeTradeAssociation)歐洲自由貿(mào)易聯(lián)盟AFTA(ASEANFreeTradeArea)東盟自由貿(mào)易區(qū)JCCT(China-USJointCommissiononCommerceandTrade)中美商貿(mào)聯(lián)委會NAFTA(NorthAmericanFreeTradeArea)北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)UNCTAD(UnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment)聯(lián)合國貿(mào)易與發(fā)展會議GATT(GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade)關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定7、詞組及固定用法foreigntrade對外貿(mào)易o(hù)verseastrade海外貿(mào)易internationaltrade國際貿(mào)易totradewith和……進(jìn)行貿(mào)易todobusinessinamoderateway做生意穩(wěn)重todobusinessinasincereway做生意誠懇tomakeadeal做一筆交易deal交易，經(jīng)營，處理，與……交往todealin經(jīng)營，做生意toexplorethepossibilitiesof探討……的可能性tradecircles貿(mào)易界tohandle經(jīng)營某商品totradein經(jīng)營某商品businessscope/frame經(jīng)營范圍tradingfirm/house貿(mào)易行，商行tradebycommodities商品貿(mào)易visibletrade有形貿(mào)易invisibletrade無形貿(mào)易bartertrade易貨貿(mào)易bilateraltrade雙邊貿(mào)易triangletrade三角貿(mào)易multilateraltrade多邊貿(mào)易countertrade對銷貿(mào)易；抵償貿(mào)易counterpurchase互購貿(mào)易buy-back回購貿(mào)易compensationtrade補償貿(mào)易processingtrade來料加工貿(mào)易assemblingtrade來料裝配貿(mào)易leasingtrade租賃貿(mào)易inexchangefor用……交換……tradeagreement貿(mào)易協(xié)議8、示例詞匯：ChinaScooter中國踏板車ChinaScooterExporter中國踏板車出口商ChinaScooterProducers中國踏板車生產(chǎn)商ChinaScooterSuppliers中國踏板車供貨商ScooterChinaExporter中國踏板車出口商ScooterChinaProducers中國踏板車生產(chǎn)商ScooterChinaSuppliers中國踏板車供貨商ScooterExporter踏板車出口商ScooterExporterChina中國踏板車出口商ScooterExporters踏板車出口商ScooterFactories踏板車工廠ScooterFactory踏板車工廠ScooterManufacturer踏板車制造廠家ScooterManufacturers踏板車制造商ScooterManufacturing踏板車制造ScooterProducer踏板車生產(chǎn)商ScooterProducers踏板車生產(chǎn)商ScooterProducersChina中國踏板車生產(chǎn)商ScooterProduct踏板車產(chǎn)品ScooterProducts踏板車產(chǎn)品ScooterSupplier踏板車供貨商ScooterSuppliers踏板車供貨商ScooterSuppliersChina中國踏板車供貨商二、貿(mào)易語句TheymainlytradewithJapanesefirms.他們主要和日本商行進(jìn)行貿(mào)易。Forthepastfiveyears,wehavedonealotoftradewithyourcompany.在過去的五年中，我們與貴國進(jìn)行了罅康拿騁住?/P>Ourtradeisconductedonthebasisofequality.我們是在平等的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行貿(mào)易。Therehasbeenaslowdowninthewooltradewithyou.和你們的羊毛貿(mào)易已有所減少。Ourforeigntradeiscontinuouslyexpanding.我們的對外貿(mào)易不斷發(fā)展。Tradeinleatherhasgoneup(down)3%.皮革貿(mào)易上升（下降）了百分之三。Tradeingeneralisimproving.貿(mào)易情況正在好轉(zhuǎn)。Ourcompanymainlytradesinartsandcrafts.我們公司主要經(jīng)營手工藝品。Theyarewell-knownintradecircles.他們在貿(mào)易界很有名望。Wetradewithpeopleinallcountriesonthebasisofequalityandmutualbenefit.我們在平等互利的基礎(chǔ)上和各國人民進(jìn)行貿(mào)易。TorespectthelocalcustomofthebuyingcountryisoneimportantaspectofChina'sforeignpolicy.尊重買方國家的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣是我國貿(mào)易政策的一個重要方面。Ourpurposeistoexplorethepossibilitiesofdevelopingtradewithyou.我們的目的是和你們探討一下發(fā)展貿(mào)易的可能性。Canwedoabartertrade?