BridgeandtunnelengineeringWhatisbridge?Bridgesisakindofarchitecturalstructuresforrailways,roads,channels,pipeline,vehicles,pedestrianstocrossrivers,valleys,lakesorotherobstaclesThecompositionofthebridgeBridgespanstructure(Superstructure)Bridgepierandabutment(infrastructure)PierfoundationTheclassificationofthebridge---AccordingtothebasicclassificationsystemofthebridgeBeambridge,archbridge,steelbridge,suspensionbridge,slabbridgeTheotherclassificationofthebridge

·Materialsusedinthebridge:,masonrybridge,reinforcedconcretebridge,prestressedconcretebridgeandsteelbridgeBridgeapplication:highwaybridge,railwaybridge,ironbridge,pedestrianbridge,andpipelinebridge,etcThebasicpurposeofbridgeconstructionGenerallyspeaking,thebridgeconstructionisthebasicgoalofsafe,applicable,economic,beautiful.Onthebasicgoals,itshouldbereflectedinthedevelopmentofbridgetechnology:Bridgeswithlargespancapacityandcarryingcapacity;Vehiclesafetyandpassengercomfort.In1969,ChinahasattractedworldwideattentionofNanjingYangtzeriverbridgewhichdesigned,constructedbyoursleves.Railwaybridgepartis6772mandHighwaybridgesectionis4589m.NanjingYangtzeriverbridgeshowstheBridgesinChinahasreachedtheadvancedworldlevel,alsoisanotherimportantsymbolonourbridgehistory.ThetrendofthedevelopmentofthebridgeBridgeSpanincreasingMoreandmorekindsofBridgeStructurelight-dutyWhatistunnel?Aengineeringstructureswhichbuildintheformationofunderground.Itiswidelyusedinhighway,railway,mining,hydropower,municipalengineeringandnationaldefense,etcTunneldevelopmenttechnologyThefourteenthcentury--TheinventionofgunpowderusedintunnelexcavationIn1818,TunnelBoringMachine(TBM)wasinventedinBrusselsIn1896,

TheBritishusedcompressedairandTBMforthefirsttimetobuildunderwatertunnelTheclassificationandfunctionofthetunnelAccordingtothestratigraphicpoints:rocktunnel,soiltunnelAccordingtotheposition:mountaintunnel,theurbantunnel,underwatertunnelAccordingtothepurpose:traffictunnel,thehydraulictunnel,municipaltunnel,theminetunnelThetunnelstructureThemainbodystructure:

Inordertomaintainthestabilityofrockmassanddrivingsafetyandbuiltartificialpermanentstructure,usuallyreferstotheholebodyliningandtunnelportalstructureAffiliatedconstruction:

Buildforpowergeneration,storage,maintenance,ventilation,lightingandotherbuildingconstructionThemaintypesoftunnelconstructionmethodGenerally,tunnelconstructioncanbedividedintotheopencutmethodandundercuttingmethodOpencutmethodCharacteristic:first,digallsoilwhichinaboveoftunnel,andthenbuildatunnellining,whennecessary,layingtypewaterprooflayerisstuckoutside,andbackfillit.SuchasopenholeandthemethodusedinshallowburiedtunnelorundergroundrailwayUndercuttingmethodsCharacteristic:Donotdigallsoilwhichinaboveoftunnel,allprojectsareconductedinundergr