Managingnext-generationITinfrastructureThedaysofbuildingtoorderareover.Thetimeisripeforanindustrialrevolution.JamesM.Kaplan,MarkusL?ffler,andRogerP.RobertsTheMcKinseyQuarterly,Webexclusive,February2005Inrecentyears,companieshaveworkedhardtoreducethecostoftheITinfrastructure—thedatacenters,networks,databases,andsoftwaretoolsthatsupportbusinesses.Theseeffortstoconsolidate,standardize,andstreamlineassets,technologies,andprocesseshavedeliveredmajorsavings.Yeteventhemosteffectivecost-cuttingprogrameventuallyhitsawall:thecomplexityoftheinfrastructureitself.Therootcauseofthiscomplexityisthebuild-to-ordermind-settraditionalinmostITorganizations.Thetypicalinfrastructuremayseemtobehightechbutactuallyresemblesanold-fashionedautomobile:handmadebyanexpertcraftspersonandcustomizedtothespecificationsofanindividualcustomer.Todayanapplicationdevelopertypicallyspecifiestheexactserverconfigurationforeachapplicationandtheinfrastructuregroupfulfillsthatrequest.Theresult:thousandsofapplicationsilos,eachwithitsowncustom-configuredhardware,andajumbleofoftenincompatibleassetsthatgreatlylimitacompany'sflexibilityandtimetomarket.Sinceeachservermaybeconfiguredtomeetanapplication'speakdemand,whichisrarelyattained,vastamountsofexpensivecapacitysitunusedacrosstheinfrastructureatanygiventime.Moreover,applicationsaretightlylinkedtoindividualserversandstoragedevices,sotheexcesscapacitycan'tbeshared.Now,however,technologicaladvances—combinedwithnewskillsandmanagementpractices—allowcompaniestoshedthisbuild-to-orderapproach.Adecadeintothechallengingtransitiontodistributedcomputing,infrastructuregroupsaremanagingclient-serverandWeb-centeredarchitectureswithgrowingauthority.Companiesareadoptingstandardizedapplicationplatformsanddevelopmentlanguages.Andtoday'shigh-performanceprocessors,storageunits,andnetworksensurethatinfrastructureelementsrarelyneedhand-tuningtomeettherequirementsofapplications.Inresponsetothesechanges,someleadingcompaniesarebeginningtoadoptanentirelynewmodelofinfrastructuremanagement—moreoff-the-shelfthanbuild-to-order.Insteadofspecifyingthehardwareandtheconfigurationneededforabusinessapplication("Ineedthisparticularmaker,model,andconfigurationformynetwork-attachedstoragebox..."),developersspecifyaservicerequirement("Ineedstoragewithhigh-speedscalability...");ratherthanbuildingsystemstoorder,infrastructuregroupscreateportfoliosof"productized,"reusableservices.Streamlined,automatedprocessesandtechnologiescreatea"factory"thatdeliverstheseproductsinoptimalfashion(Exhibit1).Asproductordersrollin,afactorymanagermonitorstheinfrastructureforcapacity-planningandsourcingpurposes.Withthismodel,fillinganITrequirementisratherlikeshoppingbycatalog.Adeveloperwhoneedsastorageproduct,forinstance,choosesfromaportfolioofoptions,eachdescribedbyservicelevel(suchasspeed,capacity,oravailability)andpricedaccordingtotheinfrastructureassetsconsumed(say,$7amonthforagigabyteofmanagedstorage).Thesystem'stransparencyhelpsbusinessusersunderstandhowdemanddrivestheconsumptionandcostofresources.Companiesthatmakethetransitiongainbigbusinessbenefits.Byreducingcomplexity,eliminatingredundantactivity,andboostingtheutilizationofassets,theycanmaketheirinfrastructure20to30percentmoreproductive—ontopofthebenefitfrompreviousefficiencyefforts—therebyprovidingfargreateroutputandflexibility.Evenlargersavingscanbeachievedbyusinglow-cost,commodityassetswhenpossible.Developersnolongermustspecifyanapplication'stechnicalunderpinningsandcanthereforefocusonworkthatdeliversgreaterbusinessvalue;thenewmodelimprovestimestomarketfornewapplications.Nevertheless,makingthistransitioncallsformajororganizationalchanges.Applicationdevelopersmustbecomeadeptatforecastingandmanagingdemandsothat,inturn,infrastructuregroupscanmanagecapacitymoretightly.Infrastructuregroupsmustdevelopnewcapabilitiesinproductmanagementandpricingaswellasintroducenewtechnologiessuchasgridcomputingandvirtualization.1AsforCIOs,theymustputinplaceanewmodelofgovernancetomanagethenewinfrastructureorganization.TheroadforwardDeutscheTelekomknowsfirsthandthechallengesinvolved:over18months,hopingtobalanceITsupplyanddemand,itimplementedthisnewinfrastructure-managementmodelattwodivisions(seesidebar,"Next-generationinfrastructureatDeutscheTelekom").Intheolddays,thecompany'sITinfrastructure,likemost,wasalandscapeofapplicationsilos.Todayaccurateforecastsofuserdemandarecritical,sonewlymintedproductmanagersmusttakeahorizontalview,acrossapplications,toassessthetotalneedsofthebusinessandcreatetherightproducts.Theymustthenworkcloselywithinfrastructureteamstoalignsupply—infrastructureassetssuchashardware,software,andstorage—withdemand.紋Inth景epas某t,em寄ploye帶esof跑the清infra欺struc撕ture附funct粉ionw億ereo棕rder川taker龜s.No封w,th壓eyca溪nbe活more央entre輸prene背urial拒,cho悲osing歪t(yī)he計(jì)mixo輪fhar處dware低,sof來tware莖,and親tech貨nolog狀ytha扛topt刷imize曲sthe東infr緒astru題cture廊.To碼keep屋costs陰low,隆they壁can恢phase保ing聽rids筐oflo彈w-end叫serv炒ers,匙cheap斑erst駛orage坑disk較s,an童doth壞erco窯mmodi胃tyre刑sourc竿es.F盾actor爐yman蹦agers勢now食focus親ona吧utoma躲ting瞧and"熔indus廈trial槳izing滔"pro紹ducti脹on.A快lthou坐ghDe蘭utsch逝eTel金ekom'庸stwo憤divi穩(wěn)sions乖didn暈'tra爹dical縮lych郊ange艘their婆orga騰nizat施ional衡orr巷eport逢ings嚇truct刪ures,銷ITg晃overn魯ance訪nows適eeks蠟toen擇sure左that圖produ孔ctan似dser鐮vice賞level墨sare瓶cons蠢isten冊tacr趣ossb奪usine屋ssun徹itsi臣nord禮erto歐mini指mize金costs碧and役toim蓬prove于the靠infra眠struc彼ture'史sove花rall滲perfo都rmanc蝦e.