Supplementaryexercises

Chapter1Introduction

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

1.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.

2.Linguisticsstudiesparticularlanguage,notlanguagesingeneral.

3.Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks.

4.Inthestudyoflinguistics,hypothesesformedshouldbebasedonlanguagefacts

andcheckedagainsttheobservedfacts.

5.Generallinguisticsisgenerallythestudyoflanguageasawhole.

6.Generallinguistics,whichrelatesitselftotheresearchofotherareas,studiesthe

basicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinany

linguisticstudy.

7.Phoneticsisdifferentfromphonologyinthatthelatterstudiesthecombinations

ofthesoundstoconveymeaningincommunication.

8.Morphologystudieshowwordscanbeformedtoproducemeaningful

sentences.

9.Thestudyofthewaysinwhichmorphemescanbecombinedtoformwordsis

calledmorphology.

10.Syntaxisdifferentfrommorphologyinthattheformernotonlystudiesthe

morphemes,butalsothecombinationofmorphemesintowordsandwordsinto

sentences.

11.Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageisknownassemantics.

12.Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudymeanings.

13.Pragmaticsisdifferentfromsemanticsinthatpragmaticsstudiesmeaningnot

inisolation,butincontext.

14.Socialchangescanoftenbringaboutlanguagechanges.

15.Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.

16.Modernlinguisticsismostlyprescriptive,butsometimesdescriptive.

17.Modernlinguisticsisdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar.

18.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisthedescriptionoflanguageatsomepointin

time.

19.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten

language.

20.ThedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformancewasproposedbyF.de

Saussure.n.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswith

thelettergiven:

21.Chomskydefines“competence“astheidealuser'skoftherulesof

hislanguage.

22.Languereferstothealinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofa

speechcommunitywhiletheparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsand

applicationoftherules.

23.Disoneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguagewhichreferstothe

phenomenonthatlanguageconsistsoftwolevels:alowerlevelofmeaningless

individualsoundsandahigherlevelofmeaningfulunits.

24.Languageisasystemofavocalsymbolsusedforhuman

communication.

25.Thedisciplinethatstudiestherulesgoverningtheformationofwordsinto

permissiblesentencesinlanguagesiscalleds.

26.Humancapacityforlanguagehasagbasis；butthedetailsoflanguage

havetobetaughtandlearned.

27.Preferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.

28.Findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesettlementofsome

practicalproblems.Thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasa

linguistics.

29.Languageispinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionand

interpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Inotherwords,theycanproduceand

understandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentenceswhichtheyhaveneverheard

before.

30.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthesstudyoflanguage.

HI.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbest

completethestatement:

31.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,it

issaidtobe.

A.prescriptive

B.analytic

C.descriptive

D.linguistic

32.Whichofthefollowingisnotadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?

A.Arbitrariness

B.Displacement

C.Duality

D.Meaningfulness

33.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageas.

A.primary

B.correct

C.secondary

D.stable

34.Inmodernlinguistics,speechisregardedasmorebasicthanwriting,because

A.inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting

B.speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformation

conveyed

C.speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismother

tongue

D.Alloftheabove

35.Ahistoricalstudyoflanguageisastudyoflanguage.

A.synchronic

B.diachronic

C.prescriptive

D.comparative

36.Saussuretooka(n)viewoflanguage,whileChomskylooksatlanguage

fromapointofview.

A.sociological...psychological

B.psychological...sociological

C.applied...pragmatic

0.semantic...linguistic

37.AccordingtoF.deSaussure,referstotheabstractlinguisticsystem

sharedbyallthemem-bersofaspeechcommunity.

A.parole

B.performance

C.langue

D.Language

38.Languageissaidtobearbitrarybecausethereisnologicalconnectionbetween

andmeanings.

A.sense

B.sounds

C.objects

D.ideas

39.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediate

situationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalled,

A.displacement

B.duality

C.flexibility

D.culturaltransmission

40.Thedetailsofanylanguagesystemispassedonfromonegenerationtothe

nextthrough,ratherthanbyinstinct.

A.learning

B.teaching

C.books

D.bothAandB

IV.Definethefollowingterms:

41.Linguistics

42.Phonology

43.Syntax

44.Pragmatics

45.Psycholinguistics

46.Language

47.Phonetics

48.Morphology

49.Semantics

50.Sociolinguistics

51.AppliedLinguistics

52.Arbitrariness

53.Productivity

54.Displacement

55.Duality

56.DesignFeatures

57.Competence

58.Performance

59.Langue

60.Parole

V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamples

forillustrationifnecessary:

61.Languageisgenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedfor

humancommu-nication.Explainitindetail.

