PAGEPAGE4Unit1BusinessTravelⅠ.ObjectivesAfterstudyingthisunit,theStudents(abbr.Ss)shouldgetthegeneralideaofwhatbusinesstravelisandwhatthecharacteristicsofbusinesstravelaresoastobeabletotranslatethearticlesonbusinesstravelintoChineseorviceversaaccordingtothetranslationskillsinfocusaboutSplitting.Ⅱ.Detailedplan1.TeachingMethods:student-oriented2.TeachingPeriods:4Periods3.Keypoints:1)Toknowthegeneralbackgroundknowledgeofwhatbusinesstravelis;2)Tounderstandthetranslationskillsinfocusaboutsplitting;3)Totranslatethetextsappropriatelypayingspecialattentiontonotesandcommentsbehindthetexts;4)Tofinishtasksfortranslationexercisesbehindthetexts.4.Difficultpoints:1)Tounderstandthetranslationalskillinfocusaboutsplitting;2)Totranslatethetextsappropriatelypayingspecialattentiontonotesandcommentsbehindthetexts.5.Teachingprocedures1)Lead-inwork(1)Whatisbusinesstravel?ItincludesCommercialBusinessTravel,ConventionTravel,ExhibitionTravel,IncentiveTravel,PublicRelationsTravel,SpecialProgramTravelandSalesandMarketingTravel.(2)Whatarethecharacteristicsofbusinesstravel?(SeeP2)1.Time2.Qualityofservices3.LanguageExample:WelcometotheChinaIncentiveBusinessTravelandMeetingsExhibition-CIBTM

TheChinaIncentive,BusinessTravel&MeetingsExhibitionistheleadinginternationaleventforthebusinesstravelandmeetings,incentives,conferencesandeventsindustry(otherwiseknownasMICE)inChinaandthewiderAsiaregion.CIBTMisanawardwinningeventtakingplaceannuallyinBeijing.TheaimsofCIBTMaretoprovideabusinessplatformforinternationalandregionalvenues,hotels,destinationsandsupplierstomeetwithmeetingplanners,incentivetravelbuyersandthoseinvolvedinthemeetingsandincentivesindustryfromChinaandAsia.2)Skillinfocus:splitting1.一個(gè)句子內(nèi)兩個(gè)分句平等，分譯成兩個(gè)句子也可。Theirlittlewhitecabinsclusterincrediblyonrockledges;theirsmallpotatopatchesarescratchedwithheroicindustryinthehardrock.他們的白色小屋三五成群地坐落在伸向海邊的懸崖上，若非親眼所見(jiàn)，實(shí)難相信。那小塊小塊的馬鈴薯地是他們以勤勞勇敢的精神從巖縫中摳出來(lái)的。2.兩個(gè)分句之間有并列連詞表示并列關(guān)系，也可拆開來(lái)譯。Titian-bluehills,blueskies,seasthatrivaltheblueofNaples;butinbadweathertheAtlanticwavesscreamoneverysideofthem,andthewindsfromtheeastgotearingroundthemountainslikefortythousanddevils.黛青色的山巒，蔚藍(lán)的天空，可以與那不勒斯媲美的藍(lán)湛湛的海?？墒窃谔鞖獠缓玫臅r(shí)候，大西洋的波濤在四周呼嘯，東邊刮來(lái)的朔風(fēng)像千萬(wàn)個(gè)妖魔在山間奔騰。3．含定語(yǔ)從句的句子:在英漢互譯中，特別是英譯漢中，如能將定語(yǔ)從句譯成前置定語(yǔ)，則避免其它譯法；如不合適，一般分譯成分譯成另外一個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子或另一種從句，如狀語(yǔ)從句等,e.g.⑴Iamgoingtoseemygrandmother,whowasillinbed,totakehersomebutterandeggsandafresh-bakedcakethatmymotherhasmadeforher.我去看病在床上的祖母，給她帶些奶油、雞蛋和媽媽剛剛烤好的蛋糕。（譯成前置定語(yǔ)）⑵Elizabethwasdeterminedtomakenoeffortforconversationwithawoman,whowasnowmorethanusuallyinsolentanddisagreeable.伊莉莎白不肯再和這樣一個(gè)女人說(shuō)話，這個(gè)女人現(xiàn)在異常無(wú)禮，十分令人反感。（定語(yǔ)從句譯成另外一句）⑶Theytriedtostampouttherevolt,whichspreadallthemorefuriouslythroughoutthecountry.他們企圖撲滅反抗，結(jié)果反抗愈來(lái)愈猛，遍及全國(guó)。（從句譯成狀語(yǔ)）⑷Hevisitedmanyplaces,inallofwhichhewasreceivedwiththeusualenthusiasmwhichattendedhisarduouslabors.他訪問(wèn)了許多地方，到處受到熱烈的歡迎。他的艱苦努力是經(jīng)常受到熱烈歡迎的。（原文長(zhǎng)句中含有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，譯成兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子，意思顯得很清楚）4.一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句包含作者的多步邏輯推理，英譯漢時(shí)可用分譯法。Thusithappenedthatwhenthenewfactoriesthatwerespringinguprequiredlabor,tensofthousandsofhomelessandhungryagriculturalworkers,withtheirwivesandchildren,wereforcedintothecitiesinsearchofwork,anywork,underanycondition,thatwouldkeepthemalive.