考研英語研究

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考研英語研究

新東方2012年度考研英語

沖刺試卷

SectionI UseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

AnEUdirectiveismakingshoppersfeelliketheyhaveextraammunitiontoreturnfaultygoodsforuptotwoyears.Itisnotquite1simple.Therehasbeenanincreaseinpeopleus-inga2EuropeanUniondirectivetogetretailerstorefundor3faultygoods,evenafterthestated4periodshaveended.

TheEUruleallowingthe5ofgoodsuptotwoyearsafterpurchaseisat6withthereturnspoliciesadoptedbymost7shops.However,asthisisadirectiveonly8adoptedbytheUK,itsuseisa9area.Despitethis,manyshopshave10refundeditemswhenpresentedwiththedirectiveanditsargument,11itcouldpotentiallyimproveyourposition.

Mostbigretailerswillhaveastatedreturnsthat12withUKconsumerlaw.ThoseinterestedcanseetheexactwordingoftheSaleofGoodsact,13putsimplythelawsaysthatretailersmustsellgoodsthatare‘a(chǎn)sdescribed,14forpurposeandofsatisfactoryquality’.Ifadefectis15when,orinareasonableperiodoftimeafter,thesaleismade,

16buyerscandemandafullrefund.However,therulesgetfuzzierwhenfaults17overtimeandabuyerhastoreturngoodsafter18themforalongerperiod.

UnderUKlaw,buyersinEnglandandWalescangetapartialrefundorfullrepairuptosixyearsafterthe19wasmade(fiveyearsfromdiscoveryinScotland).Therefundshouldtakeintoaccounthowmuchusethecustomerhasalreadyhad20aproduct.Ultimay,acountycourtwoulddecidethis.

1. [A]

ever

[B]

that

[C]

rather

[D]

very

2. [A]

little-known

[B]

well-noted

[C]

badly-designed

[D]

warmly-accepted

3. [A]

strengthen

[B]

destroy

[C]

rece

[D]

purchase

4. [A]

processing

[B]

guarantee

[C]

permitted

[D]

attainment

5. [A]

upkeep

[B]

refusal

[C]

upturn

[D]

return

6. [A]

level

[B]

war

[C]

ends

[D]

odds

7. [A]

major

[B]

fake

[C]

illegal

[D]

fashionable

8. [A]

eventually

[B]

essentially

[C]

partially

[D]

duly

9. [A]

forbidden

[B]

grey

[C]

lonely

[D]

disturbed

10. [A]

compley

[B]

hardly

[C]

inevitably

[D]

willingly

11. [A]

because

[B]

though

[C]

so

[D]

but

12. [A]

complies

[B]

panies

[C]

deals

[D]

disagrees

13. [A]

if

[B]

but

[C]

and

[D]

while

14. [A]

fit

[B]

leave

[C]

go

[D]

live

15. [A]

resolved

[B]

powered

[C]

avoided

[D]

detected

16. [A]

before

[B]

then

[C]

as

[D]

since

17. [A]

disappear

[B]

lower

[C]

develop

[D]

exaggerate

18. [A]

buying

[B]

protecting

[C]

grazing

[D]

possessing

19. [A]

comint

[B]

purchase

[C]

request

[D]

change

20. [A]

of

[B]

in

[C]

from

[D]

over

SectionII ReadingComprehension

PartADirections:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,C,orD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Text1

Familyordomesticisaformofantisocialbehaviorandoccurswhenafam-ilymember,partnerorex-partnerattemptstophysicallyorpsychologicallydominateorharmtheother.Theterm“intimatepartner”(IPV)isoftenusedsynonymously,andthere’remanyotherterms.

Recentattentiontodomesticbeganinthewomen’smovementasconcernaboutwivesbeingbeatenbytheirhusbands,andhasremainedamajorfocusofmodernfeminism,par-ticularlyintermsof“ againstwomen”.

Popularemphasishastendedtobeonwomenasthevictimsofdomestic althoughwiththeriseofthemen’smovement,andparticularlymen’srights,thereisnowsomeadvocacyformenasvictims,althoughthestatisticsconcerningthenumberofmalevictimsgivenbythemarestronglycontestedbymanygroupsactiveinresearchonorworkinginthefieldofdomesticand“againstmen”.Thustheuseofgender-specifictitlesliketheoneslistedabovehascomeunderincreasingcriticismasimplyingthatdomesticisalwaysmale-on-femaleandisseenasist.