口What稻we've瓣seen好atD瓶eutsc斷heTe短lekom夏and征other仔comp忌anies榆sugg坦ests理that鋼creat際inga墓next扛-gene像ratio稱ninf帆rastr涉uctur屠einv采olves偉acti學(xué)onon賣thre蛇efro罷nts:屋segme昆nting賤user證dema尤nd,d暗evelo知ping選produ出ctlik肉eser啄vices騾acro幕ssbu該sines遞suni哄ts,a電ndcr霜eatin摩gsha音redf哈actor嶼iest剛ostr晝eamli亮neth慘edel鑼ivery坡ofI鈔T.眠Segme量nting未user志dema得nd錘Large洽ITo右rgani箭zatio咸nssu閥pport尸thou它sands城ofa歡pplic價(jià)ation摘s,hu六ndred事sof碌physi溝cals舍ites,吉and稼tens瓶ofth碼ousan矩dsof餡end碎users殃.All墻thre遲eof丹these劇elem路ents幣arec暴ritic嫌aldr管ivers恨ofi監(jiān)nfras鑰truct蘭ured狹emand潮:app撐licat止ions綢requi繪rese道rvers賞and嫩stora監(jiān)ge,s怪ites渴need籠netwo晉rkco千nnect喬ivity繼,and肅user在swan繪tacc未esst燕odes選ktops箱,lap劃tops,紅PDAs綠,and鐮sof晚orth.瓣Tos滴tanda閑rdize托thes句eseg雀ments懂,an喝ITor天ganiz截ation樓must姐firs洪tdev錫elop敞adee么pund程ersta申nding鎖oft撞hesh秩apeo蜻fcur蟻rent錫deman犧dfor防infr擾astru漫cture滲serv計(jì)ices娘andh孟owth但atde垃mand脾will兔most妹likel拳yevo喇lve.股Then影itne博edst晌ocat濫egori門zede肌mand身into羊segme線nts(患such盡asup嗓time,宇thro崗ughpu比t,an儲(chǔ)dsca取labil患ity)超that醬arem仙eanin舞gful起tobu徒sines筐suse遣rs.鏟When穩(wěn)group狗edin顆this伴way,質(zhì)most住appl頂icati帆onsf妥alli殘ntoa斃rela淚tivel攝ysma舌l(xiāng)lnu劫mber軋ofcl交uster鋤s.A冬pharm塞aceut冬ical請(qǐng)manuf皺actur爺er,f釋orin真stanc瘡e,fo抬undt柴hatm卷osto聾fab伸usine我ssun蛾it's掉exist鑄inga睡ndpl堅(jiān)anned丙appl彎icati銀onsf宗elli殺ntoo版neof收five樣cate井gorie爪s,in盾cludi揚(yáng)ngsa憲lesf真orce縫appli底catio礎(chǔ)nsth鉛atne孫edar晴ound-律the-c革lock葛suppo貝rtan班doff幫-line割avai賞labil警itya暖nden防terpr獵isea好pplic偏ation脅stha山tmus局tsca黃leup猶tot羨housa僻ndso招fuse比rsan訴dhan凱dleb仰atch愧trans恰actio六nsef串ficie慣ntly.鞏Inco暢ntras儀t,a泥typic種alwh稱olesa和leba食nk's印appli紅catio積npor煌tfoli首o(hù)has吩more夫segm事ents,熟with兇awi饅derr塔ange促ofne蔥eds.級(jí)Some更appli妥catio合ns—su叮chas小deri燭vativ擦es,p啟ricin控g,an郊dris等k-man地ageme羽ntto奴ols—m粥uste怨xecut湖ecom綠putat彩ion-i撈ntens旁ivea怖nalys胳esin烏minu祝tesr升ather賺than巷hour維s.Fu肺nds-t旋ransf盯erap困plica綁tions纖allo秀wfor口litt拼leor存nod杏ownti請(qǐng)me;p隙rogra五m-tra逆ding耽appli遇catio勸nsmu近stex定ecute智tran抹sacti律onsi粘nmil太lisec綠onds項(xiàng)orri美skco多mprom總ising邁trad鍵ings煩trate師gies.廚Altho套u(yù)ghs辣imple鍬byc她ompar鐵ison,橋the鼻needs泊ofp剝hysic腔alsi坡tesa烤ndus禍ergr伴oups楚canb真ecat拉egori疲zedi箱nas資imila仗rway安.One懸mark爬eting傻-serv冤ices捎compa傳nyth厭atev夏aluat少edit盾snet形work嚷archi底tectu壓re,f挽orex質(zhì)ample徐,seg窩mente尖dits吵site冰sint押ooff剃ices不with銅more例than應(yīng)100s忍eats,替thos貫ewit渾h25閱to10棉0,an贏drem正oteb信ranch恥eswi村thfe陜wert本han2浸5.A絮cable光syst勤emso娘perat鴉ordi席vided塵its微users仙into龍seni侮orex弟ecuti歇vesw次ith"煮conci罪erge-殃suppo溜rt"n嚼eeds,芹prof確essio持nale慶mploy呢ees,鍵call-耍cente瓦rage島nts,耍andf皆ield戚techn畫ician姓s.荒Most壁compa篩nies廉find帶that財(cái)defin軍ingt蒜hesp路ecifi冠cinf柱rastr讀uctur鮮enee嗎dsof射appl眼icati陜ons,員sites掀,and扶user壯sis胖thek嶄eych研allen著geof沾segm則entin否gdem貌and.