2013年12月四級考試真題（第二套）PartI WritingDirections:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessaybasedonthepicturebelow.Youshouldstartyouressaywithabriefaccountoftheincreasinguseofthemobilephoneinpeople’slifeandexplaintheConsequenceofoverusingit.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.Peoplearecrossingthestreetlookingattheircellphonesandusingwalkingsticksinordertosee.PartIIListeningComprehensionSectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheetIwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.1. A)gotoaplacehehasvisitedB)makeherownarrangementsC)consultatravelagentD)joininapackagetour

2. A)Theyareonalongtripbycar B)theyarestuckinatrafficjamC)Theyareusedtogettingupearly D)theyaretiredofeatingoutatnight3. A)Heisapersondifficulttodealwith B)HedislikesanyformalgatheringC)Heisunwillingtospeakinpublic D)Heoftenkeepsadistancefromothers4. A)Recruitgraduatestudents. B)PursuefurthereducationC)Workinanotherdepartment D)Takeanadministrativejob5. A)Hewouldnotbeavailabletostartthejobintime.B)Hewouldliketoleavesomemoretimeforhimselfofferheldtoothers.C)Heisnotqualifiedfortheartdirectorposition D)HewillgethisapplicationletterreadyforbeforeMay.1.6. A)Porter B)MechanicC)Salesman D)Cleaner7. A)GetLauratocleantheapartmentherselfthistime B)HelpLaurawithhistermpaperduethisweekendC)Requestoneoftheroommatestodothecleaning D)AskLauratoputoffthecleaninguntilanotherweek8. A)Aproblemcausedbytheconstruction B)AnaccidentthatoccurredonthebridgeC)Thepublictransportationconditions D)ThebuildingprospecttheyareworkingonQuestions9t011arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.9. A)Tolookforajobasasalesperson. B)TohaveatalkwithMissThompson.C)Toplaceanorderforsomeproducts. D)Tocomplainaboutafaultyappliance.10. A)Thepersoninchargeisnotintheoffice. B)Thesuppliesareoutofstockforthemoment..C)Theyfailedtoreachanagreementontheprice. D)Thecompanyinre-catalogingtheitems.11. A)0743,12536extension15. B)0734,21653extension51.C)0734,38750extension15. D)0743,62135extension51.Questions12t015arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.12. A)Sincehefoundagirlfriend.B)Sincehebegantoexerciseregularly. C)Sincehestartedtoliveonhisown.D)Sincehetooktoheavysmoking.13. A)Heisgettingtoofat. B)Hedoesn’teatvegetables.C)Hesmokestoomuch. D)Hedoesn’tlookwellatall.14. A)Theyareoverweightfortheirage. B)Theyarestillintheirearlytwenties.C)Theyarerespectfultotheirparents. D)Theydislikedoingphysicalexercise.15. A)Toquitsmoking. B)Toreducehisweight.C)Tofindagirlfriend. D)Tofollowheradvice.SectionBDirections:Inthissectionyouwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions16t019arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.16. A)Theyhavedestroyedseveralsmalltowns. B)TheywillsoonspreadtoSanFrancisco.C)Theyhaveinjuredmanyresidents. D)Theyareburningoutofcontrol17. A)Theyhavebeenhospitalized. B)Theyhavegotskinproblems.C)Theywerechockedbythethicksmoke. D)Theywerepoisonedbytheburningchemicals.18. A)Itfailedbecauseofasuddenrocketexplosion.B)Ithasbeenre-scheduledforamiddaytakeoff.C)Ithasbeencanceledduetotechnicalproblems.D)Itwasdelayedforelevenhoursandthirtyminutes.19. A)Theymadefrequentlong-distancecallstoeachother.B)TheyillegallyusedgovernmentcomputerinNewJersey.C)Theywerefoundtobesmarterthancomputerspecialists.D)Theywerearrestedforstealinggovernmentinformation.PassageTwoQuestions20t022arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.20. A)Peaceful.

B)Considerate.C)

Generous.