咱們能不能做一筆易貨貿(mào)易呢？Isitstilladirectbartertrade?這還算是一種直接的易貨貿(mào)易嗎？Ifyouagreetoourproposalofabartertrade,we'llgiveyoupaperinexchangeforyourtimber.如果你方同意我們進(jìn)行易貨貿(mào)易的建議，我們將用紙與你們交換木材。Shallwesignatriangletradeagreement?我們訂一個三角貿(mào)易協(xié)議好嗎？Atriangletradecanbecarriedoutamongthethreeofus.我們?nèi)娇蛇M(jìn)行三角貿(mào)易。Compensationtradeis,infact,akindofloan.補償貿(mào)易實際上是一種信貸。Wemayagreetodoprocessingtradewithyou.我們同意與你們進(jìn)行來料加工貿(mào)易。Ifyou'reinterestedinleasingtrade,pleaseletusknow.如果你們有意做租賃貿(mào)易，請告訴我們。Wewonderwhetheryoudocountertrade.我們不知道你們是否做抵償貿(mào)易。三、出席商務(wù)會議的常用英語Thefollowingphrasesareusedtoparticipateinameeting.Thesephrasesareusefulforexpressingyourideasandgivinginputtoameeting.GettingtheChairperson'sAttention引起會議主席的注意(Mister/Madam)chairman.MayIhaveaword?IfImay,Ithink...Excusemeforinterrupting.MayIcomeinhere?GivingOpinions表達(dá)意見I'mpositivethat...I(really)feelthat...Inmyopinion...ThewayIseethings...Ifyouaskme,...Itendtothinkthat...AskingforOpinions詢問意見Areyoupositivethat...Doyou(really)thinkthat...(nameofparticipant)canwegetyourinput?Howdoyoufeelabout...?Commenting做出評論That'sinteresting.Ineverthoughtaboutitthatwaybefore.Goodpoint!Igetyourpoint.Iseewhatyoumean.Agreeing表示同意Itotallyagreewithyou.Exactly!That's(exactly)thewayIfeel.Ihavetoagreewith(nameofparticipant).Disagreeing表示異議Unfortunately,Iseeitdifferently.UptoapointIagreewithyou,but...(I'mafraid)Ican'tagreeAdvisingandSuggesting提出建議Let's...Weshould...Whydon'tyou....How/Whatabout...Isuggest/recommendthat...Clarifying澄清Letmespellout...HaveImadethatclear?DoyouseewhatI'mgettingat?Letmeputthisanotherway...I'djustliketorepeatthat...RequestingInformation請求信息Please,couldyou...I'dlikeyouto...Wouldyoumind...Iwonderifyoucould...AskingforRepetition請求重復(fù)I'mafraidIdidn'tunderstandthat.Couldyourepeatwhatyoujustsaid?Ididn'tcatchthat.Couldyourepeatthat,please?Imissedthat.Couldyousayitagain,please?Couldyourunthatbymeonemoretime?AskingforClarification要求澄清Idon'tquitefollowyou.Whatexactlydoyoumean?I'mafraidIdon'tquiteunderstandwhatyouraregettingat.Couldyouexplaintomehowthatisgoingtowork?Idon'tseewhatyoumean.Couldwehavesomemoredetails,please?AskingforVerification請求確認(rèn)Youdidsaynextweek,didn'tyou?('did'isstressed)Doyoumeanthat...?Isittruethat...?AskingforSpelling請求拼寫Couldyouspellthat,please?Wouldyoumindspellingthatforme,please?AskingforContributions請求賜教Wehaven'theardfromyouyet,(nameofparticipant).Whatdoyouthinkaboutthisproposal?Wouldyouliketoaddanything,(nameofparticipant)?Hasanyoneelsegotanythingtocontribute?Arethereanymorecomments?CorrectingInformation更正Sorry,IthinkyoumisunderstoodwhatIsaid.Sorry,that'snotquiteright.I'mafraidyoudon'tunderstandwhatI'msaying.That'snotquitewhatIhadinmind.That'snotwhatImeant.KeepingtheMeetingOnTarget(time,relevance,decisions)轉(zhuǎn)入正題We'rerunningshortoftime.Well,thatseemstobeallthetimewehavetoday.Pleasebebrief.I'mafraidwe'verunoutoftime.I'mafraidthat'soutsidethescopeofthismeeting.Let'sgetbackontrack,whydon'twe?That'snotreallywhywe'reheretoday.Whydon'twereturntothemainfocusoftoday'smeeting.We'llhavetoleavethattoanothertime.We'rebeginningtolosesightofthemainpoint.Keeptothepoint,please.Ithinkwe'dbetterleavethatforanothermeeting.Arewereadytomakeadecision?