河南理工大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）中英文翻譯姓名：郭鋮班級(jí)：建工本04-2專業(yè)：土木工程學(xué)號(hào)：320607020206指導(dǎo)老師：孟海平TallingbuildingandSteelconstructionAlthoughtherehavebeenmanyadvancementsinbuildingconstructiontechnologyingeneral.Spectaculararchievementshavebeenmadeinthedesignandconstructionofultrahigh-risebuildings.Theearlydevelopmentofhigh-risebuildingsbeganwithstructuralsteelframing.Reinforcedconcreteandstressed-skintubesystemshavesincebeeneconomicallyandcompetitivelyusedinanumberofstructuresforbothresidentialandcommercialpurposes.Thehigh-risebuildingsrangingfrom50to110storiesthatarebeingbuiltallovertheUnitedStatesaretheresultofinnovationsanddevelopmentofnewstructualsystems.Greaterheightentailsincreasedcolumnandbeamsizestomakebuildingsmorerigidsothatunderwindloadtheywillnotswaybeyondanacceptablelimit.Excessivelateralswaymaycauseseriousrecurringdamagetopartitions,ceilings.andotherarchitecturaldetails.Inaddition,excessiveswaymaycausediscomforttotheoccupantsofthebuildingbecausetheirperceptionofsuchmotion.Structuralsystemsofreinforcedconcrete,aswellassteel,takefulladvantageofinherentpotentialstiffnessofthetotalbuildingandthereforerequireadditionalstiffeningtolimitthesway.Inasteelstructure,forexample,theeconomycanbedefinedintermsofthetotalaveragequantityofsteelpersquarefootoffloorareaofthebuilding.CurveAinFig.1representstheaverageunitweightofaconventionalframewithincreasingnumbersofstories.CurveBrepresentstheaveragesteelweightiftheframeisprotectedfromalllateralloads.Thegapbetweentheupperboundaryandthelowerboundaryrepresentsthepremiumforheightforthetraditionalcolumn-and-beamframe.Structuralengineershavedevelopedstructuralsystemswithaviewtoeliminatingthispremium.吩System悉sins之teel.類Tall跨buildi慣ngsin存steel帶devel吸opeda至sare除sulto疫fseve追ralty辯pesof姻struc饒tural吐innova喬tions.迷Thei仗nnovat位ionsh醉avebe茶enapp廊liedt占o(jì)the派constr迫uction善ofbo僵thoff淹icean容dapar闊tment偉buildi抵ngs.揀Frame慶withr河igidb蓋elttr贊usses.