EstimatesarethatonlyaboutathirdofcasesofdomesticareactuallyreportedintheUSandUK.Inotherceswheretherehasbeenlessattentionandlesssupport,reportedcaseswouldbestilllower.

Domesticoccursinallcultures,peopleofallraces,ethnicities,andreligionscanbeperpetratorsofdomestic.Domesticisperpetratedby,andon,bothmenandwomen,andoccursinsame-andopposite-relationships.Awarenessandationofdomesticdiffersfromcountrytocountry.AccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControl,domesticisaserious,preventablepublichealthproblemaffectingmorethan32millionAmericans,thatismorethan10%oftheU.S.population.

Domestichasmanyforms,includingphysical,ualabuse,emotionalabuse,intimidation,economicdeprivationorthreatsof.Thereareanumberofdimen-sions:mode(physical,psychological,ualand/orsocial),frequency(oneoff,occasional,chron-ic),andseverity(intermsofbothpsychologicalorphysicalharmandtheneedfortreat-ment—transitoryorpermanentinjury—mild,moderate,severeuptohomicide).

Themeansusedtomeasuredomestic stronglyinfluencetheresultsfound,forexam-

ple,studiesofreporteddomestic andextrapolationsofthosestudiesshowwomenmostlyasvictimsandmentobemoreviolent,whereasthesurveybased TacticsScale,tendstoshowmenandwomenequallyviolent.Themajorityofstudiesinvestigatedmaleonfemaledo-mestic ,thusinformationonfemale-on-male(orsame-) tendstobelessavailable.

Accordingtothepassage,thewomen’smovementemergedas .

aconducivefactorinraisingawarenessofdomestic

adriving forwomentobeinvolvedinfamily

apowerfulincentiveforfeministstofighttheirhusbands

adeterminednformodernwomentogainsocialrights

Thenumberofmalevictimsindomestic wascontroversialbecause .

themen’smovementwasveryunpopularinmodernsociety

researchersofdifferentgenderspublisheddifferentnumbers

agreatnumberofresearchinstitutionshavedifferentstatistics

womenarephysicallytooweaktocommitdomestic

Casesofdomesticareunreportedbecause .

dueattentionisnotpaidtotheissueconcerned

victimstendtohidethetruthfromthepublic

menareunwillingtoadmitbeingbeatenbytheirwives

perfectgenderequalityhasbeen plished

ItissuggestedinParagraph5thatdomestic is .

criticizedbybothfeministsandthemen’smovementactivists

commoneverywhereallovertheworld

widelyseenasahabitofmostAmericans

beyonddetectionbypeoplefromotherfamilies

Accordingtothepassage,researchersshould .

formulateawidely-acceptedsystemofevaluativestandards

providesubstantialsupportforthemaleandfemalevictims

holdaneutralpositioninthedebateovergenderequality

takeasympatheticattitudetowardssame- couples

Text2

WhenoneofthehandlesofKarinehGurjian-Angelo’sYvesSaintLaurentbagbroke,shetookthetotetoaYSLboutiquetohaveitfixed.Insteadofrepairingit,thesalesassociatetoldheritwasfake.Hepointedoutallthesubtlewayshecouldlitwasn’tauthentic,includingthebag’sim-properliningandlackofembossingonthebottom.Shewasmortified.

“IfeltlikeIwasbackinschoolintheprincipal’soffice,”saidMs.Gurjian-Angelo,aNewYorkphotographerwhooftenshootsaccessoriesandisfamiliarwithhigh-endhandbags.ShehadbeenthrilledtogettheshinyblackYSLbagoneBayfor$300.Thelowpricemadeheritmightbefake,butwhenitarrivedwithpricetagsthatlookedauthentic,shesaidshethought,“Wow,itisreal.”