于是，就出現(xiàn)了這樣的現(xiàn)象，正當(dāng)新辦的工廠紛紛成立、需要?jiǎng)趧?dòng)力的時(shí)候，成千上萬(wàn)無(wú)家可歸、饑腸轆轆的從事農(nóng)業(yè)的勞動(dòng)者，攜妻帶女，被迫流入城市；他們要找活干，不管什么活兒，不講什么條件，只要不讓他們餓死就行。5．一個(gè)漢語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句往往講好幾個(gè)話題，最好按話題拆開來(lái)譯。⑴我軍的現(xiàn)代化，就是要有一支強(qiáng)大的陸軍空軍海軍，要有現(xiàn)代化的武器裝備，包括導(dǎo)彈和核武器，要嚴(yán)格訓(xùn)練，要按實(shí)戰(zhàn)要求苦練過(guò)硬的殺敵本領(lǐng)，熟練掌握使用現(xiàn)代化武器裝備的新技術(shù)，以及隨之而來(lái)的新戰(zhàn)術(shù)。Ourarmy’smodernizationcallsforpowerfulground,airandnavalforcesandmodernarmsandequipment,includingguidedmissilesandnuclearweapons;itcallsforrigorousandhardtrainingtodeveloptheabilitytowipeouttheenemyasrequiredinactualcombat;itcallsformasteryofthousandsofpoorfolk,whosedaysarespentinunendingtoilandthestruggletokeepalive.Thediscoveryofsurplusvaluesuddenlythrewlightontheproblem,intryingtosolvewhichallpreviousinvestigations,ofbothbourgeoiseconomistsandsocialcritics,hadbeengropinginthedark.Suggestedanswers:1.他從容不迫，和藹可親。2柯柏走了進(jìn)來(lái)，看見(jiàn)他的病人毫無(wú)怨言地喝下菠蘿汁，驚奇地目瞪口呆。3她感到需要呼吸一些新鮮空氣，喝些水，但是她不敢動(dòng)。4沿河擠滿了一排排又暗又黑的矮房子，不計(jì)其數(shù)的窮苦百姓居住在這里，他們經(jīng)年累月永無(wú)休止地辛苦干活，掙扎著活下去。5由于剩余價(jià)值的發(fā)現(xiàn)，這里就豁然開朗了，而先前無(wú)論資產(chǎn)階級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家或者社會(huì)主義批評(píng)家所做的一切研究都只是在黑暗中摸索。5)AssessmentAccordingtotheresultoftranslationversions,mostofstudentscangraspthetranslationskillaboutsplittinginthisunit.Also,studentslearnhowtotranslatetherelatedarticlesabouttravelbusinesswithsplittingmethod.However,theystillmadesomemistakeshereandthereinthetranslationversion.Unit2KnowledgeEconomyⅠ.ObjectivesAfterstudyingthisunit,theStudents(abbr.Ss)shouldknowwhatknowledgeeconomyisandbeabletotranslatethearticlesonknowledgeeconomyaswellasmasterthetranslationskillabouttransferredepithetsoastotranslatethearticlesonknowledgeeconomyintoChineseorviceversaⅡ.Detailedplan1.TeachingMethods:student-oriented2.TeachingPeriods:4Periods3.Keypoints:1)Toknowthegeneralbackgroundknowledgeofwhatknowledgeeconomyis;2)Tounderstandthetranslationskillsinfocusabouttransferredepithet;3)Totranslatethetextsappropriatelypayingspecialattentiontonotesandcommentsbehindthetexts;4)Tofinishtasksfortranslationexercisesbehindthetexts.4.Difficultpoints:1)Tounderstandthetranslationalskillinfocusabouttransferredepithet;2)Totranslatethetextsappropriatelypayingspecialattentiontonotesandcommentsbehindthetexts.5.Teachingprocedures1)Lead-inwork(1)Whatisknowledgeeconomy?Itisafocalpointwithitscharacteristicsofbeingspeedy,globalandknowledge-drivenin21stcenturyandwewillnotsucceeduntilknowledgeeconomyishighlyrespectedactively.Knowledgeeconomyisshortforeconomybasedonknowledge,namely,suchkindofeconomyisbaseduponintelligenceresourcesofintenseknowledgeandtherolethatinformation,technologyandlearningplayinoureconomicactivitiesisbecomingmoreandmorefocused.Asaformalconcept,theknowledgeeconomywasfirstseenbytheinternationalsocietyinthedocumententitled“TheKnowledge-basedEconomy”issuedbytheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment（OECD）inParisin1996.Andtheknowledge-basedeconomywasdefinedasaneconomywhichisbasedontheproduction,allocationandutilityofknowledgeandinformation.