四、商務(wù)合同及翻譯英譯商務(wù)合同貌似簡單，實則不然。商務(wù)合同是一種特殊的應(yīng)用文體，重在記實，用詞行文的一大特點就是準(zhǔn)確與嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。本文擬運用翻譯教學(xué)中所積累的英譯商務(wù)合同的實例，從三個方面論述如何從大處著眼、小處著手、力求準(zhǔn)確嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)英譯商務(wù)合同。1、酌情使用公文語慣用副詞商務(wù)合同屬于法律性公文，所以英譯時，有些詞語要用公文語詞語、特別是酌情使用英語慣用的一套公文語副詞，就會起到使譯文結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、邏輯嚴(yán)密、言簡意賅的作用。但是從一些合同的英文譯本中發(fā)現(xiàn)，這種公文語副同常被普通詞語所代替，從而影響到譯文的質(zhì)量。實際上，這種公文語慣用副同為數(shù)并不多，而已構(gòu)詞簡單易記。常用的這類副詞是由here、there、where等副詞分別加上after、by、in、of、on、to、under、upon、with等副詞，構(gòu)成一體化形式的公文語副詞。例如：從此以后、今后：hereafter；此后、以后：thereafter；在其上：thereonthereupon；在其下：thereunder；對于這個：hereto；對于那個：whereto；在上文：hereinabovehereinbefore；在下文：hereinafterhereinbelow；在上文中、在上一部分中：thereinbefore；在下文中、在下一部分中：thereinafter．現(xiàn)用兩個實例，說明在英譯合同中如何酌情使用上述副詞。例1：本合同自買方和建造方簽署之日生效。ThisContractshallcomeintoforcefromthedateofexecutionhereofbytheBuyerandtheBuilder.例2：下述簽署人同意在中國制造新產(chǎn)品，其品牌以此為合適。TheundersignedherebyagreesthatthenewproductswheretothistradenameismoreappropriatearemadeinChina.2、慎重處理合同的關(guān)鍵細(xì)目實踐證明，英譯合同中容易出現(xiàn)差錯的地方，一般來說，不是大的陳述性條款。而恰恰是一些關(guān)鍵的細(xì)目．比如：金錢、時間、數(shù)量等。為了避免出差錯，在英譯合同時，常常使用一些有限定作用的結(jié)構(gòu)來界定細(xì)目所指定的確切范圍。3.1限定責(zé)任眾所周知，合同中要明確規(guī)定雙方的責(zé)任。為英譯出雙方責(zé)任的權(quán)限與范圍，常常使用連詞和介詞的固定結(jié)構(gòu)?，F(xiàn)把最常用的此類結(jié)構(gòu)舉例說明如下。3.1.1and/or常用and/or英譯合同中“甲和乙+甲或乙”的內(nèi)容，這樣就可避免漏譯其中的一部分。例9：如果上述貨物對船舶和（或）船上其它貨物造成任何損害，托運人應(yīng)負(fù)全責(zé)。Theshippershallbeliableforalldamagecausedbysuchgoodstotheshipand/orcargoonbuard.3.1.2byandbetween常用byandbetween強調(diào)合同是由“雙方”簽訂的，因此雙方必須嚴(yán)格履行合同所賦于的責(zé)任。例10：買賣雙方同意按下述條款購買出售下列商品并簽訂本合同。ThisContractismadebyandbetweentheBuyerandtheSeller,wherebytheBuyeragreestobuyandtheSelleragreestoselltheundermentionedcommoditysubjecttothetermsandconditionsstipulatedbelow.3.2限定時間英譯與時間有關(guān)的文字，都應(yīng)非常嚴(yán)格慎重地處理，因為合同對時間的要求是準(zhǔn)確無誤。所以英譯起止時間時，常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)來限定準(zhǔn)確的時間。3.2.1雙介詞用雙介詞英譯含當(dāng)天日期在內(nèi)的起止時間。例11；自9月2O日起，甲方已無權(quán)接受任何定單或收據(jù)。PartyAshallbeunauthorizedtoacceptanyordersortocollectanyaccountonandafterSeptember20.例12：我公司的條件是，3個月內(nèi)，即不得晚于5月1日，支付現(xiàn)金。Ourtermsarecashwithinthreemonths,i.e.onorbeforeMaynot(no)laterthan用“not(no)laterthan+日期”英譯“不遲于某月某日”。例13：本合同簽字之日一個月內(nèi)，即不遲于12月15日，你方須將貨物裝船。PartyBshallshipthegoodswithinonemonthofthedateofsigningthisContract,i.e.notlaterthanDecemberinclude的相應(yīng)形式常用include的相應(yīng)形式：inclusive、including和included，來限定含當(dāng)日在內(nèi)的時間。