D)Cooperative.21. A)Someonedumpedtheclothesleftinthewateranddryer.B)Someonebrokethewasheranddryerbyoverloadingthem.C)MindyLance’slaundryblockedthewaytothelaundryroom.D)MindyLancethreatenedtotakerevengeonherneighbors.22. A)Askingtheneighborhoodcommitteeforhelp.B)Limitingtheamountoflaundryforeachwash.C)Informingthebuildingmanagerofthematter.D)Installingafewmorewashersanddryers.PassageThreeQuestions23t025arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard,23. A)Sheisbothapopularandahighlyrespectedauthor.B)SheisthemostlovedAfricannovelistofalltimes.C)Sheisthemostinfluentialauthorsincethe1930’s.D)Sheisthefirstwritertofocusonthefateofslaves.24. A)TheBookCriticsCircleAward.B)TheNobelprizeforliterature.C)ThePulitzerprizeforfiction.D)TheNationalBookAward.25. A)SheisarelativeofMorrison's. B)SheisaslavefromAfrica.C)Sheisaskilledstoryteller. D)Sheisablackwoman.SectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblankswiththeexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Finally,Whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime,youshouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten.Manycollegestudentstodayowepersonalcomputersthatcostanywherefrom$1,000toperhaps$5,000ormore.(26)_________,atisnotuncommonforthemtopurchase(27)_________costinganotherseveralhundreddollars.Twentyyearsago,computerswere(28)_________,buttheywereverylargeandextremelyexpensive.Few,ifany,(29)_________purchasedcomputersforhomeuse.Overtheyears,thepriceofthe“gats”ofacomputer-itsmemory-hasdeclinedtolessthanathousandthofthepriceperunitofmemorythatprevailedtwentyyearsago.Thisisthemainreasonwhycomputerscostsomuchlesstodaythantheyusedto.Moreover,(30)_________improvementshavemadeitpossibleto(31)_________memorycircuitrythatissmallenoughtofitintotheportablepersonalcomputersthatmanyofusownanduse.(32)_________,asthepriceofcomputationhasdeclinedtheaverageconsumerandbusinesshavespentmoreonpurchasingcomputers.(33)_________,improvedagriculturaltechnology,hybrid(雜交)seeds,(34)_________animalbreeding,andsoonhavevastlyincreasedtheamountofoutputatypicalfarmercanproduce.Thepricesofgoodssuchasmeatsandgrainshavefallensharplyrelativetothepricesofmostothergoodsandservices.Asagriculturalpriceshavefallen,manyhouseholdshavedecreasedtheirtotalexpensesonfood.Eventhoughthe(35)_________ofaproductpurchasedgenerallyincreaseswhenitspricefalls,totalexpensesonitmaydecline.PartIIIReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions36to45arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Whatdoesittaketobeawell-trainednurse?Theanswerusedtobetwo-yearassociate’sorfour-yearbachelor’sdegreeprograms.Butasthenursingshortage36.______,agrowingnumberofschoolsandhospitalsareestablishing“fast-trackprograms”thatenablecollegegraduateswithnonursing37.______tobecomeregisterednurseswithonlyayearorsoof38.______training.In1991,therewereonly40fast-trackcurricula;nowtherearemorethan200.TypicalisColumbiaUniversity’sEntrytoPracticeprogram.Studentsearntheirbachelorofscienceinnursinginayear.Thosewhostayonforan39.______twoyearscanearnamaster’sdegreethat40.______themasnursepractitioners（執(zhí)業(yè)護士）orclinicalnursespecialists.Manystudentsarerecent41.______;othersarecareerswitchers.RudyGuardron,32,a2004graduateofColumbia’sprogram,wasapremedicalstudentincollegeandthenworkedforapharmaceutical（藥物的）researchcompany.AtColumbia,hewas42.______asanursepractitioner,“Isawthatnurseswereinhigh43.______anditlookedlikeareallygoodopportunity,”hesays.“Also,Ididn’twanttobeinschoolforthatlong.”Thefast-tracktrendfillsaneed,butit’salsocreatingsome44.______betweennewcomersandveterans.