(2)Howdoesitcomparewithotherformsofeconomy?Itcontrastswithagriculturaleconomyandindustrialeconomy.Agriculturaleconomyisbasedonvasetractoffarm-landandnumerouslaborswhileindustrialeconomyisbasedontherefineryandprocessingandmanufacturingofnaturalandmineralresourcesandmaterialswithhugeconsumptionofrawmaterialsandenergy,butknowledgeeconomyismainlybasedonconstantlyinnovatedknowledgeandusesitasthefirstdrivingforce.Thiseconomyisanewmodeofeconomytofindasolutiontotheproblemssuchasnaturalresourcesbecomingincreasinglyscarcesoastopursueanewdevelopmentoptionoropportunity.Comparedwiththeindustrialeconomy,knowledgeeconomyboastsitsmeritsofemployingappropriatesumofresourcesandfunds,itisbasedonaswellasgivesfullplaytointellectualresourcesandthefunctionsofknowledgeanditalsodependsontheaccumulationandutilityofeffectiveinformation.Thepurposeistoenhancetheharmonybetweenhumanbeingsandthenatureandtopromotesustainabledevelopment.Itcanbetterrepresentthelawofvaluewhichcaresboththeeconomicdevelopmentandhumanprogress.2)Skillinfocus:transferredepithetTransferredepithetisafigureofspeechinwhichtheepithetistransferredfromtheappropriatenountomodifyanothertowhichitdoesnotreallybelong.移就修辭格在作品中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)，能收到以少勝多、含蘊(yùn)深遠(yuǎn)的表達(dá)效果。什么是移就呢？在辭海解釋如下：甲乙兩項(xiàng)關(guān)聯(lián)，就把原來(lái)屬于形容甲事物的修飾語(yǔ)移屬乙事物，叫移就。唐鋮《修辭格》說(shuō)：“兩個(gè)觀念聯(lián)系在一起時(shí)，一個(gè)的形容詞常常移用于他一個(gè)上頭?！币凭褪且环N超乎常格的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象，也是詞語(yǔ)搭配的創(chuàng)造性運(yùn)用。通過(guò)詞語(yǔ)的移用，將人的情緒、狀態(tài)同事物聯(lián)系起來(lái)，不需要耗費(fèi)更多的筆墨，極簡(jiǎn)練地把人的情緒、思想、性格鮮明地表達(dá)出來(lái)，或?qū)⑹挛锏男螤睢⒈举|(zhì)突出出來(lái)，而且使語(yǔ)言出奇制勝，富于變化，饒有情趣。移就的種類：移人于物和移物于物。好像有點(diǎn)與擬人和擬物類似。移人于物，就是把原來(lái)形容人的修飾語(yǔ)移用于物。如：郁達(dá)夫《還鄉(xiāng)記》中：“我女人經(jīng)過(guò)的悲哀的足跡，現(xiàn)在有我一步步的踐踏過(guò)去！”“悲哀”原是表現(xiàn)人的心情悲涼、哀傷，這里用來(lái)修飾“足跡”。朱自清《荷塘月色》中：“葉子底下是脈脈的流水。”“脈脈”是指默默地用眼神或行動(dòng)表達(dá)情意，形容人含情的樣子，有“脈脈含情”“盈盈一水間，脈脈不得語(yǔ)”之詞句，這里卻用來(lái)修飾“流水”。陸游《過(guò)采石有感》：“明日重尋石頭路，醉鞍誰(shuí)與共聯(lián)翩?！薄白怼钡谋臼欠盼蹋憩F(xiàn)其情態(tài)，這里卻移用于“鞍”。移物于物，把形容甲事物的修飾語(yǔ)移用于乙事物。如：魯迅《紀(jì)念劉和珍君》中把描摹顏色的“濃黑”用來(lái)修飾“悲涼”，表現(xiàn)“悲涼”的沉重濃烈：“我將深味這非人間的濃黑的悲涼——”峻青《海濱仲夏夜》中“晚霞”原不會(huì)“燃燒”，這里卻把此詞移用來(lái)形容“晚霞”的形態(tài)和色彩?！拔鬟叺奶炜眨€燃燒著一片橘紅色的晚霞。”李瑛《一月的哀思》中把描摹顏色的“蒼白”同來(lái)修飾“日子”，表現(xiàn)“日子”讓人傷慟：“我不相信，一九七六年的日歷，會(huì)埋藏著這樣蒼白的日子?！?移就"在英語(yǔ)中是比較常用的一種修辭格。要求語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)練含蓄,表情達(dá)意豐富深刻,往往意在言外。作為聽(tīng)者或讀者一般"只可意會(huì),不可言傳"。但是,作為譯者不僅要意會(huì)還要言傳。要做到這一點(diǎn),既要對(duì)原文中的移就修辭格進(jìn)行充分的理解,而且還要運(yùn)用恰當(dāng)?shù)姆g手段將這一生動(dòng)形象的修辭手段完美地傳譯出來(lái)。1.直譯對(duì)那些較容易理解的或其表達(dá)方式與漢語(yǔ)相同或相近的英語(yǔ)移就修辭格可以采取直譯的方式進(jìn)行傳譯。這樣在形式上和功能上都實(shí)現(xiàn)了與原語(yǔ)的對(duì)等,既保持了原語(yǔ)的簡(jiǎn)潔含蓄,又不影響讀者或聽(tīng)者的理解。例如:1)Iwassurprisedtofindhimlivinginsuchdrabandcheerlesssurroundings.我意外地發(fā)現(xiàn)他住在如此單調(diào)而陰郁的環(huán)境中。2)Theindefatigablebellnowsoundedforthefourthtime.那不知疲倦的鐘聲現(xiàn)在敲第四遍了。3)Thesailorsswarmedintoalaughingandcheeringringaroundthetwomen.水手們蜂擁而至,匯成歡笑與呼喊的一圈,把那兩人圍在中心。4)Hisfootmadeaslightreproachfulsound.他的腳步發(fā)出了微微的責(zé)備聲。2.位置還原翻譯英語(yǔ)中移就的主要特點(diǎn)是將修飾語(yǔ)移位,這種移位有時(shí)如果照直翻譯可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致行文不符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣,從而影響譯文效果。這時(shí),可以采取位置還原的翻譯方法,將修飾語(yǔ)置于它本來(lái)應(yīng)該修飾的中心詞前,即將被轉(zhuǎn)移的修飾語(yǔ)游離于它所修飾的表層結(jié)構(gòu)而還原到深層結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:1)Ienjoythecleanvoluptuousnessofthewarmbreezeonmyskinandthecoolsupportofthewater.我喜愛(ài)那清新的暖風(fēng)吹拂在我的皮膚上使我陶然欲醉的快感,也喜愛(ài)那涼爽的流水把我的身體托浮在水面的愜意。(原語(yǔ)中的cool被轉(zhuǎn)移用來(lái)修飾support,譯文將其還原到water上。)（章振邦譯）賞析："voluptuousness"不會(huì)"clean",是"breeze""clean","support"不會(huì)"cool",是"water""cool"，這種“甲乙兩項(xiàng)相關(guān)聯(lián)，就把原屬于形容甲的修飾語(yǔ)移屬于乙”的修飾手法叫“移就”(transferredepithet)（《英語(yǔ)修辭賞析》，第145頁(yè)）。在翻譯帶有移就修辭手法的英語(yǔ)句子時(shí)，有時(shí)需要按照漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣將屬于甲的修飾語(yǔ)還給甲，章振邦先生在這個(gè)譯例里就做了這種處理。除此之外，譯者還進(jìn)行了結(jié)構(gòu)上的調(diào)整，將原句拆譯為兩個(gè)排比句，加強(qiáng)了譯句的表現(xiàn)力。