例14：本證在北京議付，有效期至1月1日。ThiscreditexpirestillJanuary1(inclusive)fornegotiationinBeijing.(or:ThiscreditexpirestillandincludingJanuary1fornegotiationinBeijing.)如果不包括1月1日在內(nèi)，英譯為tillandnotincludingJanuary1。3.3限定金額為避免金額數(shù)量的差漏、偽造或涂改，英譯時常用以下措施嚴(yán)格把關(guān)。3.3.1.大寫文字重復(fù)金額英譯金額須在小寫之后，在括號內(nèi)用大寫文字重復(fù)該金額，即使原文合同中沒有大寫，英譯時也有必要加上大寫。在大寫文字前加上“SAY”，意為“大寫”；在最后加上“ONLY”。意思為“整”。必須注意：小寫與大寫的金額數(shù)量要一致。例16：聘方須每月付給受聘方美元500元整。PartyAshallpayPartyBamonthlysalaryofUS$500(SAYFIVEHUNDREDUSDOLLARSONLY).3.3.2.正確使用貨幣符號英譯金額必須注意區(qū)分和正確使用各種不同的貨幣名稱符號?！?”既可代表“美元”，又可代表其他某些地方的貨幣；而“￡”不僅代表“英鎊”，又可代表其他某些地方的貨幣。必須注意：當(dāng)金額用數(shù)字書寫時，金額數(shù)字必須緊*貨幣符號，例如：Can$891,568，不能寫成：Can$891,568。另外，翻譯的還要特別注意金額中是小數(shù)點（.）還是分節(jié)號（,），因為這兩個符號極易引起筆誤，稍有疏忽，其后果是不堪設(shè)想的。3、常見英語翻譯錯誤示例在一些由中文翻譯的英語樣本、合同、廣告和其他文件材料中常見一些翻譯錯誤，現(xiàn)僅舉幾個出現(xiàn)頻率較高的例子，試作分析，謹(jǐn)供讀者朋友參考。1.由港澳國際投資公司投資的?？陔娬竟こ桃蚱浣ㄔO(shè)速度和質(zhì)量得到高度評價。原譯文：TheHaikouPowerStationProjectinvestedbytheHongkong-MacauInternationalInvestmentCo,Ltd.washighlyappraisedforitsconstructionspeedandquality.注：投資某項工程應(yīng)為investinaproject，在被動語態(tài)中不能漏去前置詞in。應(yīng)譯為：TheHaikouPowerStationProjectinvestedin（在某些情況下可用financedorfunded）bytheHongkong-MacauInternationalInvestmentCo.,Ltd.washighlyappraisedforitsconstructionspeedandquality.2.上海SFECO擁有5個控股子公司。原譯文：ShanghaiSFECOGrouphas5share-holdingcompanies.注：share-holdingcompany指控制或持有某公司股權(quán)的股東公司。上述譯文意思是5個公司持有ShanghaiSFECOGroup的股份，換句話說，這5個公司是“老子”公司，因此顯然不符合中文原意。應(yīng)譯為：ShanghaiSFECOGroupisaholdingcompanyof5subsidiarycompanies.或ShanghaiSFECOGroupholdssharesof5subsidiarycompanies.3.中國民生銀行原譯文：ChinaMinshengBankingCorporation,Ltd.注：corporation本身即為，相當(dāng)于limitedcompany，英譯中無需再加“Ltd”。應(yīng)譯為：ChinaMinshengBankingCorporation4.項目中標(biāo)之后，我們將立即開始前期準(zhǔn)備工作。原譯文：Afterthebidisawarded,weshallimmediatelystartouradvance-phasepreparation.注：項目中標(biāo)應(yīng)為acceptabidorawardthecontract。顯然上述譯文把兩種表達(dá)法相混淆了。應(yīng)譯為：Afterthebidisaccepted(orthecontractisawarded),weshallimmediatelystartouradvance-phasepreparation.5.歡迎您參觀我們交易會原譯文：Welcomeyoutovisitourfair!注：譯文中welcome是動詞，因此此句是祈使句形式，省略的主語為第二人稱你（你們），而不是中文所含的我（我們）之意。應(yīng)譯為：Wewelcomeyoutovisitourtradefair!更簡潔而地道的譯法是：Welcometoourtradefair!6.我公司出口工業(yè)產(chǎn)品、化工產(chǎn)品、醫(yī)藥等。原譯文：Ourcompanyexportsindustrialproducts,chemicals,medicinesandetc..注：etc.等于andsoon或andothers，已含有and的成分，上述譯文無需加上and一詞。應(yīng)譯為：Ourcompanyexportsindustrialproducts,chemicals,medicines,etc..7.我們將委托貴公司作為我公司在毛里求斯的業(yè)務(wù)代理。原譯文：WeherebyentrustyourcompanytobeourbusinessagentinMauritius.注：entrust一詞在作委托解時用法為entrustsomebodywithsomethingorentrustsomethingtosomebody。應(yīng)譯為：WeherebyappointyourcompanytobeourbusinessagentinMauritius.8.本合同簽訂之后，簽約雙方中任何一方不得將合同內(nèi)容泄露給第三方。原譯文：Anyofthetwopartiescannotdivulgethecontentsofthecontracttoathirdpartyaftertheconclusionofthecontract.