土耳其執(zhí)政黨（正義與發(fā)展黨）與大眾媒體關(guān)系研究（2002-2016）摘要：本文旨在研究土耳其執(zhí)政黨（正義與發(fā)展黨）與大眾媒體的關(guān)系，時間跨度為2002年至2016年。土耳其政治生態(tài)的變遷和整個社會的變化使得傳媒對政治具有了更強的影響力。本文從兩個方面研究正義與發(fā)展黨與大眾媒體的關(guān)系：第一是政治角度，包括黨內(nèi)的媒體監(jiān)管機構(gòu)建設(shè)、媒體掌握與使用、媒體同意與反對以及媒體的擠壓和威脅等；第二是媒體角度，包括土耳其媒體市場的開放化、專業(yè)化與多元化以及媒體的獨立性、自由度和過失傾向等。本文認為，正義與發(fā)展黨在媒體掌控方面并沒有像一些人所說的那樣激進和強勢，它更多依靠對政治力和資本的控制獲取對媒體的影響力。而土耳其傳媒領(lǐng)域的開放化與多元化對媒體的獨立性和自由度有一定促進作用，但是過度的媒體市場化導致一些媒體紛爭和市場失衡。

關(guān)鍵詞：土耳其；正義與發(fā)展黨；媒體；政治；市場

Abstract:ThispaperaimstostudytherelationshipbetweenTurkey'srulingparty,theJusticeandDevelopmentParty(AKP),andthemassmedia,coveringtheperiodfrom2002to2016.ThechangesinTurkey'spoliticalecologyandthesocialchangeshavegiventhemediaastrongerinfluenceonpolitics.ThispaperstudiestherelationshipbetweentheAKPandthemassmediafromtwoperspectives:politicalaspects,includingtheconstructionofmediasupervisionbodieswithintheparty,mediacontrolanduse,mediaagreementandopposition,andmediapressureandthreats;andmediaaspects,includingtheopeningup,specialization,diversificationoftheTurkishmediamarket,mediaindependence,freedom,andbias.ThispaperbelievesthattheAKP'scontroloverthemediaisnotasradicalandaggressiveassomepeoplethink.Itreliesmoreoncontrollingpoliticalpowerandcapitaltogaininfluenceoverthemedia.WhiletheopeningupanddiversificationofTurkey'smediamarkethavepromotedmediaindependenceandfreedomtoacertainextent,excessivecommercializationhasledtomediadisputesandmarketimbalances.

Keywords:Turkey;JusticeandDevelopmentParty;media;politics;markeLookingatthemedialandscapeinTurkey,itisclearthattherulingJusticeandDevelopmentParty(AKP)hasasignificantpresenceinbothtraditionalandnewmediachannels.However,itisimportanttonotethattheAKP'scontroloverthemediaisnotasradicalandaggressiveasitisoftenportrayed.

Insteadofdirectlycensoringmediaoutletsorjournalists,theAKPreliesoncontrollingpoliticalpowerandcapitaltoinfluencethemedia.Forexample,thepartyhasbeenaccusedofusinggovernmentcontractsandadvertisingtorewardfriendlymediaoutletsandpunishcriticalones.Additionally,theAKPhasappointeditssupporterstokeypositionsinstate-runmediaoutlets,ensuringthatitsviewpointsareheard.

AlthoughTurkey'smediamarkethasopenedupanddiversifiedinrecentyears,excessivecommercializationhasledtomediadisputesandmarketimbalances.Largemediaconglomeratesdominatethemarketandoftenprioritizeprofitoverjournalisticintegrity.Thishasledtoadeclineinmediafreedomandindependence,asoutletsbecomemoreconcernedwithpleasingadvertisersandpoliticiansthanservingthepublicinterest.

Despitethesechallenges,therearestillindependentmediaoutletsinTurkeythatstrivetoreportthenewsobjectivelyandholdthoseinpoweraccountable.However,journalistsworkingfortheseoutletsoftenfacecensorship,harassment,andlegalchallenges.