銀Ino脈rdert踏otie粘theex租terior近c(diǎn)olum止nsof汽afram伏estru簽cture朝tothe壤inter萍iorve竿rtical眨truss邁es,as匠ystem佛ofrig常idbel象ttrus偷sesat孩mid-h寬eight拿andat梅thet貿(mào)opof較thebu音ilding言mayb癥eused舒.Ago謙odexa霞mpleo氣fthis篩syste釣mist晶he享First慨愁Wiscon禮sin役詠Bank傾婦Buildi綁ng舒(濤1974)授in脹Milwau影kee魔.袍Framed彎tube.牙Them娘aximum午effic眉iency階ofthe住total漆struc往tureo幼fata局llbui志lding,贈(zèng)forb甜othst席rength璃ands雕tiffne疏ss,to暴resist殲wind邊loadc墊anbe洋achiev季edonl畏yifa槐llcol噸umnel灣ement吹canbe權(quán)conne勺ctedt蓬oeach鵲other德insu罩chaw橋aytha拿tthe挺entire鐘build毀ingac狗tsas賠aholl薪owtub短eorr福igidb璃oxin注projec脖tingo通utof吉thegr富ound.盯Thisp雨articu惕larst胳ructur京alsys笑temwa尾sprob雖ablyu手sedfo史rthe浴first粗timei到nthe管43-sto紀(jì)ryrei厭nforce乳dconc垮reteD駁eWitt友Chestn焦utApa四rtment識(shí)Build糟ingin漸寒Chicag回o懇.The踢mosts溪ignifi取cantu鑰seof臂thiss蟻ystem熔isin末thetw燥instr妻uctura擔(dān)lstee韻ltowe浪rsof伸the11哲0-stor妄y徑World誤剩Trade鎮(zhèn)哲Center賴build納ingin計(jì)仰NewYo尼rk球Column收-diago不naltr咸usstu鍋be.T步heext斃erior堤column慨sofa瓣build豆ingca織nbes含paced盈reason黎ablyf或arapa穩(wěn)rtand體yetb絹emade輪towo號(hào)rktog蝴ether捆asat撇ubeby余conne永cting困themw塌ithdi疏agonal趨membe雅rsint姐eresti極ngat噴thece氣ntrel谷ineof透thec嘗olumns妻andb甚eams.裹Thiss須imple梯yetex持tremel紙yeffi倉(cāng)cient捉system環(huán)wasu慘sedfo解rthe綁first漿timeo糠nthe行JohnH蕉ancock做Centr耍ein站Chicag膏o網(wǎng),usin勒gasm類uchst角eelas派isno駝rmally誘neede品dfor窩atrad鑒itiona崖l40-s杠toryb咬uildin醬g.靜Bundle買dtube旅.With插thec侵ontinu反ingne等edfor絮large填rand資taller疼build表ings,能thefr烘amedt組ubeor錄thec抱olumn-免diagon圖altru深sstub閑emay遲beuse由dina骨bundl協(xié)edfor觸mtoc校reate恨larger呆tube減envelo普peswh被ilema昂intain回inghi售gheff鷹icienc足y.The避怖110-st娛ory燙Sears舟科Roebuc樹(shù)k牲瘡Headqu贊arters優(yōu)孔Buildi資ng慰in榆Chicag氏o和hasn在inetu脆be,bu異ndled腰atthe寄base蔑ofthe償build戰(zhàn)ingin門three壟rows.包Some機(jī)ofthe灣seind澇ividua鍋ltube看sterm勸inate災(zāi)atdif存ferent怪heigh圣tsof寶thebu膊ilding療,demo佩nstrat辭ingth鋤eunli阿mited山archit兵ectura舊lposs膀ibilit晶iesof農(nóng)this喘latest迷struc哈tural驅(qū)concep飯t.The祝Sears失tower裁,ata框heigh居tof著1450f碎t券(植442m磚),is正thewo漠rl兇d紫’屬stall駱estbu辣ilding丟.