注：雙方中任何一方為eitherofthetwoparties，三方（或三方以上）中任何一方才用anyoftheparties，因本句為否定句，應(yīng)譯為：Neitherofthetwopartiescandivulgethecontentsofthecontracttoathirdpartyaftertheconclusionofthecontract.9.在雙方簽約之后，各方將嚴(yán)格遵守本協(xié)議。原譯文：Afterthisagreementissignedbythetwoparties,allpartiesshallstrictlyabidebyit.注：與上一條相類似，在協(xié)議當(dāng)事方為三方（或三方以上）時，各方為allparties，而當(dāng)事方為兩方時應(yīng)用bothparties。應(yīng)譯為：Afterthisagreementissignedbythetwoparties,bothpartiesshallstrictlyabidebyit.stocks存貨，庫存量cashsale現(xiàn)貨purchase購買，進(jìn)貨bulksale整批銷售，躉售distributionchannels銷售渠道wholesale批發(fā)retailtrade零售業(yè)hire-purchase分期付款購買fluctuateinlinewithmarketconditions隨行就市unfaircompetition不合理競爭dumping商品傾銷dumpingprofitmargin傾銷差價，傾銷幅度antidumping反傾銷customsbond海關(guān)擔(dān)保chaindebts三角債freightforwarder貨運代理tradeconsultation貿(mào)易磋商mediationofdispute商業(yè)糾紛調(diào)解partialshipment分批裝運restraintoftrade貿(mào)易管制RTA(RegionalTradeArrangements)區(qū)域貿(mào)易安排favorablebalanceoftrade貿(mào)易順差unfavorablebalanceoftrade貿(mào)易逆差specialpreferences優(yōu)惠關(guān)稅bondedwarehouse保稅倉庫transittrade轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易tariffbarrier關(guān)稅壁壘taxrebate出口退稅TBT(TechnicalBarrierstoTrade)技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘貿(mào)易伙伴術(shù)語tradepartner貿(mào)易伙伴manufacturer制造商，制造廠middleman中間商，經(jīng)紀(jì)人dealer經(jīng)銷商wholesaler批發(fā)商retailer,tradesman零售商merchant商人，批發(fā)商，零售商concessionaire,licenseddealer受讓人，特許權(quán)獲得者consumer消費者，用戶client,customer顧客，客戶buyer買主，買方carrier承運人consignee收貨人進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易詞匯commerce,trade,trading貿(mào)易inlandtrade,hometrade,domestictrade國內(nèi)貿(mào)易internationaltrade國際貿(mào)易foreigntrade,externaltrade對外貿(mào)易，外貿(mào)import,importation進(jìn)口importer進(jìn)口商export,exportation出口exporter出口商importlicence進(jìn)口許口證exportlicence出口許口證commercialtransaction買賣，交易inquiry詢盤delivery交貨order訂貨makeacompleteentry正式/完整申報badaccount壞帳BillofLading提單marinebillsoflading海運提單shippingorder托運單blankendorsed空白背書endorsed背書cargoreceipt承運貨物收據(jù)condemnedgoods有問題的貨物catalogue商品目錄customsliquidation清關(guān)customsclearance結(jié)關(guān)國際貿(mào)易英語詞匯集錦一貿(mào)易價格術(shù)語tradeterm/priceterm價格術(shù)語world/internationalmarketprice國際市場價格FOB(freeonboard)離岸價C&F(costandfreight)成本加運費價CIF(cost,insuranceandfreight)到岸價freight運費wharfage碼頭費landingcharges卸貨費customsduty關(guān)稅portdues港口稅importsurcharge進(jìn)口附加稅importvariableduties進(jìn)口差價稅commission傭金returncommission回傭，回扣priceincludingcommission含傭價netprice凈價wholesaleprice批發(fā)價discount/allowance折扣retailprice零售價spotprice現(xiàn)貨價格currentprice現(xiàn)行價格/時價indicativeprice參考價格customsvaluation海關(guān)估價pricelist價目表totalvalue總值貿(mào)易保險術(shù)語AllRisks一切險F.P.A.(FreefromParticularAverage)平安險W.A./W.P.A(WithAverageorWithParticularAverage)水漬險WarRisk戰(zhàn)爭險F.W.R.D.