“Nursesthatarestillatthebedside45.______thesekidswithsuspicion,”saysLindaPellico,whohastaughtnursingatYaleUniversityfor18years,“Theywonder,howcantheydoitquicker?”Theansweristheydon’t,A)additional I)promoteB)applied J)qualifiesC)demand K)specializedD)excessive L)tensionE)experience M)trainedF)explores N)viewG)graduates O)worsensH)operationsSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.IdentifytheParagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.TheriseofthesharingeconomyA) LASTnight40,000peoplerentedaccommodationfromaservicethatoffers250,000roomsin30,000citiesin192countries.Theychosetheirroomsandpaidforeverythingonline.Buttheirbedswereprovidedbyprivateindividuals,ratherthanahotelchain.HostsandguestswerematchedupbyAirbnb,afirmbasedinSanFrancisco.Sinceitslaunchin2008morethan4mpeoplehaveusedit—2.5millionofthemin2012alone.Itisthemostprominentexampleofahugenew“sharingeconomy”,inwhichpeoplerentbeds,cars,boatsandotherassetsdirectlyfromeachother,co-ordinatedviatheinternet.B) Youmightthinkthisisnodifferentfromrunningabed-and-breakfast（家庭旅店）,owningatimeshare（分時度假房）orparticipatinginacarpool.Buttechnologyhasreducedtransactioncosts,makingsharingassetscheaperandeasierthanever—andthereforepossibleonamuchlargerscale.Thebigchangeistheavailabilityofmoredataaboutpeopleandthings,whichallowsphysicalassetstobedisaggregatedandconsumedasservices.Beforetheinternet,rentingasurfboard,apowertooloraparkingspacefromsomeoneelsewasfeasible,butwasusuallymoretroublethanitwasworth.NowwebsitessuchasAirbnb,RelayRidesandSnapGoodsmatchupownersandrenters;smartphoneswithGPSletpeopleseewherethenearestrentablecarisparked;socialnetworksprovideawaytocheckuponpeopleandbuildtrust;andonlinepaymentsystemshandlethebilling.What’smineisyours,forafeeC) Justaspeer-to-peerbusinesseslikeeBayallowanyonetobecomearetailer,sharingsitesletindividualsactasanadhoc（臨時的）taxiservice,car-hirefirmorboutiquehotel（精品酒店）asandwhenitsuitsthem.Justgoonlineordownloadanapp.Themodelworksforitemsthatareexpensivetobuyandarewidelyownedbypeoplewhodonotmakefulluseofthem.Bedroomsandcarsarethemostobviousexamples,butyoucanalsorentcampingspacesinSweden,fieldsinAustraliaandwashingmachinesinFrance.Asproponentsofthesharingeconomyliketoputit,accesstrumps（勝過）ownership.D) RachelBotsman,theauthorofabookonthesubject,saystheconsumerpeer-to-peerrentalmarketaloneisworth$26billion.Broaderdefinitionsofthesharingeconomyincludepeer-to-peerlending(thoughcashishardlyasparefixedasset)orputtingasolarpanelonyourroofandsellingpowerbacktothegrid(電網(wǎng)).Anditisnotjustindividuals:thewebmakesiteasierforcompaniestorentoutspareofficesandidlemachines,too.Butthecoreofthesharingeconomyispeoplerentingthingsfromeachother.E) Such“collaborative（合作的）consumption”isagoodthingforseveralreasons.Ownersmakemoneyfromunderusedassets.AirbnbsayshostsinSanFranciscowhorentouttheirhomesdosoforanaverageof58nightsayear,making$9,300.CarownerswhorenttheirvehiclestoothersusingRelayRidesmakeanaverageof$250amonth;somemakemorethan$1,000.Renters,meanwhile,paylessthantheywouldiftheyboughttheitemthemselves,orturnedtoatraditionalprovidersuchasahotelorcar-hirefirm.