Ms.Gurjian-Angelofellvictimtoanewgenerationoffakefashiongoods,offeringmuchmoreconvincingreproductionsofactualproducts.Theyareafarcryfromcheapknockoffs,with

“Prado”or“Gucci”logossoldoutoftrashbagsonstreetcornerstoconsumerswhoknowtheyarebuyingfakes.Thegoodsaremadeofhigh-qualitymaterials,withzippersandgrommetsboastingthebrandname,andarestampedwithwhatappearstobethepropermanufacturinglocationanddate.They’refoolingevenshrewdshoppers,especiallyonline.

AfakeHermèsbagimitatestherealbag’sleather‘veining,’butdoesn’tfeelassupple,saysElizabethBernstein,anexpertinauthenticatingluxurygoods.Othersignsofafake:hardwarethatfeelslightweightandzippersthatcatch.Vendorssellingfakemerchandisecaneasilysetuplegiti-mate-lookingecommercesites,withfullproductdescriptionsaswellasmarketingimagesandlogosthatlooklikethoseonwebsitessellingauthenticgoods.Theyalsobuykeywordadvertise-mentsonsearchenginestolureinbargain-huntingshoppers,saidFrederickFelman,chiefmarket-ingofficeratMarkMonitor,afirmthathelpscompaniesprotecttheirbrands.

EBaysaysitcombatsfakesaggressively,inpartthroughaprogramwhichgivesbrandsorotherinlectualpropertyrightsownersspecialtoolstoreportlistings.Whenbrandsflagalistingasinauthentic,itisremovedwithinhours,the said.EBayalsoindependentlyscansitsmillionsoflistingsforfakeproducts.Inastatement,eBay’sDanDougherty,associategeneralcounsel,said,“Intherarecaseswhenafakeitemappearsonthesite,buyersarecoveredforeligi-blepurchasesthroughourBuyerProtectionprograms.”Theprogramsenablebuyerstoreturnanitemifitwasn’twhatthesellerpromised.Somemanufacturersarealsofightingbackbyembed-dinghiddensecuritydevicesintoproductsandregulatingtheWebtoattempttostopunauthorizedsitessellingtheirproducts.

Theword“mortified”(Line4,Paragraph1)isclosestinmeaningto .

dignified [B]pacified

[C]embarrassed [D]astonished

Recentfakefashiongoodsaredifferentfromcheapknockoffsinthat .

theyaremuchmoreexpensive

theyaresoldwithfamouslogos

theylookmuchmoreauthentic

theyarepopularamongsmartcustomers

Vendorsmaypromotetheirfakemerchandiseby .

buyingfakeproductsfromsomepopularwebsites

usethesamedescriptionswiththeauthenticwebsites

payingsearchenginestoputonmoreadvertisements

bargainingwithcustomerswholoveluxurygoods

Whichofthefollowingcanbeameasuretofightfakes?

Manufacturersshouldstopsellinginauthenticbrands.

Customersshouldlearntoscanandidentifytheproducts.

The ernmentshouldgivepermissiontoreturnfakeproducts.

Shopwebsitesshouldkeepremovinginauthenticitems.

Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethetext?

E-bay’scombatagainstfakesonline.

Fakes’positioninonlinemarket.

Theupgradingartoffaking.

Waystoidentifyfakes.

Text3

Creativityiscommonlyconsideredasa alitytraitthatresideswithintheindividual.Wecountoncreativepeopletoproducethesongs,movies,andbookswelove,toinventthenewgadgetsthatcanchangeourlives,andtodiscoverthenewscientifictheoriesandphilosophiesthatcanchangethewayweviewtheworld.Overthepastseveralyears,however,socialpsychologistshavediscoveredthatcreativityisnotonlyacharacteristicoftheindividual,butmayalsochangedependingonthesituationandcontext.Thequestion,ofcourse,iswhatthosesituationsare:whatmakesusmorecreativeattimesandlesscreativeatothers?

Oneanswerispsychologicaldistance.Accordingtotheconstrualleveltheory(CLT)ofpsy-chologicaldistance,anythingthatwedonotexperienceasoccurringnow,here,andtoourselvesfallsintothe“psychologicallydistant”category.It’salsopossibletoinduceastateof“psycholog-icaldistance”simplybychangingthewaywethinkaboutaparticularproblem,suchasattemptingtotakeanother ’s,orbythinkingofthequestionasifitwereunrealandunlikely.Intheirnewpaper,byLileJiaandcolleaguesatnaUniversity,scientistshavedemonstratedthatincreasingpsychologicaldistancesothataproblemfeelsfartherawaycanactuallyincreasecreativity.