譯句的選詞也極為考究，整個(gè)譯句讀來(lái)音韻流動(dòng)，口齒生香。2)Herhairwascarelesslydone,inquisitivewispsstoopedoftenoverherforeheadtopeepatthedarkwonderofhereyes.她的頭發(fā)只是隨便地梳了一下,幾綹兒常搭在額上的頭發(fā)就像打探的人兒,窺視著她充滿好奇的黑眼睛。(原語(yǔ)中的dark被轉(zhuǎn)移用來(lái)修飾wonder,譯文將其還原到eyes上。)3.狀語(yǔ)化翻譯移就修辭格中被轉(zhuǎn)移的修飾語(yǔ)與被修飾的中心詞在表層結(jié)構(gòu)上往往是一種定語(yǔ)關(guān)系,但在深層結(jié)構(gòu)中實(shí)際上往往表示一種方式。因此,在翻譯時(shí)我們可以將原語(yǔ)中作定語(yǔ)的被轉(zhuǎn)移的修飾語(yǔ)譯為相應(yīng)的狀語(yǔ)。例如:1)Rushingthrongs,blindedbythedarknessandthesmoke,rusheduponestreetanddownthenext,tramplingthefalleninacrazyfruitlessdashtowardsafety.在黑暗和濃煙中盲目狂奔的人群,穿街過(guò)巷,踐踏著倒下的軀體,慌亂地向著安全的地方?jīng)_闖,結(jié)果卻是徒勞。2)Sometimestheythrew(him)bitsoffood,andgotscantthanks;sometimesamischievouspebble,andashowerofstonesandabuses.有時(shí),人們朝他扔去零碎食物,卻很少聽(tīng)到感謝;有時(shí),人們惡作劇似地扔去塊卵石,得到的卻是暴風(fēng)雨般的石頭和謾罵。3)Thequestionwasmetwithanawkwardsilence.問(wèn)題提了出來(lái),大家卻都難堪地默不作聲。4)ButaboveallIlovetheselongpurposelessdaysinwhichIshedallthatIhaveeverbeen.我尤其喜愛(ài)那些漫長(zhǎng)的歲月,我可以漫無(wú)目的地混日子,完全擺脫我過(guò)去那種(緊張)狀態(tài)。4.分譯法有時(shí),移就修辭格中被轉(zhuǎn)移的修飾語(yǔ)在深層結(jié)構(gòu)上表示的是某種情況或行為,在翻譯時(shí)便可將其分出來(lái)單獨(dú)翻譯成句子中的成分,而不需要將其與所修飾的中心詞進(jìn)行捆綁翻譯。例如:FranklinRooseveltlistenedwithbright-eyed,smilingattention.本句的深層結(jié)構(gòu)有三個(gè):a.FranklinDRooseveltwasbright-eyed.b.FranklinRooseveltwassmiling.c.FranklinRooseveltlistenedwithattention.因此,在翻譯時(shí),可將此三層意思分別譯出。譯文為:弗蘭克林·羅斯福面帶微笑,目光炯炯,在聚精會(huì)神地聽(tīng)著。Theyprolongedtheclaspforthephoto-grapher,exchangingsmilingwords.從深層結(jié)構(gòu)看,本文的移就修辭格含有兩層意思:a.Theyweresmiling.b.Theywereexchangingwords.所以,在翻譯時(shí)可將它們分別譯出:他們相互問(wèn)候著,微笑著,長(zhǎng)時(shí)間地握著手,給攝影師留下足夠的時(shí)間。再如:Therewasanamazedsilence.SlowlyAlexanderturnedaway.人們一陣驚訝,都默不作聲。亞歷山大慢慢地轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)身去。Shesattherewithembarrasseddelight.她坐在那里,既尷尬,又高興。Theeducatedcollege-womancaninfluenceherchildren'seducationbytakinganintelligent,informedinterestinit.受過(guò)大學(xué)教育的婦女自身聰穎睿智,見(jiàn)多識(shí)廣,對(duì)教育頗感興趣。因此,也就能夠影響其子女的教育。5.融合法英語(yǔ)移就修辭格有時(shí)運(yùn)用的十分巧妙,必須將其納入整個(gè)句子中加以綜合理解才能得出其真正要表達(dá)的深層含義或妙不可言之所在。此時(shí),要將其言外之意有效地加以傳達(dá)便需要對(duì)原文進(jìn)行充分的理解,然后將其融為一體加以表達(dá)。例如:Adirty-yellowskyhadthreatenedrainalldayandahollowstillnesshungoverthevalley.本句中的被轉(zhuǎn)移了的修飾語(yǔ)hollow和中心詞stillness實(shí)際上表現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)方面:一個(gè)有形,一個(gè)無(wú)形。山谷因靜寂而空曠,反過(guò)來(lái)山谷的空曠又平添了幾分靜寂。用hollow修飾stillness就是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)突出山谷的這一特點(diǎn),凝練而富有表現(xiàn)力。因此,在翻譯時(shí)要考慮到其語(yǔ)義的相互補(bǔ)充、相互滲透的因素而進(jìn)行融合。譯文為:那天天色昏暗,整天卻像要下雨的樣子,空蕩蕩的山谷一片靜寂。再如:AllthatsleeplessnightIreplayedthemomentthoseblackglovescameuptothecarwindow.當(dāng)晚我徹夜不眠,眼前不時(shí)重現(xiàn)那副黑手套伸向車窗的一瞬間。Lazycloudsdriftedacrossthesky.白云悠悠。Afteranunthinkingmoment,sheputthepenintohermouth.想了一會(huì)兒,她還是沒(méi)有什么頭緒,便將筆咬在嘴角。Peoplelistenedwithopen-mouthedastonishmentwhiletheshockingnewssankin.人們領(lǐng)悟到這駭人聽(tīng)聞的消息之后,都驚訝得目瞪口呆。Aftersixyearsofmarriedchildlessness,thefatherwassuddenlypresentedbyhiswifewithapairoftwins.(他們)結(jié)婚6年無(wú)子女之后,妻子卻出人意料地給丈夫生了一對(duì)雙胞胎。3)NotesandcommentsWhatthismeansisthatbusinessmustbeinaconstantprocessofchangeandadaptationtotheneweconomicrealities.這意味著商業(yè)處在一個(gè)不斷變化的過(guò)程中，必須適應(yīng)新的經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)實(shí)?！癢hatthismeansisthat”主語(yǔ)從句采取意譯的方法，可譯成“這意味著…”。2.Inthisneweconomy,itisevidentthatthekeytosuccessis“knowledge”.很明顯，在這個(gè)新經(jīng)濟(jì)中成功的關(guān)鍵是“知識(shí)”。在對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜的英語(yǔ)句子進(jìn)行翻譯的時(shí)候，為了讓句子讀起來(lái)通順，調(diào)整詞序是很重要的?！