62.Whatarethedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Illustratethemwith

examples.

63.Howismodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?

64.Howdoyouunderstandthedistinctionbetweenasynchronicstudyanda

diachronicstudy?

65.Whydoesmodernlinguisticsregardthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,

notthewritten?

66.Whatarethemajordistinctionsbetweenlangueandparole?

67.Howdoyouunderstandcompetenceandperformance?

68.Saussure'sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleseemssimilartoChomsky'

sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Whatdoyouthinkaretheir

majordifferences?

69.Doyouthinkhumanlanguageisentirelyarbitrary?Why?

Chapter2Phonology

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

1.VoicingisaphonologicalfeaturethatdistinguishesmeaninginbothChineseand

English.

2.Iftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentsandthey

distinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.

3.Aphoneisaphoneticunitthatdistinguishesmeaning.

4.EnglishisatonelanguagewhileChineseisnot

5.Inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting.

6.Ineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsof

theamountofinformationconveyed.

7.Articulatoryphoneticstriestodescribethephysicalpropertiesofthestreamof

soundswhichaspeakerissueswiththehelpofamachinecalledspectrograph.

8.Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportant

areas:thethroat,themouthandthechest.

9.Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing.

10.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofplaceofarticulationandthe

partofthetonguethatisraisedthehighest.

11.Accordingtothemannerofarticulation,someofthetypesintowhichthe

consonantscanbeclassifiedarestops,fricatives,bilabialandalveolar.

12.Vowelsoundscanbedifferentiatedbyanumberoffactors:thepositionof

tongueinthemouth,theopennessofthemouth,theshapeofthelips,andthe

lengthofthevowels.

13.Accordingtotheshapeofthelips,vowelscanbeclassifiedintoclosevowels,

semi-closevowels,semi-openvowelsandopenvowels.

14.Anysoundproducedbyahumanbeingisaphoneme.

15.Phonesarethesoundsthatcandistinguishmeaning.

16.Phonologyisconcernedwithhowthesoundscanbeclassifiedintodifferent

categories.

17.Abasicwaytodeterminethephonemesofalanguageistoseeifsubstituting

onesoundforanotherresultsinachangeofmeaning.

18.Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesound

segmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidto

formaphonemiccontrast.

19.Therulesgoverningthephonologicalpatterningarelanguagespecific.

20.Distinctivefeaturesofsoundsegmentscanbefoundrunningoverasequence

oftwoormorephonemicsegments.

n.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththeletter

given:

21.Areferstoastrongpuffofairstreamintheproductionofspeechsounds.

22.Aphoneticsdescribesthewayourspeechorgansworktoproducethe

speechsoundsandhowtheydiffer.

23.Thefoursounds/p///b/z/m/and/w/haveonefeatureincommon,i.e.ztheyare

allbsounds.

24.Ofallthespeechorgans,thetisthemostflexible,andisresponsiblefor

varietiesofarticulationthananyother.

25.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofmannerofarticulationorin

termsofpofarticulation.

26.Whentheobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcomplete,the

speechsoundproducedwiththeobstructionaudiblyreleasedandtheairpassing

outagainiscalledas.

27.Sfeaturesarethephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthe

segments.They

includestress,tone,intonation,etc.

28.Therulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguageare

calledsrules.

29.Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithletter-symbolsonlyiscalledbroad

transcriptionwhilethetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics

iscalledntranscription.

30.Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthe

wordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasi.

31.Pisadisciplinewhichstudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticular

languageandhowsoundsarecombinedintomeaningfulunitstoeffectlinguistic

communication.

32.Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportant

cavities:thepharyngealcavity,theocavityandthenasalcavity.

33.Tarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibration

ofthevocalcordsandwhichcandistinguishmeaningjustlikephonemes.

34.Dependingonthecontextinwhichstressisconsidered,therearetwokindsof

stress:wordstressandsstress.

in.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbest

completethestatement:

35Ofallthespeechorgans,theis/arethemostflexible.

A.mouth

B.lips

C.tongue

D.vocalcords

36.Thesoundsproducedwithoutthevocalcordsvibratingare____sounds.