纖Major忌issu監(jiān)esin揪clude胡the控time允andf蹈reque嚴(yán)ncyo盒fnee需d,th運(yùn)enum壯bero結(jié)fuse吳rs,t百heam鄰ount攀ofdo勾wntim鞠etha嗓tis鬼accep伏table霞,and稱the剛impor邪tance斤ofs喝peed,鞏scal多abili負(fù)ty,a鬧ndmo止bilit玻y.詞Stand搞ardiz肥ingp褲roduc梯ts兇Once胳thei努nfras師truct羊ureg對(duì)roup密hasa辯ssess鑼edcu攜rrent扯and皇futur混edem肯and,劈itca決ndev懷elop駱aset迷ofp娘roduc電tlike寨,reu狼sable姿serv蹲ices帽fort無hree教segme膠nts:士manag襲ement嗓and燕stora外gepr員oduct商sfor危appl蔽icati扁ons,濁acces儀spro默ducts衛(wèi)such論asd攤eskto然psan亡dlap硬tops匠fore礦ndus吵ers,跨andn謊etwor朽k-acc飽essp初roduc知tsfo思rvar認(rèn)ious象sites烘.For屢each踢oft滿hese分three可prod招uctl蛋ines,邪the它group養(yǎng)must津then型make棄ase帽ries映ofde兩cisio霸nsat三both勻the洪portf懇olio爛andt根hepr濫oduct深leve橫l.穴Atth刻epor箏tfoli長olev年el,i校thas菊tom等aked互ecisi永onsa愚bout校thes圍cope,發(fā)dept讀h,an宣dbre境adth扔ofpr住oduct春offe誕rings扭,wit畜han創(chuàng)eyet雙oward管opti倆mizin剩gres辜o(jì)urce居sand催mini擴(kuò)mizin滑gcos值ts.E賞xcept端ions喚must屠bede項(xiàng)taile雕dup射front竟.The謎grou黃pmay縮deci脖de,f于orex淚ample榜,aga計(jì)inst撓offer普ingp謙roduc液tsto夾supp滿orta枝pplic誕ation晶swit套hstr艷ingen責(zé)treq屋uirem廈ents,蛙such集asv驢ery-l呀ow-la施tency真proc柴essin尚g(shù);th煌esea禮pplic閉ation柔smay托beb凝etter辱buil鵲t"by疫h(yuǎn)and勸"and場"fro若mthe扶grou據(jù)ndup譜."Ot吃hera榆pplic責(zé)ation亭s,su婦chas尼lega構(gòu)cyon另es,m鋪aybe補(bǔ)bett跟erle諒ftou洽tside校the疤newm點(diǎn)odel仍ifth肢ey're澇runn度ingw逼ella廉ndca士n'te扯asily攝bep倡orted障ton疑ewha濤rdwar寺e.Th屬egro扇upsh臨ould腎also滿decid塔ehow翼toi艙ntrod壁ucen萬ewte定chnol廉ogies北and結(jié)tomi析grate曾exis運(yùn)ting款appli巷catio圈nsth噸atar色eeas照iert乓omov補(bǔ)e.族Atth帶epro揀duct直level鞋,the醋grou衫pmus影tdef呀inet濟(jì)hefe梳ature謝s,se占rvice嘆leve住ls,a域ndpr狀iceo睬feac級(jí)hpro載duct.蝴For返each黎appli厲catio想nsup慚port菌produ發(fā)ct,t哨ogiv裝eone覆exam片ple,秤itwi盼llbe遙nece甜ssary剛tos抬pecif如yap冒rogra嶄mming遇lang蕉uage,圍ana負(fù)ccept窄able視level性ofd喝ownti衫m(xù)e,a部nda層price露for繁infra勁struc頌ture血usage臨.Tha賓tpri嶼ce,i限ntur過n,de寄pends導(dǎo)onh棒owth雹egro敘upde竿cides俘toc示harge務(wù)for愿compu雜ting,纖stor壘age,徹proce廉ssor,場and憲netwo美rkus滿age.絲Theg園roup味hast天ocon攪sider撇whet幼heri糊tspr兔icing葛mode嗚lsho員uldo侍ffer驗(yàn)disco肝unts幻fora謠ccura侍tede笛mand江forec攏asts灑ordr從iveu攪sers扇tosp石ecifi撇cpro討ducts飯thro刃ughs嫩trate售gicp嘉ricin姿g.慶Looki戶ngfo詢r(jià)ward炸,com飛panie紀(jì)smay悼find盒that蹈well掛-defi歇nedp峰roduc辱tsan繩dpro云duct撞portf籠olios舌are揉thes轟ingle岔most零impo壁rtant贏dete眾rmina束ntof瑞the秩infra鐵struc垮ture辣funct露ion's嫂succ序ess.臭Devel掉opers凍and矛users絕may嗚rebel較ifa爪port泊folio販offe挽rsto賴ofew威choi泰ces,圍fori訪nstan執(zhí)ce,b煉uta狹portf密olio爛with蛛toom率anyw梯on't粉reap獲theb柄enefi奇tsof超scal店eand帽reus草e.Go覽odin鳳itial招rese肝arch貞into愉user堆needs灶isc市ritic遺al,a冤sit假isfo培rany傲cons傲umer勁produ囑ctsc依ompan灣y.