嘗Stress慎ed-ski煤ntube片syste絲m.The廳tube獵struct飽urals胸ystem搭wasde最velope勇dfor還improv藝ingth吩eresi歷stance鋪tola裝teral貫forces坊(wind穩(wěn)ande夜arthqu皮ake)a籌ndthe魔contr澇olof蜓drift埋(later塞albui攔lding壯moveme桐nt)i喉nhigh順-rise華buildi支ng.Th梢estre瓦ssed-s賞kintu蠢betak易esthe粥tube具system劈aste盆pfurt溉her.T剖hedev儲(chǔ)elopme出ntof呢thest商ressed粱-skin僻tubeu悅tilize身sthe戀fa?ade膊ofth破ebuil龍dinga截sast木ructur嘆alele勵(lì)mentw戴hicha庸ctswi局ththe飾frame錯(cuò)dtube謝,thus岸provi昏dinga室neffi脫cient郊wayof錯(cuò)resis宇tingl區(qū)ateral仇loads昨inhi左gh-ris絕ebuil然dings,悅and此result純ingin摧cost-愁effect訪iveco迫lumn-f與reein股terior只space都with疤ahigh底ratio辰ofne止ttog采rossf夕loora壁rea.惠Becaus面eoft寇hecon遞tribut唇ionof叫thes彈tresse蟲d-skin金fa?ad紙e,the吩frame氣dmemb支ersof鬼thet倒ubere類quire勺lessm再ass,a巧ndare用thus滋lighte碌rand狹lesse擱xpensi綢ve.Al岡lthe羞typica席lcolu錫mnsan柱dspan曠drelb副eamsa撞resta笛ndard青rolled夏shape秧s,mini脈mizing林theu耳seand杠cost等ofspe則cialb磚uilt-u烈pmemb眨ers.T剝hedep墻threq肌uireme偷ntfor吵thep口erimet崖erspa捏ndrel飼beams包isals斗oredu凱ced,a伍ndthe鍛need壞forup繁setbe囑amsab洞ovefl握oors,謝which狡would桶encroa波ch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比又大的室前內(nèi)空間。莫由于薄殼立面夢(mèng)的貢獻(xiàn)，整個(gè)擱框架筒的構(gòu)件翅無(wú)需過(guò)大的質(zhì)惑量。這樣以來(lái)捧使得結(jié)構(gòu)既輕旱巧又經(jīng)濟(jì)。所豎有的典型柱和叼窗下墻托梁都項(xiàng)是軋制型材，伍最大程度上減套小了組合構(gòu)件盒的使用和耗費(fèi)傳。托梁周圍的歡厚度也可適當(dāng)偷的減小。病而可能占據(jù)寶機(jī)貴空間的墻上麻鐓梁的尺寸也均可以最大程度秒地得到控制。命這種結(jié)構(gòu)體系刃已被建造在匹需茲堡洲的欄OneMe改llon溪銀行中心所運(yùn)吐用。范鋼筋混凝土中刮的各體系：雖馳然鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的高適層建筑起步比牛較早，但是鋼撥筋混凝土的高桿層建筑的發(fā)展西非?？欤瑹o(wú)論父在辦公大樓還騎是公寓住宅方胡面都成為剛結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)構(gòu)體系的有力園競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手。鑒框架筒：像上獎(jiǎng)面所提到的，坑框架筒構(gòu)思首謹(jǐn)次被昂43飲層的迪威斯公掀寓大樓所采用膛。在這座大樓任中，外柱的柱灰距為輩5.5農(nóng)英尺（左1.68婦米）。而內(nèi)柱綱則需要支撐富8伙英寸厚的無(wú)梁著板。必筒中筒結(jié)構(gòu)：雄另一種針對(duì)于侵辦公大樓的鋼輔筋混凝土體系昏把傳統(tǒng)的剪力胃墻結(jié)構(gòu)與外框富架筒相結(jié)合。舊該體系由柱距植很小的外框架密與圍繞中心設(shè)本備區(qū)的剛性剪霉力墻筒組成。饑這種筒中筒結(jié)接構(gòu)（如插圖普2融）使得當(dāng)前世逗界上最高的輕逐質(zhì)混凝土大樓物（在休斯頓建庫(kù)造的獨(dú)殼購(gòu)物睬中心大廈）的男整體造價(jià)只與幅35垃層的傳統(tǒng)剪力吃墻結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)。蠻鋼結(jié)構(gòu)與混凝恐土結(jié)構(gòu)的聯(lián)合聞體系也有所發(fā)秧展。丸Skidmo以re,Ow草ings篇和墳Merril炭l鈴共同設(shè)計(jì)的混嫩合體系就是一給個(gè)好例子。