A.voiceless

B.voiced

C.vowel

D.consonantal

37.isavoicedalveolarstop.

A./z/

B./d/

C./k/

D./b/

38.Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby"copying“afeature

ofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophones.

A.identical

B.same

C.exactlyalike

D.similar

39.Since/p/and/b/arephoneticallysimilar,occurinthesameenvironmentsand

theycandistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobe.

A.inphonemiccontrast

B.incomplementarydistribution

C.theallophones

D.minimalpair

40.Thesound/f/is.

A.voicedpalatalaffricate

B.voicedalveolarstop

C.voicelessvelarfricative

D.voicelesslabiodentalfricative

41.A__vowelisonethatisproducedwiththefrontpartofthetongue

maintainingthehighestposition.

A.back

B.central

C.front

D.middle

42.Distinctivefeaturescanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormore

phonemicsegments.Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthe

segmentsarecalled.

A.phoneticcomponents

B.immediateconstituents

C.suprasegmentalfeatures

D.semanticfeatures

43.A(n)isaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit,a

collectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.

A.phone

B.sound

C.allophone

D.phoneme

44.Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphonetic

environmentsarecalledthe____ofthatphoneme.

A.phones

B.sounds

C.phonemes

D.allophones

IV.Definethetermsbelow:

45.phonology

46.phoneme

47.allophone

48.onation50.phonetics

51.auditoryphonetics

52.acousticphonetics

53.phone

54.phonemiccontrast

55.tone

56.minimalpair

V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamples

forillustrationifnecessary:

57.Ofthetwomediaoflanguage,whydoyouthinkspeechismorebasicthan

writing?

58.Whatarethecriteriathatalinguistusesinclassifyingvowels?

59.Whatarethemajordifferencesbetweenphonologyandphonetics?

60.Illustratewithexampleshowsuprasegmentalfeaturescanaffectmeaning.

61.Inwhatwaycanwedeterminewhetheraphoneisaphonemeornot?

Chapter3Morphology

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

1.Morphologystudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwords

areformed.

2.Wordsarethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguage.

3.Justasaphonemeisthebasicunitinthestudyofphonology,soisamorpheme

thebasicunitinthestudyofmorphology.

4.Thesmallestmeaningfulunitsthatcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselvesarefree

morphemes.

5.Boundmorphemesincludetwotypes:rootsandaffixes.

6.Inflectionalmorphemesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammatical

categoriessuchasnumber,tense,degree,andcase.

7.Theexistingformtowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeaddediscalledastem,

whichcanbeaboundroot,afreemorpheme,oraderivedformitself.

8.Prefixesusuallymodifythepartofspeechoftheoriginalword,notthemeaning

ofit.

9.Therearerulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofstemto

formanewword.Therefore,wordsformedaccordingtothemorphologicalrules

areacceptablewords.

10.Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,while

thesecondelement

receivessecondarystress.

n.Fillineachblankbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

11.Misthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.

12.Theaff議"-ish"inthewordboyishconveysagmeaning.

13.Bmorphemesarethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthave

tobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.

14.Affixesareoftwotypes:inflectionalaffixesanddaffixes.

15.Daffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreatewords.

16.Asisaddedtotheendofstemstomodifythemeaningoftheoriginal

wordanditmaycasechangeitspartofspeech.

17.Cisthecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordsto

createnewwords.

18.Therulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofstemtoforma

newwordarecalledmrules.

19.Intermsofmorphemicanalysis,dcanbeviewedastheaddition

ofaffixestostemstoformnewwords.

20.Ascanbeaboundroot,afreemorpheme,oraderivedformitselfto

whichaderivationalaffixcanbeadded.

in.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbest

completethestatement:

21.Themorpheme“vision“inthecommonword“television“isa(n).

A.boundmorpheme

B.boundform

C.inflectionalmorpheme

D.freemorpheme

22.Thecompoundword“bookstore"istheplacewherebooksaresold.This

indicatesthatthemeaningofacompound.

A.isthesumtotalofthemeaningofitscomponents

B.canalwaysbeworkedoutbylookingatthemeaningsofmorphemes

C.isthesameasthemeaningofafreephrase.

D.Noneoftheabove.

23.Thepartofspeechofthecompoundsisgenerallydeterminedbythepartof

speechof.