昂苊黠@”可以放在句首的位置。其它例如：Itissaidthat…據(jù)說(shuō)…Itisheardthat…聽(tīng)說(shuō)…Itisknownthat…眾所周知…Itisreportedthat…據(jù)報(bào)道…Itisestimatedthat…據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)3.Exchangesofresearchandideashasacceleratedinnovation,inventions,andcreationofnewgoodsproducts,atarateneverbeforeknowninhumanhistory:研究和思想的交流加快了創(chuàng)新、發(fā)明和新商品、新產(chǎn)品的創(chuàng)造。這一切以一種人類歷史上前所未有的速度增長(zhǎng)。在英譯漢中，可以根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣把長(zhǎng)句拆成幾個(gè)短句。4.Globalizationoftheeconomyhasalsoraisednewissuesofnationalismandprotectionoflocalculture:經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化帶來(lái)了新的民族主義的問(wèn)題和對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)匚幕M(jìn)行保護(hù)的問(wèn)題。issue：引起爭(zhēng)論的問(wèn)題。這里的“民族主義”和“對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)匚幕M(jìn)行保護(hù)”新問(wèn)題，所以不要把原文翻譯成為“經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化也帶來(lái)了新的民族主義的問(wèn)題和對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)匚幕M(jìn)行保護(hù)?！?.Globalizationhasbeenspurredonbytheinternet,whichoperates24hoursaday,7daysaweek:全球化受到了一天24小時(shí)，一周7天運(yùn)行的因特網(wǎng)的推動(dòng)。注意這里要正確理解原文的語(yǔ)義，千萬(wàn)不要譯成“受到因特網(wǎng)的刺激，全球化24小時(shí)一天，7天一周運(yùn)行”。6.Theeconomiesofscale,trans-globalorganizationsdominatingtheworldmarkets,powerfuleconomicenginesofafewrichcountries,ect.canleavetheimpressionthatthegapintheworldbetweentherichandthepoorwillwidenovertime:等級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)的出現(xiàn)，跨國(guó)公司主宰世界市場(chǎng)，以及一些富國(guó)受到強(qiáng)大的經(jīng)濟(jì)引擎的推動(dòng)等等，這些都給人以世界上貧富差距隨著時(shí)間的推移而不斷加大的印象。這里涉及分詞的結(jié)構(gòu)“trans-globalorganizationsdominatingtheworldmarkets”譯作“跨國(guó)公司主宰世界市場(chǎng)”較合適。7.到20世紀(jì)七八十年代，發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家開始逐步進(jìn)入后工業(yè)社會(huì)：Inthe70’sand80’softhe20thcentury,developedcountriesbegantoenterthestageofpost-industrialsociety.后工業(yè)社會(huì)：post-industrialsociety8.科技進(jìn)步貢獻(xiàn)率到50%以上。Thecontributionofthedevelopmentofscience&technologyaccountedformorethan50%.這里采取意譯，“accountedformorethan50%”是“占了超過(guò)50%的部分”的意思。9.到了知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代，知識(shí)就不僅僅是生產(chǎn)的或經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的一個(gè)要素，而且成為生產(chǎn)的支柱，成為經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的決定的要素。Fortheageofknowledgeeconomy,knowledgeisnotsimplyamerefactorofproductionoreconomicgrowth.Ithasbecomethemainsupportingforceofproductionandthedeterminingfactorofeconomicgrowth.支柱:themainsupportingforce.10.據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，1973－1993年，發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家高技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)在制造業(yè)中的份額和在出口中的份額都在大幅度增長(zhǎng)。Accordingtothestatistics,from1970to1993indevelopedcountries,high-techindustrywastakingmuchgreater“share”inmanufactureindustryandinexport.4)ExercisesandHomeworkAssignmentTranslatethefollowingEnglishsentencesintoChineseorviceversa.1.Shehasexpensivetastesinclothes.2.Iwassurprisedtofindhimlivinginsuchdrabandcheerlesssurroundings.3.…theskyatenderpalletofpinkandblue.4.HebehavedwithguiltycautionandratherenjoyedstealingamarchonDoctorEd.5.在美國(guó)，有太多走投無(wú)路的經(jīng)理過(guò)早地跌進(jìn)了墳?zāi)埂?.“或許我做的比那更好，”我神秘地眨著眼睛說(shuō)。7.他們握手時(shí)邊笑邊談，以此延長(zhǎng)握手時(shí)間，好讓攝影師進(jìn)行拍照。8.他甚至偶爾跟全國(guó)各地的蘋果電腦用戶通過(guò)電腦進(jìn)行交談。9.她非常擔(dān)心她的兒子，以至于度過(guò)了幾個(gè)不眠之夜。10.他對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題不假思索地回答“是”。Referenceversion1.她喜歡穿高檔衣服2.我意外地發(fā)現(xiàn)他住在如此單調(diào)而陰郁的環(huán)境中。3….