劫Thes梨upply狼side格:Cre掉ating顧shar狹edfa群ctori串es幸Thet等radit余ional摩buil物d-to-絮order技mode銷llim謀itst嫂hein藥frast女ructu憶refu億nctio去n'sa趨bilit輛yto蘇optim外izes貧ervic窄edel柔ivery抹.Del郊ivery儀has朽three特comp猜onent鬼s:op鞋erati揮onal戶proce泛sses璃ford凱eploy公ing,狗runni帖ng,a切ndsu繞pport佛inga政pplic豐ation蘿sand籮tech振nolog離ies;折softw拳aret樓ools辭fora荒utoma段ting揚(yáng)these助oper蘿ation蓄alpr悄ocess抬es;a鄭ndfa泊cilit趴iesf男orho揉using恰peop斧lean根dass梢ets.寇Atmo謠stco放mpani襪es,v蓋ariat爐ions愉inar撈chite虹cture薯and濕techn競ology妙make素iti膚mposs苗ible不tous宏erep啞eatab算lepr恨ocess突esap卷plied則acro泄sssy塔stems卻.Thi悄spro誤blem抬hinde杠rsef待ficie協(xié)ncya地ndau嬸tomat維iona亮ndre檢stric盡tsth曉eamo晃unto岔fwor攜ktha味tcan磨bep徒erfor宴medr喉emote研l(wèi)yin置low-敬cost磚locat偵ions,煉thus虹limi狠ting錢thes榴cope岸fora竭dditi丈onal垮cost慌savin茄gs.屑Inth太enex謹(jǐn)t-gen鐮erati敢onin飛frast啟ructu畜remo射del,裹howev趟er,a穿pplic楊ation監(jiān)deve拳loper籃sspe丘cify沫aser倘vice消need材buth仙aven恰oinp淋utin講toth穿eund潤erlyi至ngte教chnol呈ogies朗orp示roces泡sesc纖hosen最tom污eeti他t.Th裙eapp帝licat曲ionm客ay,f音orin夜stanc平e,re界quire碗high禍-spee繳dnet尚worke眠dsto薯rage,奸but靜thed洗evelo壘pern鴉eithe批rkno躁wsno游rcar床eswh自ichv惰endor后prov飛ides小thes弦torag泥emed糟ia.T真hisc霸oncep熱t(yī)isn以'tne啊w—con總sumer污swho暫have怠call寄wait粘ingo不nthe艇irho街mete磨lepho緣neli伸nesd剝on't鉤know奧wheth訪erth的eloc州alca冤rrier慎has耳aLuc娛entT獵echno紡logy醉orNo就rtel扮Netwo新rkss挽witch賭ati范tscl巷osest杠cent雹ralo廢ffice賢.彼Becau章seth褲einf狗rastr望uctur長efun熊ction線can侍nowc表hoose股whic斃hsof恥tware扒tech忙nolog員ies,扒hardw今are,妥andp秋roces翠sest云ouse勿,it靠canr同ethin曲kand括rede掠sign改itsd板e(cuò)live福rymo蠢delf撞orop僚timal禮effi六cienc店y.Us郵ings寄tanda幟rdize波dand舅docu云mente糧dpro蟻cesse陜s,it蘿can圖start盟deve永lopin喉gan脫integ但rated貪set星ofso鈔ftwar殖etoo否lsto疲auto牲mate炊itso果perat攏ions.廟Next壞,by碑lever夫aging岔its終proce書sses忠anda雹utoma攪tion首tools遣,it襯cand狡evelo愉pan階integ惑rated脊loca疏tion什strat俱egyt毫hatm糾inimi感zest慰hene陣edfo舉rdat孕acen謊ters,糾sot迷hatm腹oref懷uncti附onsc濟(jì)anop廊erate預(yù)remo擾tely擇inlo拒w-cos慕t—eve豬noff洽shore屢—loca地tions旺.鋒Build耍inga釋new作organ幫izati說on木W(wǎng)hat貼chang侍esmu覽stCI零Osma抹keto瓦capi早taliz霸eon撓these蚊new志oppor千tunit尺ies?享Then畜ext-g紐enera矛tion謊infra淚struc炕ture獸hasm鑒ajor膝impli栗catio乘nsfo虎rthe輪role什s,re賴spons曲ibili次ties,晚and甩gover歌nance騾oft三hein粥frast瘡ructu庫reor扁ganiz蜻ation宇.菠Them悲ostc乒ritic訂alne過wrol狀esar桂etho艘seof謙the炭produ稀ctma在nager蠶,who臘defi醋nesp迅roduc暗tsan茫dpro蠅duct紡portf蒙olios奏,and姑oft纏hefa裝ctory暈arch孩itect挪,who挨desi問gnst飲hesh呈ared該proce岔sses驢tode好ploy,胃oper種ate,臉ands催uppor尚tthe勻m(Ex白hibit激2).燃Produ維ctma隊(duì)nager猜smus眉tfoc障uson邊serv辟iceo勿fferi矮ngsa拴ndbe上acco覆untab戀lefo墾rrea蒜ching血prod熄uctiv己ityt歉arget殃s.Th敞eiro意ther航keyr險(xiǎn)espon律sibil市ities糟incl忠udeb融uildi導(dǎo)ngre附latio政nship詢swit突hbus僑iness柿user第sand貧appl殊icati刑onde清velop中ers,責(zé)under糧stand感inga瞇ndse挨gment咬ingd四emand蓄,def既ining昆prod測uctp卷ortfo差lios,成and庭persu擠ading熄deve俘loper李sand煩busi央ness防users喪toa鑒ccept桶thei壞rdec比ision縮s.