Inconclusion,whiletheAKPhassignificantinfluenceoverthemediainTurkey,itscontrolisnotabsolute.Theopeningupofthemediamarkethasledtogreaterdiversityandindependence,butcommercialpressuresandpoliticalinfluencethreatentounderminethesegainsOneconsequenceoftheTurkishgovernment'stighteningcontroloverthemediahasbeentheriseofsocialmediaasaplatformforindependentjournalismandoppositionvoices.SocialmediaplatformssuchasTwitterandFacebookhavebeeninstrumentalincirculatingnewsandinformationthatmightotherwisebecensoredorignoredbymainstreammediaoutlets.However,thegovernmenthasalsousedsocialmediatocrackdownondissent,withmanyjournalistsandsocialmediausersbeingarrestedorprosecutedforexpressingcriticalviewsonline.

TheAKP'scontroloverthemediahasalsoextendedtotheeducationsystem.UnderPresidentErdogan'sleadership,thegovernmenthassoughttoregulateandcontrolthecurriculumtaughtinschools,universities,andreligiousinstitutions.In2015,thegovernmentannouncedplanstomakechangestothenationalcurriculumthatwouldemphasizereligiouseducationandde-emphasizescienceandsecularsubjects.CriticsarguethatthismoveispartofabroaderplantoIslamizeTurkishsocietyandpromoteconservativesocialvaluesthatarealignedwiththeAKP'spoliticalagenda.

Anotherareaofconcernisthegovernment'streatmentofintellectuals,academics,andartistswhohavebeencriticaloftheAKP'spolicies.Inrecentyears,therehavebeennumerouscasesofacademicsbeingsuspendedorfiredfromtheirjobs,journalistsbeingarrestedorharassed,andartistsbeingsilencedorsuppressed.Somehavebeenaccusedofterrorismoffensesorconspiringtooverthrowthegovernment,chargesthatareoftenbasedonthinorquestionableevidence.

Overall,thestateofmediainTurkeyisdeeplyconcerning,withseriousimplicationsfordemocracy,humanrights,andfreedomofexpression.TheAKP'scontroloverthemediahascreatedasituationinwhichdissentingvoicesaresuppressed,criticaljournalismisstifled,andthegovernment'sagendaisprioritizedoverobjectivereporting.Toaddresstheseissues,itisessentialthatstepsaretakentostrengthenmediafreedom,promoteindependentjournalism,andprotecttherightsofjournalistsandmediaworkerstoreportthenewsfreelyandwithoutfearofpersecutionInrecentyears,Turkeyhasfacedincreasingpressurefromtheinternationalcommunitywithregardstoitstreatmentofjournalistsandmediaworkers.Inparticular,concernshavebeenraisedregardingtheuseoflegalmeasurestosilencecriticalvoicesinthemedia,aswellasthedetentionandimprisonmentofjournalistsontrumped-upcharges.

OneofthemostnotableexamplesofthistrendwasthecaseofCanDündarandErdemGül,twojournalistswhowereimprisonedin2015forpublishingarticlescriticaloftheTurkishgovernment'shandlingofaweaponssmugglingscandal.Theywereeventuallyreleased,butthecasedrewattentiontothegovernment'suseofanti-terrorismlawstosilencecriticalvoicesinthemedia.

Inadditiontolegalmeasures,thegovernmenthasalsosoughttocontrolthemediathroughownershipandadvertising.Manymediaoutletsareownedbycompanieswithclosetiestotherulingparty,whilecriticalvoicesinthemediahavebeensubjecttoadvertisingboycottsandotherformsofpressure.

ThesetrendshavehadachillingeffectonmediafreedominTurkey,andhavecontributedtoanenvironmentinwhichself-censorshipispervasiveandcriticaljournalismisincreasinglyrare.Thishasnotonlyhadnegativeconsequencesforpressfreedom,butalsofordemocracyandhumanrightsmorebroadly.

Toaddresstheseissues,itisessentialthatstepsaretakentopromoteindependentjournalismandprotecttherightsofjournalistsandmediaworkers.Thisincludesmeasuressuchas:

1.Ensuringthatalllegalmeasuresaffectingthemediaareconsistentwithinternationalhumanrightsstandards,andthattheyarenotusedtosilencecriticalvoicesorunderminemediafreedom.

2.Promotingthecreationofindependentmediaoutlets,includingthroughfinancialsupportandotherincentives.

3.Providingprotectionforjournalistsandmediaworkerswhoreportonsensitiveissues,includingbyensuringthattheycanoperatefreelyandwithoutfearofpersecution.

4.Encouragingpublictransparencyandaccesstoinformation,includingthroughstrongerfreedomofinformationlawsandstricterregulationofgovernmentsecrecy.

WhilethesemeasuresmaynotbeeasytoimplementinTurke