天空成了一塊粉紅色和藍(lán)色的柔和的調(diào)色板。4.他的一舉一動(dòng)小心謹(jǐn)慎，心中雖然有些內(nèi)疚，但為能偷偷地?fù)屧诎５箩t(yī)生之前頗為得意。5.Americahasshownustoomanydesperatelyworriedexecutivesdroopingintoearlygraves.6.“Imaydobetterthanthat,”Isaidwithamysteriouswink.7.Theyprolongedtheclaspforthephotographer,exchangingsmilingwords.8HeoccasionallyevenengagesinelectronicconversationswithAppleusersaroundthecountry.9.Shewassoworriedabouthersonthatshespentseveralsleeplessnights.10.Hesaid“Yes”tothequestioninanunthinkingmoment.5)AssessmentAccordingtotheresultoftranslationexercises,mostofstudentscanknowthetranslationskillabouttransferredepithetinthisunit.Also,theylearnhowtotranslatetherelatedarticlesaboutknowledgeeconomyappropriatelyintheirtranslationversion.Unit3EntrepreneurialCultureⅠ.ObjectivesAfterstudyingthisunit,theStudents(abbr.Ss)shouldgetthegeneralideaofwhatentrepreneurialcultureisandhowEnglisharticlesonrelatedtopiccanbetranslatedintoChineseorviceversaaccordingtothetranslationalskillsinfocusaboutMetaphorandSimile.Ⅱ.Detailedplan1.TeachingMethods:student-oriented2.TeachingPeriods:4Periods3.Keypoints:1)Toknowthegeneralbackgroundknowledgeofentrepreneurialculture;2)TounderstandthetranslationalskillinfocusaboutSimileandMetaphor;3)Totranslatethetextsappropriatelypayingspecialattentiontonotesandcommentsbehindthetexts；4)Tofinishtasksfortranslationexercisesbehindthetexts.4.Difficultpoints:1)TounderstandthetranslationalskillinfocusaboutSimileandMetaphor;2)Totranslatethetextsappropriatelypayingspecialattentiontonotesandcommentsbehindthetexts.5.Teachingprocedures1)Lead-inwork(1)Whatisentrepreneurialculture?Itmainlyreferstoakindofvalueidea,beliefandbehaviornormthatismadeandsharedinenterprisebusinessamongemployeesfromcommonworkerstomanagerialstaffs.Fromthepointviewofculturescience,entrepreneurialculturecanbeclassifiedastwoparts:generallyspeaking,itisaspiritandpower,aswellasvalueconceptionandbehaviornormsharedbyallthestaffmembersoftheenterprisetomanageitsbusinessaffairs.However,entrepreneurialculture,inanarrowsense,includesculturemind,culturequalificationandculturebehaviorofallstaffsinanenterpriseinadditiontotheabovementionedthatcomprisemeasures,systemsandactivities,etc.relatedtoconstructionofculture.Example:Corporatespirit:DarefortheWorldFirst.Corporateslogan:China's,theworld's.

Corporategoal:internationalizedmanufacturingenterpriseforcommunicationterminalproducts.QualityPolicy:Createbestquality;buildCosun(僑興集團(tuán))image;operatebyinternationalstandard;maketheuserssatisfied.Futureplanning:buildCosuntobeinternationalizedleadingenterpriseofcommunicationterminalproducts.Workstandard:Teamwork,innovationandefficiency.Goodcorporatecultureisthebackboneofenterprisedevelopment;itisthecommonbeliefandgoalforallpeopleinCosun;itisourbehaviornormandbrandexpansion.UniqueentrepreneurialcultureistheguaranteeforCosun'sconstantlydevelopment.(2)Whatarethemainelementsofentrepreneurialculture?Entrepreneurialcultureismadeupofentrepreneurialenvironment,valueidea,heroes,culturalceremonyandculturenetwork.2)Skillinfocus:SimileandMetaphor(1)Definitiona)SimileSimileisafigureofspeechthatexpressesaresemblancebetweenthingsofdifferentkinds(usuallyformedwith`like'or`as')Eg.1.Thatmanislikeafox.那人像只狐貍（一樣狡猾）。2.Lightasabreeze,softasacloud.輕柔綿軟，呵護(hù)體貼?；颍狠p如風(fēng)，柔如云。（內(nèi)衣廣告）3.Mr.Johnsonmayserveasagoodpartner,forheisascloseasanoyster.約翰遜先生可以作我們的好搭檔，因?yàn)樗乜谌缙?。b)MetaphorMetaphorisafigureofspeechinwhichanexpressionisusedtorefertosomethingthatitdoesnotliterallydenoteinordertosuggestasimilarity.Eg.4.Theshipplowsthesea.--Abbott&Seeley.這艘輪船在海上乘風(fēng)破浪地前進(jìn)。