(Itisnotsurprisingthatmanysharingfirmsgotgoingduringthefinancialcrisis.)Andthereareenvironmentalbenefits,too:rentingacarwhenyouneedit,ratherthanowningone,meansfewercarsarerequiredandfewerresourcesmustbedevotedtomakingthem.F) Forsociablesouls,meetingnewpeoplebystayingintheirhomesispartofthecharm.Curmudgeons（倔脾氣的人）whoimaginethateveryrenterisNormanBatescanstillstayatconventionalhotels.Forothers,thewebfosterstrust.Aswellasthebackgroundcheckscarriedoutbyplatformowners,onlinereviewsandratingsareusuallypostedbybothpartiestoeachtransaction,whichmakesiteasytospotlousydrivers,bathrobe-pilferersandsurfboard-wreckers.ByusingFacebookandothersocialnetworks,participantscancheckeachotheroutandidentifyfriends(orfriendsoffriends)incommon.AnAirbnbuserhadherapartmenttrashedin2011.Buttheremarkablethingishowwellthesystemusuallyworks.PeeringintothefuturePeeringintothefutureG) Thesharingeconomyisalittlelikeonlineshopping,whichstartedinAmerica15yearsago.Atfirst,peoplewereworriedaboutsecurity.Buthavingmadeasuccessfulpurchasefrom,say,Amazon,theyfeltsafebuyingelsewhere.Similarly,usingAirbnboracar-hireserviceforthefirsttimeencouragespeopletotryotherofferings.Next,considereBay.Havingstartedoutasapeer-to-peermarketplace,itisnowdominatedbyprofessional“powersellers”(manyofwhomstartedoutasordinaryeBayusers).Thesamemayhappenwiththesharingeconomy,whichalsoprovidesnewopportunitiesforenterprise.Somepeoplehaveboughtcarssolelytorentthemout,forexample.H) Existingrentalbusinessesaregettinginvolvedtoo.Avis,acar-hirefirm,hasashareinasharingrival.SodoGMandDaimler,twocarmakers.Infuture,companiesmaydevelophybrid（混合的）models,listingexcesscapacity(whethervehicles,equipmentorofficespace)onpeer-to-peerrentalsites.Inthepast,newwaysofdoingthingsonlinehavenotdisplacedtheoldwaysentirely.Buttheyhaveoftenchangedthem.JustasinternetshoppingforcedWalmartandTescotoadapt,soonlinesharingwillshakeuptransport,tourism,equipment-hireandmore.I) Themainworryisregulatoryuncertainty(seeTechnologyQuarterlyarticle).Willroom-rentersbesubjecttohoteltaxes,forexample?InAmsterdamofficialsareusingAirbnblistingstotrackdownunlicensedhotels.InsomeAmericancities,peer-to-peertaxiserviceshavebeenbannedafterlobbyingbytraditionaltaxifirms.Thedangeristhatalthoughsomerulesneedtobeupdatedtoprotectconsumersfromharm,incumbentswilltrytodestroycompetition.Peoplewhorentoutroomsshouldpaytax,ofcourse,buttheyshouldnotberegulatedlikeaRitz-Carltonhotel.Thelighterrulesthattypicallygovernbed-and-breakfastsaremorethanadequate.J) Thesharingeconomyisthelatestexampleoftheinternet?svaluetoconsumers.Thisemergingmodelisnowbiganddisruptive（顛覆性的）enoughforregulatorsandcompaniestohavewokenuptoit.Thatisasignofitsimmensepotential.Itistimetostartcaringaboutsharing.46.Sharingitemssuchascarsdoesgoodtotheenvironment.47.Airbnb’ssuccessclearlyillustratestheemergenceofahugesharingeconomy.48.Themajorconcernaboutthesharingeconomyishowthegovernmentregulatesit.49.Themostfrequentlyshareditemsarethoseexpensivetobuybutnotfullyused.50.Thesharingeconomyhasapromisingfuture.51.Onlinesharingwillchangethewaybusinessisdoneintransportation,travel,rentals,etc.52.Airbnbisawebsitethatenablesownersandrenterstocompletetransactionsonline.53.Thesharingeconomyislikelytogothewayofonlineshopping.54.Oneadvantageofsharingisthatownersearnmoneyfromrentingoutitemsnotmadefulluseof.55.Sharingappealstothesociableinthattheycanmeetnewpeople.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions56t060arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Inrecentyears,agrowingbodyofresearchhasshownthatourappetiteandfoodintakeareinfluencedbyalargenumberoffactorsbesidesourbiologicalneedforenergy,includingoureatingenvironmentandourperceptionofthefoodinfrontofus.Studieshaveshown,forinstance,thateatinginfrontoftheTV(orasimilardistraction)canincreasebothhungerandtheamountoffoodconsumed.Evensimplevisualcues,likeplatesizeandlighting,havebeenshowntoaffectportionsizeandconsumption.Anewstudysuggestedthatourshort-termmemoryalsomayplayaroleinappetite.Severalhoursafterameal,people’shungerlevelswerepredictednotbyhowmuchthey’deatenbutratherbyhowmuchfoodthey’dseeninfrontofthem—inotherwords,howmuchtheyrememberedeating.Thisdisparity(差異)suggeststhememoryofourpreviousmealmayhaveabiggerinfluenceonourappetitethantheactualsizeofthemeal,saysJeffreyM.Brunstrom,aprofessorofexperimentalpsychologyattheUniversityofBristol.