Whydoespsychologicaldistanceincreasecreativity?AccordingtoCLT,psychologicaldis-tanceaffectsthewaywementallyrepresentthings,sothatdistantthingsarerepresentedinarela-tively waywhilepsychologicallynearthingsseemmoreconcrete.Consider,forinstance,acornnt.Aconcreterepresentationwouldrefertotheshape,color,taste,andsmellofthent,andconnecttheitemtoitsmostcommonuse—afoodproduct.An representation,ontheotherhand,mightrefertothecornntasasourceofenergyorasafastgrowingnt.Thesemore thoughtsmightleadustocontemteother,lesscommonusesforcorn,suchasasourceforethanol,ortousethenttocreatemazesforchildren.Whatthisexampledemon-stratesishow thinkingmakesiteasierforpeopletoformsurprisingconnectionsbetweenseeminglyunrelatedconcepts,suchasfastgrowingnts(corn)andfuelforcars(ethanol).

Inthismostrecentstudy,Jiaexaminedtheeffectofspatialdistanceoncreativity.Participantsperformedacreativegenerationtask,inwhichtheywereaskedtolistasmanydifferentmodesoftransportationaspossible.ThistaskwasintroducedashavingbeendevelopedeitherbynaUniversitystudentsstudyinginGreece(distantcondition)orbyUniversitystudentsstudyinginna(nearcondition).Aspredicated,participantsinthedistantconditiongeneratedmorenumerousandoriginalmodesoftransportationthanparticipantsinthenearcondition.

Accordingtothefirstparagraph,creativitymaybecharacterizedby .

thepopularityoffamouspeople

thecreationofinnovativeconcepts

thewaypeopleviewtheworld

thevariabilitydependingontime

ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatpsychologicaldistance .

isjustanewwaytodealproblems

liesinpeople’smindasunrealandunlikely

canbemeasuredbyscientifictools

canaffectpeople’sperformanceofcreativity

Furtherpsychologicaldistancecanincreasecreativitybecause .

itgivespeoplemore ideas

itcanbringuptighterconnections

itmakesproblemseasiertosolve

itleadspeopletocontemtedeeper

WhichofthefollowingistrueofspatialdistanceaccordingtoJia’sstudy?

Itispositivelyrelatedtopeople’sabilityofcreativity.

Itcontributesmoretocreativitythanpsychologicaldistance.

Itenablespeopletoobtainmore ideas.

Ithelpsonetotakeanother ’s.

Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthepassage?

Psychologicalfactorsaffectingcreativity.

Waystoimprovepeople’screativity.

Formationofconnectionsamongideas.

Changesofcreativitydependingonsituations.

Text4

Inrecentyears,politicalandlegaldebateshavefocusedonwhetherreversediscriminationfavoringAfricanAmericansisjustified.Whatthedebatesneglecttoaddressisthefactthatem-ploymentdiscriminationagainstAfricanAmericans,thoughillegal,“isaliveandwell”inAmerica,accordingtoresearcherCedricHerring.

Currentpatternsofdiscriminationintheworkce—aswellaswhatcanbedonetoamendsuchpractices—areexploredbyHerring,asociologyprofessor.“Racialdiscriminationinem-ploymentisstillwidespread;ithasjustgoneundergroundand emoresophisticated,”saysHerring.

Mostsociologistspointtoprejudiceandgroupoverscarceresourcesaskeyreasonsforwhyjobdiscriminationoccurs.Analternativeexnationis“structuraldiscrimination.”Thatis,seeminglyrace-neutralpoliciesmadebycompaniesandernments,forexample,resultindeniedaccesstoemploymentopportunities.Peoplemakingdecisionsregarding nelissuesthemselvesmaynotberaciallyprejudiced,yetbyvirtueofstructuralaspectsoforganizationalrules,theirdecisionsmayhavedisproportionaynegativeeffectsonindividualmembersofdif-ferentraces.