5.Theworld'sastage."--Shak.世界是舞臺(tái)。6.Aprovenchallengetowrinkles.清除皺紋，馬到成功。（化妝品廣告）7.EBELthearchitectsoftime.依貝爾手表——時(shí)間的締造者。(手表廣告)(2)TranslationSkillsWhenwecomeacrosssuchsentenceswithsimileinBusinessEnglishtranslation,wecandealwithbyrenderingthem“像…一樣，好像；如…般地，猶如，宛如”andsentenceswithmetaphoras“是”inChineseversion.Note:①Whenassociationvehicles（喻體）andfigurativemeanings（喻義）arethesamebetweenEnglishidiomsandChineseproverbs,wecankeeptheoriginalassociationvehiclesthroughliteraltranslationmethodsoastoremaintheoriginalstyleintheversionattheutmost.Insentence7EBEListhebrandofawatchproducedinSwitzerland.Thisadvertisementreflectsthewatch’sexcellentqualitybycomparingthewatchtothearchitectoftime.Wecantranslateitliterallyasfollows:依貝爾手表——時(shí)間的締造者.ThisChinesetranslationdoesnotusesuchwordsas“猶如”,becauseChinesereaderscanunderstandthemetaphoricalof時(shí)間的締造者,whichalsoalludestothewatch’sfinequalityofkeepingtimepunctually.MostoftheabovesentencescanberenderedintoChineselikethis.②IftheimageoftheoriginalassociationvehiclefailstomakeChinesereadersunderstandbecauseofthegreatdifferencebetweenEnglishandChineseculture,wecanrenderitintoChinesebysubstitutingwithitscorrespondencethatcanrecallsthereaderswiththesimilarassociationandarousethesameemotionwhilereadingtheChineseversion.Example3belongstothiscase.③Insentence1,wecanfindthattheword“plow”hasdifferentassociationvehiclesthatcanneitherremainnorsubstitutewithsimilaronesinChinese,sotheymaymerelyberecreatedanewimagefromtheoriginalassociationvehiclessothatthereaderscanhavethefeelingoftheequivalentexperiencetounderstanditsChinesemeaningof“乘風(fēng)破浪”.3)NotesandcommentsEntrepreneurialculturehasgainedinimportancebecauseemployersneedtoattracttalentedpeopleandemployeeswanttofindincreasedmeaningintheirwork.由于雇主需要吸引有才能的人，雇員希望在他們的工作中找到更多的意義，企業(yè)文化變得越來(lái)越重要。Failuretoconsiderhowyourfirmisperceivedcanincreaseturnoveraswellasrecruitingandtrainingcosts.不考慮人們對(duì)你公司的看法會(huì)增加人員更替率以及聘用和訓(xùn)練成本。Somefirmsscreenjobcandidatestodetermineiftheyarefamiliarwiththefirm’sculture.一些公司要審查應(yīng)聘者是否熟悉公司的文化。Accommodationsfortelecommuting,flexiblehoursandchildcareareincreasinglyimportanttoworkerstryingtoachieveasatisfyingwork-lifebalance.提供遠(yuǎn)距離上班、彈性工作制，以及孩子托管對(duì)爭(zhēng)取達(dá)到工作-生活平衡的員工來(lái)說(shuō)正變得日益重要。ExamplesofcompaniesfeaturinglifelonglearningenvironmentsincludeOracle’s“OracleUniversity”andCiscoSystems’high-techdistancelearningknownasIP/TV.具有終身學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境的公司包括甲骨文公司的“甲骨文大學(xué)”和企業(yè)文化主要是一種觀念形態(tài)，它以企業(yè)的價(jià)值體系為基礎(chǔ)，與企業(yè)的管理哲學(xué)、管理行為產(chǎn)生緊密的聯(lián)系，是企業(yè)管理中的核心所在。Entrepreneurialcultureisaformofideal,whichisbasedonthevaluesystemofanenterpriseandcloselyrelatedtothemanagementphilosophyaswellasmanagementbehaviorastheenterprise.Itiswherethekernelofbusinessmanagementliesbehavioroftheenterprise.從文化學(xué)的角度看，企業(yè)文化也可以分為狹義和廣義兩部分。Fromthevantage-pointofculturaltheory,entrepreneurialvulturecanbefurtherclassifiesintopartsinthenarrowsenseand(in)thebroadsense.毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，就企業(yè)文化的性質(zhì)和作用而言，它是一種經(jīng)濟(jì)文化，是一朵文化和經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)合的奇葩。Undoubtedly,asfarasthenatureandfunctionofentrepreneurialcultureareconcerned,itisakindofeconomicculture;itisasplendidblossomofthecombinationofcultureandeconomy.它所從事的是一種經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)。Whatanenterpriseisengagedinisakindofeconomicactivity.我們知道，人自從脫離了生物自然，創(chuàng)造了代代相傳的文化體系，就與文化結(jié)下了不解之緣。