卵Facto及ryar襯chite屯ctsa鞏re,i淹nequ敵alpa回rts,軟techn避ology著stra陷tegis壩tsan濃dind仔ustri跳alen茅ginee借rs,c稿odify拘ingt愧hear嶼chite蒸cture菜s,pr儀ocess顧es,a裕ndto凈olst宗hats娘uppor茶tthe絮prod農(nóng)uctp俊ortfo蔽lio.酷Their拖othe血rkey藏resp粱onsib勵(lì)iliti籠esin顧clude慨conf的irmin爭gtha省tpro級(jí)duct客commi暗tment玻scan攜bem奉et,c室hoosi揉ngte興chnol膀ogies率,def孫ining議proc粉esses緩,dev礙elopi熊ngpr釋ocess對(duì)-auto緞matio接npla獸ns,a高ndse慘lecti揪ngto是ols.島Altho酬ught秧hisw構(gòu)asan輩esta線blish溝edro常leat卸Deut男sche冶Telek傾om,f迎actor僻yarc化hitec字tsar浸enow姨more厲focu精sedo查naut莊omati汁ngan抬dind敲ustri臟alizi鍋ngpr厘oduct各ion.振Organ朽izati波onal扎struc淺tures位must固chan設(shè)geas幫well瘦.Spe明ciali尊zeds避ilos塑with米admin醒istra她tors謊focus喉edon救spec刪ific塞techn萬ology斗plat翅forms枕—main爭frame趣s,mi房drang捏ecom扯putin竿g,di蹄strib頑uted照serve編rs,s條torag隊(duì)e,an削dvoi冬cean逼ddat徹anet拌works戰(zhàn)—shou必ldgi跡vewa泛yto的multi裝disci拾plina尊ryte乖amst察hatm聚anage路the挑perfo衡rmanc教eof央thei跪nfras岸truct蟲urea柱ndth繩edel炒ivery牽ofs軟ervic龜es.麗CIOs淹must怪also澆puti盲npla園ceno撒velg攏overn無ance扣mecha毯nisms滑tod呈ealw說ithc忘apaci呢typl尚annin榴g,th臺(tái)elau慢ncho蘋fnew友serv嘆ices,核and泥inves嶺tment尸-fina沉ncing良issu賭es.A執(zhí)lthou歇ghDe雞utsch噴eTel腳ekom夏opted磚tok民eepi后tsex基istin顏ggov岔ernan她cest之ructu省re,m阿anyc滾ompan岡iesc梅reate陳ane趣nterp譜rise-曉level昌infr蛋astru僵cture枝coun跟cilt部oens泰uret腐heco誓nsist索ency扭ofpr奪oduct冷sand夾serv光icel檔evels膨acro扇ssbu尿sines鵲suni符ts.S識(shí)uchc付onsis蹦tency肅isc厚ritic火alfo貌rkee增ping媽costs錯(cuò)low太ando體ptimi舌zing掙perfo漏rmanc駁e.揭Toma碼kesu默reth朝enew虧infr擊astru哄cture娃isr劉unnin純geff市icien彈tlya聽ndto捉sust廳ainp漫erfor朵mance鼻impr稠oveme解nts,津ITle豐aders河shou凡ldfo尖cuso奧nfiv欲ekey月area箱s:1.Demandforecastingandcapacityplanning.壘Akey河goal寸oft駱hene芳winf壤rastr看uctur椅emod毯elis盼tom鐵atch擾suppl僚yand西dema凍ndmo筑recl現(xiàn)osely登,the庫reby獵minim責(zé)izing黎the康waste嫌ofr鵲esour匯ces.傅Toac外hieve承this桌obje膜ctive鋒,the邁ITg洪roup編must浙work駛close惕lywi神thbu年sines妄suni夸tsin捕orde往rto格forec鏟astd之emand捉and吹thus幻impro中veca巖pacit焦ypla家nning撿.For泊ecast引sare奏more紐accu揉rate嗎when劇compa釀nies往follo瑞wDeu設(shè)tsche鍛Tele蜜kom's晨exam首plea跳ndag叔grega壇tede匆mand兔acros腹spro刮ducts敞inst賣eado朵fapp蜂licat膝ions.2.Fundingandbudgeting.Productdemanddrivesbudgets.Sincethenewmodelusesrealdemandforecasts,budgetingiseasier.Moreover,withpricingtransparencycomesknowledge.BusinessunitswillnowknowwhattheirITchoicesaregoingtocost;theinfrastructuregroupwillunderstandthebudgetimplicationsofuserrequestsandbeabletocreateamoreaccuratecapitalplan.3.Product-portfoliomanagement.Companiescanexpecttospendsixmonthsdevelopingnew-productportfolios.Theinfrastructureteamshouldreexaminethemtwoorthreetimesduringthefirstyeartoensurethattheyareappropriategivenprojectedworkloadsandemergingend-userneeds.Thereafter,ayearlyreviewusuallysuffices.Teamsshouldmonitorallphasesoftheproductlifecycle,fromplanningandsourcingnewproductstoretiringoldservicesandredeployingresources.4.Releasemanagement.Toensurethatnewtechnologiesorupgradesareintegratedeffectivelyandthatchangecauseslessupheavalandlostproductivity,leadingcompaniescarefullymanagethereleaseofbothinfrastructureproductsandapplicationsinparallel.Moreover,toplanahead,applicationdevelopersneedtoknowaboutanyimpendingchangeintheinfrastructurecatalog.5.Supplyandvendormanagement.ITleadersmustensurethatcomputingresourcesareavailabletomeetthecontractedservicelevelsofproductportfolios.Infrastructuremanagersshouldrevisittheirsourcingstrategyannually,seekingopportunitiestolowercostsandimproveproductivity.Evenwiththerestructuringandthenewrolesandprocessesinplace,changingthebuild-to-ordermind-setandculturemayremainthebiggestchallengeofall.DeutscheTelekomadjusteditsincentives,hirednewpeople,developedtrainingworkshops,andappointed"changeagents"tospreadthewordandbuildenthusiasm.Theseorganizationalandculturalchangesarecentraltorealizingthepotentialofthenext-generationinfrastructuremodel.Investingthetimeandattentionneededtogettherightresultsisjustascriticalasrefreshingthetechnicalarchitecture.Reference:Next-generationinfrastructureatDeutscheTelekomOttoZeppenfeld'scheerfuldemeanormaybesurprisinggivenhisjob.AsheadofIToperationsforT-Com,DeutscheTelekom'sfixed-networkdivision,he'sresponsibleforensuringthatallapplicationsrunsmoothly,evenduringtimesofpeakdemand.T-Com,whichoutsourcesalmostallofitsIToperationstoitssistercompanyT-Systems,providesvoiceanddataservicestoabout40millionconsumersandverysmallbusinesses.ItgenerateshigherrevenuesthananyotherdivisionofDeutscheTelekom.Thecompany'sITinfrastructureismassive:1.3petabytesofstoragecapacity,25,000MIPSofcomputingpower,approximately3,000serversand100,000workstations,andhundredsofapplications.ManyofT-Com'sITinfrastructureassets,likethoseofmostcompanies,oncesatidlewaitingforpeakloads.Toaddresstheproblem,T-ComandT-Systemsbeganimplementingthekeyelementsofanext-generationinfrastructuremodel:productlikeservices,transparentpricing,strictdemandforecasting,andcapacitymanagement.ManagingsupplyanddemandacrossapplicationsForeachinfrastructureproductcategory—storage,hosting,andsoforth—T-ComappointedaproductmanagertoassessdemandacrossallapplicationsinthatcategoryandtoworkwithT-Systemsondefiningtherightproductsandservicelevelsandnegotiatingprices.T-Com'sprocessforforecastingdemandaggregatesitacrossallcategoriesandthenforwardsthatinformationtoT-Systemsforuseincapacityplanningandmanagement.T-SystemssuppliesT-Com'sproductsandmanagestheunderlyinghardware,software,andnetworks.LikeT-Com,ittakesabird's-eyeview,lookingacrossapplicationsattotalstorageandcomputingneeds.Thetwounitsnowworkintandemtobalancesupplyanddemand—aradicaldeparturefromthetraditionalapplication-silomentality.Thesuccessofthismodeldependsontwokeyfactors:T-Commustlearntopredicthowmuchcomputingpoweritwillneedandwhen;T-Systemsmustlearnhowtouseexcesscapacityinotherareas."T-Systemsmusttakeonalotmoreresponsibility,"notesMichaelAuerbach,theT-SystemsmanagerforallT-ComIToperations."Attheendoftheday,it'sourjobtoleveragetheidlecapacityelsewhere."PayingonlyforusageSincethenewmodelrequiresT-Systems—ratherthanT-Com—topickupthetabforunusedcapacity,T-Systemsisunderpressuretothinkandoperateinnewways.Formerly,whenZeppenfeldneededanewbusinessapplicationforT-Com,T-Systems'Auerbachsuppliedtheappropriatehardware,software,andservicesandthentalliedupthecost.Itwasusuallythesubjectofintensedebatebecausethevalueofcomplexcomputersystemsishardtodetermine,andsoisthecostoftheassociatedinstallation,operations,andmaintenance.Now,Zeppenfeldpaysonlyforthecomputingresourcesheuseseverymonth;thehardware,software,andstorageneededtopowerT-Com'sapplicationsareAuerbach'sproblem.Thismodel,however,givesTSystemsthefreedomtomakedecisionsthatoptimizetheinfrastructureasawholeratherthanspecificapplications.Whereverpossible,T-Systemsusescheapercommodityresourcessuchasgridsoflow-endservers,storagedisks,andIntelprocessorsinsteadofUnixsystems.Inessence,itnowactsmoreasanentrepreneurthanasanordertaker.Transparencyofcostsisamajorbenefitofthismodel:T-CommerelyreadsoffthebytesitconsumedandpaysapredeterminedpricethatfactorsinT-Systems'engineeringsupport.T-Com'sinvoiceincludesahandfulofservicecategories(suchasstorage,backup,computing,theoperationofapplications,andthehelpdesk)andquantifiesusageindetail.Eachserviceunithasafixedprice,soT-Comknowsexactlywhatitwillpayforagigabyteofstorage,anhouroftelephonesupport,orabackupcopyofadatabase.Moreover,theseservicescanbebenchmarkedindividually,soTComhastheabilitytocheckthatpricesarereasonable.ZeppenfeldandAuerbachagreethattransparencyhelpscreateanatmosphereoftrust.GaininggreaterflexibilityT-Comalsogainsflexibility:itscontractletsitincreaseordecreaseitscomputingcapacityifitgivesthreemonths'notice.Drastic,across-the-boardchangesinusageareunlikelyformostcompanies,butthisaddedflexibilityinindividualareasisstillawelcomebenefit.Marketing,forinstance,hasfluctuatingneeds.Takeane-mailcampaigngeneratingseveralmillionresponses.Previously,asix-monthleadtimewasneededtopurchasenewhardwareandsoftware.Thenewmodelforcesmarketingtoproducemoreaccuratef