“Thelistofcompaniesengagedindiscrimination,”writesHerring,“islongandincludesmanypillarsofAmericanindustry,notjustmarginalfirms.Yetmanyofusarestillmystifiedandhard-pressedforexnationsinpartbecausediscriminationhas esoillegitimatethatcom-paniesexpendmillionsofdollarstoconcealit.”Thesecompanies,maintainsHerring,managetodiscriminatewithoutusingblatantracistpracticescharacteristicofearlierdays.Instead,hesays,jobdiscrimination“has emoreelusiveandlessapparent.”Somepracticeshavehadanun-anticipatednegativeimpactontheearningsandemployabilityofblackinner-cityresidents,be-causesomeemployersavoidrecruitingfromjobtraining,welfare,andstateemploymentserviceprograms.

Discriminationexactsafinancialcostintheformoflowersalary,anditstronglyhindersup-wardmobilityofemployeeswhoarevictimsofdiscrimination.Recentmultivariateresearchon

U.S.CensusBureaudata,controllingforeducationandotherwage-relatedfactors,showsthatthe

white-blackwagegaphas tobemorethan10percent,aboutthesameasinthe1970s.Inaddition,theeffectofdiscriminationoverthelifecoursesuggestsacumulativeimpactonwagessuchthattheearninggapbetweenyoungblacksandwhites esgreaterasthisagecohortgetsolder.Marketeconomyexnationsaboutjobdiscriminationdonotadequayaccountfortheprevalenceofthephenomenon,saysHerring.

“Policiesdesignedtoreducediscriminationshouldbestrengthenedandexpandedratherthanreducedoreliminated,”saysHerring.Herringsuggeststhatinordertoreducethesubtleyeten-demicdiscriminationpractices,theremustbemoreconcertedeffortsbyrelevantparties.

Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthatreversediscrimination .

couldhelpAfricanAmericansonjob-hunting

hascausedmanyquarrelsamongthebigemployers

resultsfromprejudicewhenseekingjobopportunities

issomewhatacceptablewhenappliedinpoliticsandlaw

AccordingtoHerring,modernpatternsofdiscrimination .

leademployerstoheavylossesofmoney

hasbeenamendedbysomesignificantcompanies

havelessnegativeeffectsonemployees

tosomeextent eshardertobedetected

ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3thatstructuraldiscrimination .

canbeseenasthemainreasonforracialdiscriminationintheworkce

requiresfairdecisionsintheprocessof nelselection

isanewwayforemployerstodenysomejob-seekers’jobopportunities

maybecomplementarytootherwelfareprogramsforjoblesspeople

Discriminationintheworkcemayleadto .

groupamongemployeesintheworkce

companies’financiallossinthehiringprocess

thebreakdownofthemarketeconomysystem

widerwagegapsamongdifferentraces

Itissuggestedinthelastparagraphthat .

peoplewhosufferfromdiscriminationshouldbestronger

policiesagainstdiscriminationshouldbemoreinfluential

subtlepoliciesagainstdiscriminationshouldbeeliminated

morerelevantpartiesshouldparticipateinthecombat

PartBDirections:

Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41—45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA—Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Probablynomeansofcommunicationhasrevolutionizedthedailylivesofordinarypeoplemorethantheephone.Simplydescribed,itisasystemwhichconvertssound,specificallythe

humanvoice,toelectricalimpulsesofvariousfrequenciesandthenbacktoatonethatsoundsliketheoriginalvoice.In1861,EnglishmanMichaelFaraday(1791-1867)provedthatvibrationsofmetalcouldbeconvertedtoelectricalimpulses.Thiswasthetechnologicalbasisoftheephone,butnooneactuallyusedthissystemtotransmitsounduntil1861.[41] .Acrudedevice,itwasincapableoftransmittingmostfrequencies,anditwasneverfullydeveloped.

ApracticalephonewasactuallyinventedindependentlybytwomenworkingintheUnitedStates,ElishaGrayandScottish-bornAlexanderGrahamBell.Incredibly,bothmenfiledforapatentontheirdesignsattheNewYorkpatentofficeonFebruary14,1876,withBellbeatingGraybyonlytwohours!AlthoughGrayhadbuiltthefirststeeldiaphragmelectromagnetreceiverin1874,hewasn’tabletomasterthedesignofaworkabletransmitteruntilafterBellhad.Bellhadworkedtirelessly,experimentingwithvarioustypesofmechanisms,whileGrayhad edis-couraged.