Weallknowthateversincethemankindwasseparatedfromthebiologicalnature,andcreatedtheculturalsystemthatwaspassedthroughfromthegenerationtogeneration,webecomeattachedtoculture.4)ExercisesandHomeworkAssignmentTranslatethefollowingEnglishsentencesintoChineseorviceversa.Afterthebasketballmatch,hestillhasanimportantconference.(verb)Shelingeredlongoverhisletter.(adverb)Therecruitthrewthegrenade50meters.ThedevelopmentofeconomyremainsoneoftheprioritiesoftheChineseGovernment.(noun)Whitecloudsfloatoverthebluesky.(plural)Long-rangegunsaimedatthepositionoftheenemy.(plural)不要生氣嘛！我只不過(guò)是跟你開玩笑罷了。（語(yǔ)氣詞）時(shí)間過(guò)得真快??！一輪紅日正在從地平線上冉冉升起。（量詞）他工作得這么專心致志，從早晨到現(xiàn)在連飯都沒(méi)有來(lái)得及吃上一口。（量詞）氫在空氣或氧氣中燃燒，就會(huì)形成水。（邏輯關(guān)系和句子平衡）如果測(cè)試更為徹底，也許一開始就能找出故障。（邏輯關(guān)系和句子平衡）Referenceversion看完籃球比賽之后，他還有一個(gè)重要的會(huì)議要參加。（增加動(dòng)詞）她反反復(fù)復(fù)地回味著他的來(lái)信。（副詞）這個(gè)新兵一下子把手榴彈投出了50米。（副詞）發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)仍然是中國(guó)政府的首要課題之一。（增加名詞）藍(lán)藍(lán)的天上飄著朵朵白云。（復(fù)數(shù)）一門門遠(yuǎn)程火炮瞄準(zhǔn)了敵軍的陣地。（復(fù)數(shù)）Don’tgetangry.Iamjusthavingajokewithyou.(modalparticle)Howtimeflies!Aredsunrisingslowlyonthehorizon.(classifiermeasureword)Heissoabsorbedintheworkthathehasn’thadabitesincemorning.Hydrogenburnsinairoroxygen,formingwater.(structure&balance)Morethoroughtestingmighthavecaughtthefailureinitially.(structure&balance)TranslatethefollowingEnglishpassageintoChineseorviceversa.1.Stockmarketinvestmentgivesyoutheuniqueopportunitytotakeadirectpartinthegrowthandsuccessofcompanies.Whenyoubuysharesinacompany,itmeansthatyouactuallyownaportionofthatcompany.Aspartowner,youbenefitbyreceivingpartoftheprofitsordividendsandsharinginthegrowthofthevalueofthecompany.2.公司通過(guò)發(fā)行股票募集資金或資本獲利。當(dāng)你或他人購(gòu)買了公司新發(fā)行的股票，公司也就募得了資金，用于公司的運(yùn)營(yíng)和業(yè)務(wù)拓展。Referenceversion1.股市投資給你一個(gè)獨(dú)一無(wú)二的直接參與公司發(fā)展的機(jī)會(huì)。當(dāng)你購(gòu)買了某個(gè)公司的股票，也就意味著你實(shí)際上擁有了公司的一部分。作為公司的部分擁有者，你有權(quán)分享公司發(fā)展所帶來(lái)的利潤(rùn)或者紅利和公司發(fā)展所帶來(lái)的增值。2.Thecompanybenefitsbyraisingfundsorcapitalwhenyoursharesandothersharesarefirstsold.Thesefundsareusedtooperateandexpandthebusiness.5)AssessmentAccordingtostudent’stranslationexercises,weknowthatmostofstudentscangetageneralideaofhowtotranslatebyusingthetranslationskillaboutsmileandmetaphorinthisunit.What’smore,theylearnhowtotranslatetherelatedarticlesaboutentrepreneurialcultureappropriatelyintheirtranslationversion.Unit4InvitationforBusinessInvestmentⅠ.ObjectivesAfterstudyingthisunit,theStudents(abbr.Ss)shouldknowaboutsomesentencepatternsrelatedtoinvitationforbusinessinvestmentandhowtotranslateEnglisharticlesonrelatedtopicintoChineseorviceversaaccordingtothetranslationalskillsinfocusaboutNumbers.Ⅱ.Detailedplan1.TeachingMethods:student-oriented,discussionandexplanation2.TeachingPeriods:4Periods3.Keypoints:1)Toknowthegeneralbackgroundknowledgeofinvitationforbusinessinvestment;2)TounderstandthetranslationskillinfocusaboutNumbers;3)Totranslatethetextsappropriatelypayingspecialattentiontonotesandcommentsbehindthetexts；4)Tofinishtasksfortranslationexercisesbehindthetexts.4.Difficultpoints:1)TounderstandthetranslationalskillinfocusaboutNumbers;2)Totranslatethetextsappropriatelypayingspecialattentiontonotesandcommentsbehindthetexts.5.Teachingprocedures1)Lead-inworkWhatisinvitationforbusinessinvestment?Withitspoliticalsecurity,stableeconomydevelopmentandbigmarket,Chinahasincreasinglyattractedabundantinternationalcapitalforinvestment.In2005,asurveyshowedthat90%offoreigncompaniesinChinaplantoexpandtheirfurtherbusinessesinthecomingthreeyears.Ourinvitationforbusinessinvestmentcanbebroadlyg