在牢此體系中，外政部的混凝土框潔架筒包圍著內(nèi)反部的鋼框架，丑從而結(jié)合了鋼健筋混凝土體系聞與鋼結(jié)構(gòu)體系讓各自的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。坡在新奧爾良建握造的揪52舊層的獨(dú)殼廣場(chǎng)拜大廈就是運(yùn)用池了這種體系。棄鋼結(jié)構(gòu)是指在攻建筑物結(jié)構(gòu)中植鋼材起著主導(dǎo)染作用的結(jié)構(gòu)，療是一個(gè)很寬泛逼的概念。大部事分的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)都?xì)ぐńㄖO(shè)計(jì)支，工程技術(shù)、糧工藝。通常還螞包括以主梁、伙次梁、桿件，銜板等形式存在拳的鋼的熱軋加箏工工藝。上個(gè)禽世紀(jì)七十年代完，除了對(duì)其他暫材料的需求在掏增長(zhǎng)，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)劃仍然保持著對(duì)廣于來(lái)自美國(guó)、脾英國(guó)、日本、揮西德、法國(guó)等嘩國(guó)家的鋼材廠升鋼材的大量需命求。神發(fā)展歷史：早委在逗Bessem啄er誘和壤Siemen愁s-Mart胞on(齊開(kāi)放式爐升)野工藝出現(xiàn)以前鏈，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)就已判經(jīng)有幾十年的枕歷史了。而直域到此工藝問(wèn)世耀之后才使得鋼當(dāng)材倒可以大批生產(chǎn)逝出來(lái)供結(jié)構(gòu)所裝用。對(duì)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)驢諸多問(wèn)題的研壘究開(kāi)始于鐵結(jié)咱構(gòu)的使用，當(dāng)州時(shí)很著名的研宮究對(duì)象是杠1977盛年在英國(guó)建造須的橫跨斯沃河蘭的仁Coalbr豆ookda尿le索大橋。這座大糾橋以及后來(lái)的惡鐵橋設(shè)計(jì)再加泛上蒸汽鍋爐、連鐵船身的設(shè)計(jì)換都刺激了建筑誼安裝設(shè)計(jì)以及惑連接工藝的發(fā)酒展。鐵結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)煮材料的需求量鐵較小是優(yōu)勝于張磚石結(jié)構(gòu)的主跡要方面。長(zhǎng)久坊以來(lái)一直用木乘材制作的三角畢桁架也換成鐵咬制的了。承受腳由直接荷載產(chǎn)泉生的重力作用陽(yáng)的受壓構(gòu)件常困用鑄鐵制造，耍而承受由懸掛界荷載產(chǎn)生的推芒力作用的受拉悄構(gòu)件常用熟鐵闊制造?？拾谚F加熱到塑吳性狀態(tài)，使之鉆從卷狀轉(zhuǎn)化為里扁平狀與圓狀細(xì)之間的某一狀鳳態(tài)的工藝，早技在裝1800柱年就得以發(fā)展欠了。隨后，循1819直年角鋼問(wèn)世，域1894徑年第一個(gè)工字撓鋼被建造出來(lái)凝作為巴黎火車徐站的頂梁。此威工字鋼長(zhǎng)箭17.7鞋英尺）（嗓5.4鳴米）。飯1851段年英國(guó)的棕Joseph引Paxto勿nd權(quán)為倫敦博覽會(huì)拋建造了水晶宮例。據(jù)說(shuō)當(dāng)時(shí)他擴(kuò)已有這樣的骨群架結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)思：漠用比較細(xì)的鐵常梁作為玻璃幕版墻的骨架。此掀建筑的風(fēng)荷載燙抵抗力是由對(duì)拿角拉桿所提供增的。在金屬結(jié)震構(gòu)的發(fā)展歷史丸中，有兩個(gè)標(biāo)出志性事件：首監(jiān)先是從木橋發(fā)游展而來(lái)的格構(gòu)掏梁由木制轉(zhuǎn)化睜為鐵制；其次倦是鍛鐵制的受較拉構(gòu)件與鑄鐵楚制的受壓構(gòu)件陣受熱后通過(guò)鉚頓釘連接工藝的椅發(fā)展。群十九世紀(jì)五六睛十年代，情Bessem夜er核與嗓Sieme食ns-Mar牛tin累工藝的發(fā)展使盜鋼材的生產(chǎn)能疏滿足結(jié)構(gòu)的需梳求。鋼的受拉旋強(qiáng)度與受壓強(qiáng)易度都好于鐵。尤這種新型的金鴨屬常被有想象款力的工程師所旺利用，尤其倍印受那些參與過(guò)首英國(guó)、歐洲以阿及美國(guó)的道橋斑建設(shè)的工程師奇的喜愛(ài)