(FreshWaterRainDamage)淡水雨淋險RiskofIntermixtureandContamination混雜、玷污險RiskofLeakage滲漏險RiskofOdor串味險RiskofRust銹蝕險ShortageRisk短缺險T.P.N.D.(Theft,Pilferage&Non-delivery)偷竊提貨不著險StrikesRisk罷工險貿(mào)易機構(gòu)詞匯WTO(WorldTradeOrganization)世界貿(mào)易組織IMF(InternationalMonetaryFund)國際貨幣基金組織CTG(CouncilforTradeinGoods)貨幣貿(mào)易理事會EFTA(EuropeanFreeTradeAssociation)歐洲自由貿(mào)易聯(lián)盟AFTA(ASEANFreeTradeArea)東盟自由貿(mào)易區(qū)JCCT(China-USJointCommissiononCommerceandTrade)中美商貿(mào)聯(lián)委會NAFTA(NorthAmericanFreeTradeArea)北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)UNCTAD(UnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment)聯(lián)合國貿(mào)易與發(fā)展會議GATT(GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade)關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定商務(wù)合同英譯應(yīng)注意的問題(2)二、慎重處理合同的關(guān)鍵細(xì)目實踐證明，英譯合同中容易出現(xiàn)差錯的地方，一般來說，不是大的陳述性條款。而恰恰是一些關(guān)鍵的細(xì)目．比如：金錢、時間、數(shù)量等。為了避免出差錯，在英譯合同時，常常使用一些有限定作用的結(jié)構(gòu)來界定細(xì)目所指定的確切范圍。3.1限定責(zé)任眾所周知，合同中要明確規(guī)定雙方的責(zé)任。為英譯出雙方責(zé)任的權(quán)限與范圍，常常使用連詞和介詞的固定結(jié)構(gòu)?，F(xiàn)把最常用的此類結(jié)構(gòu)舉例說明如下。3.1.1and/or常用and/or英譯合同中“甲和乙+甲或乙”的內(nèi)容，這樣就可避免漏譯其中的一部分。例9：如果上述貨物對船舶和（或）船上其它貨物造成任何損害，托運人應(yīng)負(fù)全責(zé)。Theshippershallbeliableforalldamagecausedbysuchgoodstotheshipand/orcargoonbuard.3.1.2byandbetween常用byandbetween強調(diào)合同是由“雙方”簽訂的，因此雙方必須嚴(yán)格履行合同所賦于的責(zé)任。例10：買賣雙方同意按下述條款購買出售下列商品并簽訂本合同。ThisContractismadebyandbetweentheBuyerandtheSeller,wherebytheBuyeragreestobuyandtheSelleragreestoselltheundermentionedcommoditysubjecttothetermsandconditionsstipulatedbelow.3.2限定時間英譯與時間有關(guān)的文字，都應(yīng)非常嚴(yán)格慎重地處理，因為合同對時間的要求是準(zhǔn)確無誤。所以英譯起止時間時，常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)來限定準(zhǔn)確的時間。3.2.1雙介詞用雙介詞英譯含當(dāng)天日期在內(nèi)的起止時間。例11；自9月2O日起，甲方已無權(quán)接受任何定單或收據(jù)。PartyAshallbeunauthorizedtoacceptanyordersortocollectanyaccountonandafterSeptember20.例12：我公司的條件是，3個月內(nèi)，即不得晚于5月1日，支付現(xiàn)金。Ourtermsarecashwithinthreemonths,i.e.onorbeforeMay1.3.2.2not(no)laterthan用“not(no)laterthan+日期”英譯“不遲于某月某日”。例13：本合同簽字之日一個月內(nèi)，即不遲于12月15日，你方須將貨物裝船。PartyBshallshipthegoodswithinonemonthofthedateofsigningthisContract,i.e.notlaterthanDecember15.3.2.3include的相應(yīng)形式常用include的相應(yīng)形式：inclusive、including和included，來限定含當(dāng)日在內(nèi)的時間。例14：本證在北京議付，有效期至1月1日。ThiscreditexpirestillJanuary1(inclusive)fornegotiationinBeijing.(or:ThiscreditexpirestillandincludingJanuary1fornegotiationinBeijing.)如果不包括1月1日在內(nèi)，英譯為tillandnotincludingJanuary1。3.3限定金額為避免金額數(shù)量的差漏、偽造或涂改，英譯時常用以下措施嚴(yán)格把關(guān)。3.3.1.大寫文字重復(fù)金額英譯金額須在小寫之后，在括號內(nèi)用大寫文字重復(fù)該金額，即使原文合同中沒有大寫，英譯時也有必要加上大寫。在大寫文字前加上“SAY”，意為“大寫”；在最后加上“ONLY”。意思為“整”。必須注意：小寫與大寫的金額數(shù)量要一致。例16：聘方須每月付給受聘方美元500元整。PartyAshallpayPartyBamonthlysalaryofUS$500(SAYFIVEHUNDREDUSDOLLARSONLY).3.3.2.正確使用貨幣符號英譯金額必須注意區(qū)分和正確使用各種不同的貨幣名稱符號。