[42] .WatsonheardtherequestthroughareceiverconnectedtothetransmitterthatBellhaddesigned,andwhatfollowedafterthatisahistoryofthefoundingoftheBellephone(laterAT&T),whichgrewtobethelargestephone intheworld.

Thefirstephonesystem,knownasanexchange,whichisapracticalmeansofcommuni-catingbetweenmanypeoplewhohaveephones,wasinstalledinHartford,Connecticutin1877,andthefirstexchangelinkingtwomajorcitieswasestablishedbetweenNewYorkandBostonin1883.ThefirstexchangeoutsidetheUnitedStateswasbuiltinLondonin1879.Theexchangeinvolvedagroupofoperatorsworkingatalargeswitchboard.Theoperatorswouldansweran -ing ephonecallandconnectitmanuallytothepartybeingcalled.[43]

.

ThecoinoperatedpayephonewaspatentedbyWilliamGrayofHartfordin1889.Thefirstrotarydialephonewasdevelopedin1923byAntoineBarnayinFrance.The ephonewasinventedbyBellephoneandintroducedintoNewYorkCitycarsin1924.

[44] .

Thefirsttouch-tonesystem—whichusedtonesinthevoicefrequencyrangeratherthanpuls-esgeneratedbyrotarydials—wasinstalledinBaltimore,MD,in1941.Operatorsinacentralswitchingofficepushedthebuttons;itwasmuchtooexpensiveforgeneraluse.However,theBellSystemwasintriguedbytouch-tonebecauseitincreasedthespeedofdialing.

[45] .Extensivehumanfactorstestsdeterminedthepositionofthebuttonstolimiterrorsandincreasedialingspeedevenfurther.Thefirstcommercialtouch-tonephoneswereabighitintheirpreviewatthe1962SeattleWorld’sFair.

Itwasonlytwodecadeslater,withimprovementsinspeed,resolution,miniaturization,andtheincorporationofphoneintoanotherpieceofdesktopequipment,thecomputer,thatthepromiseofa al communicationsystemwasrealized.

Bytheearly1960s,low-costtransistorsandassociatedcircuitcomponentsmadetheintroduc-tionoftouch-toneintohomeephonespossible.

ThefirstautomaticephoneexchangewaspatentedbyAlmonStrowgerofKansasCityin

1891andinstalledin1892,butmanualswitchboardsremainedincommonuseuntilthemiddleofthetwentiethcentury.

Althoughthefirstcommercial ephoneservicebecameavailableinSt.Louis,Mis-souriin1946,the ephonewouldnot ecommonforanotherfourdecades.

Inthatyear,JohannPhilipReis(1834-1874)inGermanyissaidtohavebuiltasimpleappa-ratusthatchangedsoundtoelectricityandbackagaintosound.

Theactualhistoryoftheephoneisasubjectofcomplexdispute,andthecontroversybeganwiththesuccessoftheinventionandcontinuestoday.

Accordingtothefamousstory,thefirstfullyinligibleephonecalloccurredonMarch6,1876,whenBell,inoneroom,calledtohisassistantinanotherroom.“Comehere,Watson,Iwantyou.”

PartCDirections:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto .YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)

Philosophyisastudythatseekstounderstandthemysteriesofexistenceandreality.Ittriestodiscoverthenatureoftruthandknowledgeandtofindwhatisofbasicvalueandimportanceinlife.Italsoexaminestherelationshipsbetweenhumanityandnatureandbetweentheindividualandsociety.Philosophyarisesoutofwonder,curiosity,andthedesiretoknowandunderstand.Philosophyisthusaformofinquiry—aprocessofysis,criticism,interpretation,andspecula-tion.

(46)Thetermphilosophycannotbedefinedpreciselybecausethesubjectissocomplexandsocontroversial;anddifferentphilosophershavedifferentviewsofthenature,methods,andrangeofphilosophy.Thetermphilosophyitselfcomesfromthe