“Hungerisn’tcontrolledsolelybythephysicalcharacteristicsofarecentmeal.Wehaveidentifiedanindependentroleformemoryforthatmeal,”Brunstromsays.“Thisshowsthattherelationshipbetweenhungerandfoodintakeismorecomplexthanwethought.”Thesefindingsechoearlierresearchthatsuggestsourperceptionoffoodcansometimestrickourbody’sresponsetothefooditself.Ina2011study,forinstance,peoplewhodrankthesame380-calorie(卡路里)milkshakeontwoseparateoccasionsproduceddifferentlevelsofhunger-relatedhormones(荷爾蒙),dependingonwhethertheshake’slabelsaiditcontained620or140calories.Moreover,theparticipantsreportedfeelingmorefullwhentheythoughtthey’dconsumedahigher-calorieshake.Whatdoesthismeanforoureatinghabits?Althoughithardlyseemspracticaltotrickourselvesintoeatingless,thenewfindingsdohighlightthebenefitsoffocusingonourfoodandavoidingTVandmultitaskingwhileeating.Theso-calledmindful-eatingstrategiescanfightdistractionsandhelpuscontrolourappetite,Brunstromsays.56.Whatissaidtobeafactoraffectingourappetiteandfoodintake?A)Howweperceivethefoodweeat. B)Whatingredientsthefoodcontains.C)Whenweeatourmeals. D)Howfastweeatourmeals.57.Whatwouldhappenatmealtimeifyourememberedeatingalotinthepreviousmeal?A)Youwouldprobablybemorepickyaboutfood.B)Youwouldnotfeellikeeatingthesamefood.C)Youwouldhaveagoodappetite.D)Youwouldnotfeelsohungry.58.Whatdowelearnfromthe2011study?A)Foodlabelsmaymisleadconsumersintheirpurchases.B)Foodlabelsmayinfluenceourbody’sresponsetofood.C)Hungerlevelsdependonone’sconsumptionofcalories.D)Peopletendtotakeinalotmorecaloriesthannecessary.59.WhatdoesBrunstromsuggestwedotocontrolourappetite?A)Trickourselvesintoeatingless. B)Choosefoodwithfewercalories.C)Concentrateonfoodwhileeating. D)Pickdishesoftherightsize.60.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A)Eatingdistractionsoftenaffectourfooddigestion.B)Psychologicalfactorsinfluenceourhungerlevels.C)Ourfoodintakeisdeterminedbyourbiologicalneeds.D)Goodeatinghabitswillcontributetoourhealth.PassageTwoQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Asasocietywemightwanttorethinkthetimeandmoneyspentoneducation,sothattheseresourcescanbenefitagreaterpercentageofthepopulation.Ideally,bothhighschoolsandcollegescanprepareindividualsfortheever-changingrolesthatarelikelytobeexpectedofthem.Highschooldegreesofferfarlessinthewayofpreparationforworkthantheymight,orthanmanyothernationscurrentlyoffer,creatingagrowingskillsgapinoureconomy.Weencouragestudentstogoontocollegewhethertheyarepreparedornot,orhaveaclearsenseofpurposeorinterest,andnowhavethehighestcollegedropoutrateintheworld.Wemightlooktoothercountriesformodelsofhowhighschoolscanofferbettertraining,aswellasthedevelopmentofaworkethic(勤奮工作的美德)andtheintellectualskillsneededforcontinuedlearninganddevelopment.IrecommendHarvard’s2011“PathwaystoProsperity”reportformoreattentiontothe“forgottenhalf”(thosewhodonotgoontocollege)andideasabouthowtoaddressthisissue.Simultaneously,theliberalartsbecomemoreimportantthanever.Inaknowledgeeconomywhereprofessionalroleschangerapidlyandmanycollegestudentsarepreparingforpositionsthatmaynotevenexistyet,theskillsetneededisonethatpreparesthemforchangeandcontinuedlearning.Learningtoexpressideaswellinbothwritingandspeech,knowinghowtofindinformation,andknowinghowtodoresearchareallsolidbackgroundskillsforawidevarietyofroles,andsuchtraini