“$”既可代表“美元”，又可代表其他某些地方的貨幣；而“￡”不僅代表“英鎊”，又可代表其他某些地方的貨幣。必須注意：當(dāng)金額用數(shù)字書寫時，金額數(shù)字必須緊*貨幣符號，例如：Can$891,568，不能寫成：Can$891,568。另外，翻譯的還要特別注意金額中是小數(shù)點（.）還是分節(jié)號（,），因為這兩個符號極易引起筆誤，稍有疏忽，其后果是不堪設(shè)想的。商務(wù)合同英譯應(yīng)注意的問題(1)前言英譯商務(wù)合同貌似簡單，實則不然。商務(wù)合同是一種特殊的應(yīng)用文體，重在記實，用詞行文的一大特點就是準(zhǔn)確與嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。本文擬運用翻譯教學(xué)中所積累的英譯商務(wù)合同的實例，從三個方面論述如何從大處著眼、小處著手、力求準(zhǔn)確嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)英譯商務(wù)合同。一、酌情使用公文語慣用副詞商務(wù)合同屬于法律性公文，所以英譯時，有些詞語要用公文語詞語、特別是酌情使用英語慣用的一套公文語副詞，就會起到使譯文結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、邏輯嚴(yán)密、言簡意賅的作用。但是從一些合同的英文譯本中發(fā)現(xiàn)，這種公文語副同常被普通詞語所代替，從而影響到譯文的質(zhì)量。實際上，這種公文語慣用副同為數(shù)并不多，而已構(gòu)詞簡單易記。常用的這類副詞是由here、there、where等副詞分別加上after、by、in、of、on、to、under、upon、with等副詞，構(gòu)成一體化形式的公文語副詞。例如：從此以后、今后：hereafter；此后、以后：thereafter；在其上：thereonthereupon；在其下：thereunder；對于這個：hereto；對于那個：whereto；在上文：hereinabovehereinbefore；在下文：hereinafterhereinbelow；在上文中、在上一部分中：thereinbefore；在下文中、在下一部分中：thereinafter．現(xiàn)用兩個實例，說明在英譯合同中如何酌情使用上述副詞。例1：本合同自買方和建造方簽署之日生效。ThisContractshallcomeintoforcefromthedateofexecutionhereofbytheBuyerandtheBuilder.例2：下述簽署人同意在中國制造新產(chǎn)品，其品牌以此為合適。TheundersignedherebyagreesthatthenewproductswheretothistradenameismoreappropriatearemadeinChina.出席商務(wù)會議的常用英語Thefollowingphrasesareusedtoparticipateinameeting.Thesephrasesareusefulforexpressingyourideasandgivinginputtoameeting.GettingtheChairperson'sAttention引起會議主席的注意(Mister/Madam)chairman.MayIhaveaword?IfImay,Ithink...Excusemeforinterrupting.MayIcomeinhere?GivingOpinions表達(dá)意見I'mpositivethat...I(really)feelthat...Inmyopinion...ThewayIseethings...Ifyouaskme,...Itendtothinkthat...AskingforOpinions詢問意見Areyoupositivethat...Doyou(really)thinkthat...(nameofparticipant)canwegetyourinput?Howdoyoufeelabout...?Commenting做出評論That'sinteresting.Ineverthoughtaboutitthatwaybefore.Goodpoint!Igetyourpoint.Iseewhatyoumean.Agreeing表示同意Itotallyagreewithyou.Exactly!That's(exactly)thewayIfeel.Ihavetoagreewith(nameofparticipant).Disagreeing表示異議Unfortunately,Iseeitdifferently.UptoapointIagreewithyou,but...(I'mafraid)Ican'tagreeAdvisingandSuggesting提出建議Let's...Weshould...Whydon'tyou....How/Whatabout...Isuggest/recommendthat...Clarifying澄清Letmespellout...HaveImadethatclear?DoyouseewhatI'mgettingat?Letmeputthisanotherway...I'djustliketorepeatthat...RequestingInformation請求信息Please,couldyou...I'dlikeyouto...Wouldyoumind...Iwonderifyoucould...AskingforRepetition請求重復(fù)I'mafraidIdidn'tunderstandthat.Couldyourepeatwhatyoujustsaid?Ididn'tcatchthat.Couldyourepeatthat,please?Imissedthat.Couldyousayitagain,please?Couldyourunthatbymeonemoretime?AskingforClarification要求澄清Idon'tquitefollowyou.Whatexactlydoyoumean?I'mafraidIdon'tquiteunderstandwhatyouraregettingat.Couldyouexplaintomehowthatisgoingtowork?Idon'tseewhatyoumean.Couldwehavesomemoredetails,please?AskingforVerification請求確認(rèn)Youdidsaynextweek,didn'tyou?('did'isstressed)Doyoumeanthat...?Isittruethat...?AskingforSpelling請求拼寫Couldyouspellthat,please?Wouldyoumindspellingthatforme,please?AskingforContributions請求賜教Wehaven'theardfromyouyet,(nameofparticipant).Whatdoyouthinkaboutthisproposal?Wouldyouliketoaddanything,(nameofparticipant)?Hasanyoneelsegotanythingtocontribute?Arethereanymorecomments?CorrectingInformation更正Sorry,IthinkyoumisunderstoodwhatIsaid.Sorry,that'snotquiteright.I'mafraidyoudon'tunderstandwhatI'msaying.That'snotquitewhatIhadinmind.That'snotwhatImeant.KeepingtheMeetingOnTarget(time,relevance,decisions)轉(zhuǎn)入正題We'rerunningshortoftime.Well,thatseemstobeallthetimewehavetoday.Pleasebebrief.I'mafraidwe'verunoutoftime.I'mafraidthat'soutsidethescopeofthismeeting.Let'sgetbackontrack,whydon'twe?That'snotreallywhywe'reheretoday.Whydon'twereturntothemainfocusoftoday'smeeting.We'llhavetoleavethattoanothertime.We'rebeginningtolosesightofthemainpoint.Keeptothepoint,please.Ithinkwe'dbetterleavethatforanothermeeting.Arewereadytomakeadecision?商貿(mào)文書中常見英語翻譯錯誤幾例(下)6.我公司出口工業(yè)產(chǎn)品、化工產(chǎn)品、醫(yī)藥等。原譯文：Ourcompanyexportsindustrialproducts,chemicals,medicinesandetc..注：etc.等于andsoon或andothers，已含有and的成分，上述譯文無需加上and一詞。應(yīng)譯為：Ourcompanyexportsindustrialproducts,chemicals,medicines,etc..7.我們將委托貴公司作為我公司在毛里求斯的業(yè)務(wù)代理。原譯文：WeherebyentrustyourcompanytobeourbusinessagentinMauritius.注：entrust一詞在作委托解時用法為entrustsomebodywithsomethingorentrustsomethingtosomebody。應(yīng)譯為：WeherebyappointyourcompanytobeourbusinessagentinMauritius.8.本合同簽訂之后，簽約雙方中任何一方不得將合同內(nèi)容泄露給第三方。原譯文：Anyofthetwopartiescannotdivulgethecontentsofthecontracttoathirdpartyaftertheconclusionofthecontract.注：雙方中任何一方為eitherofthetwoparties，三方（或三方以上）中任何一方才用anyoftheparties，因本句為否定句，應(yīng)譯為：Neitherofthetwopartiescandivulgethecontentsofthecontracttoathirdpartyaftertheconclusionofthecontract.9.在雙方簽約之后，各方將嚴(yán)格遵守本協(xié)議。原譯文：Afterthisagreementissignedbythetwoparties,allpartiesshallstrictlyabidebyit.注：與上一條相類似，在協(xié)議當(dāng)事方為三方（或三方以上）時，各方為allparties，而當(dāng)事方為兩方時應(yīng)用bothparties。應(yīng)譯為：Afterthisagreementissignedbythetwoparties,bothpartiesshallstrictlyabidebyit.商貿(mào)文書中常見英語翻譯錯誤幾例(上)在一些由中文翻譯的英語樣本、合同、廣告和其他文件材料中常見一些翻譯錯誤，現(xiàn)僅舉幾個出現(xiàn)頻率較高的例子，試作分析，謹(jǐn)供讀者朋友參考。1.由港澳國際投資公司投資的?？陔娬竟こ桃蚱浣ㄔO(shè)速度和質(zhì)量得到高度評價。原譯文：TheHaikouPowerStationProjectinvestedbytheHongkong-MacauInternationalInvestmentCo,Ltd.washighlyappraisedforitsconstructionspeedandquality.注：投資某項工程應(yīng)為investinaproject，在被動語態(tài)中不能漏去前置詞in。應(yīng)譯為：TheHaikouPowerStationProjectinvestedin（在某些情況下可用financedorfunded）bytheHongkong-MacauInternationalInvestmentCo.,Ltd.washighlyappraisedforitsconstructionspeedandquality.2.上海SFECO擁有5個控股子公司。原譯文：ShanghaiSFECOGrouphas5share-holdingcompanies.注：shar