A.thefirstelement

B.thesecondelement

C.eitherthefirstorthesecondelement

D.boththefirstandthesecondelements

24.arethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombined

withothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.

A.Freemorphemes

B.Boundmorphemes

C.Boundwords

D.Words

25.isabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwords

andtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.

A.Syntax

B.Grammar

C.Morphology

D.Morpheme

26.Themeaningcarriedbytheinflectionalmorphemeis.

A.lexical

B.morphemic

C.grammatical

D.semantic

27.Boundmorphemesarethosethat.

A.havetobeusedindependently

B.cannotbecombinedwithothermorphemes

C.caneitherbefreeorbound

D.havetobecombinedwithothermorphemes

28.modifythemeaningofthestem,butusuallydonotchangethepartof

speechoftheoriginalword.

A.Prefixes

B.Suffixes

C.Roots

D.Affixes

29.areoftenthoughttobethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguageby

thelinguists.

A.Words

B.Morphemes

C.Phonemes

D.Sentences

30.”-s〃intheword"books"is

A.aderivativeaffix

B.astem

C.aninflectionalaffix

D.aroot

IV.Definethefollowingterms:

31.morphology

32.inflectionalmorphology

33.derivationalmorphology

34.morpheme

35.freemorpheme

36.boundmorpheme

37.root

38.affix

39.prefix

40.suffix

41.derivation

42.Compounding

V.Answerthefollowingquestions:

43.WhatarethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishcompounds?

44.Discussthetypesofmorphemeswithexamples.

Chapter4Syntax

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

1.Syntaxisasubfiedoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage,

includingthecombinationofmorphemesintowords.

2.Grammaticalsentencesareformedfollowingasetofsyntacticrules.

3.Sentencesarecomposedofsequenceofwordsarrangedinasimplelinearorder,

withoneaddingontoanotherfollowingasimplearithmeticlogic.

4.Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulesthat

comprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerare

knownaslinguisticcompetence.

5.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimitto

thenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceand

comprehend.

6.Inacomplexsentence,thetwoclausesholdunequalstatus,onesubordinating

theother.

7.Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossof

grammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.

8.Minorlexicalcategoriesareopenbecausethesecategoriesarenotfixedandnew

membersareallowed

for.

9.InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognized

anddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitivephrase,andauxiliary

phrase.

10.InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusually

followstheverb.

11.Whatisactuallyinternalizedinthemindofanativespeakerisacompletelistof

wordsandphrasesratherthangrammaticalknowledge.

12.Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.

13.Itisbelievedthatphrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,

generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure.

14.WH-movementisobligatoryinEnglishwhichchangesasentencefrom

affirmativetointerrogative,n.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithoneword

whichbeginswiththelettergiven:

15.Assentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectanda

predicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence.

16.Asisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberof

wordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.

17.Asmaybeanounoranounphraseinasentencethatusuallyprecedes

thepredicate.

18.Thepartofasentencewhichcomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandwhich

sayssomethingaboutthesubjectisgrammaticallycalledp.

19.Acsentencecontainstwozormore,clauses,oneofwhichis

incorporatedintotheother.

20.Inthecomplexsentence,theincorporatedorsubordinateclauseisnormally

calledaneclause.

21.Majorlexicalcategoriesareocategoriesinthesensethatnewwordsare

constantlyadded.

22.AConditiononcaseassignmentstatesthatacaseassignorandacase

recipientshouldstayadjacenttoeachother.

23.ParesyntacticoptionsofUGthatallowgeneralprinciplestooperatein

onewayoranotherandcontributetosignificantlinguisticvariationsbetweenand

amongnaturallanguages.

24.ThetheoryofCconditionexplainsthefactthatnounphrasesappearonly

insubjectandobjectpositions.

EQ.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbest

completethestatement:

25.Asentenceisconsidered__whenitdoesnotconformtothegrammatical

knowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers.

A.right

B.wrong

C.grammatical

D.ungrammatical

26.Aintheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthat

introducestheembeddedclause.

A.coordinator

B.particle

C.preposition

D.subordinator

27.Phrasestructureruleshave__properties.

A.recursive

B.grammatical

C.social

D.functional

28.Phrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstand.

A.howwordsandphrasesformsentences.

B.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwords

C.howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentences

D.Alloftheabove.

29.Syntacticmovementisdictatedbyrulestraditionallycalled.

A.transformationalrules

B.generativerules

C.phrasestructurerules

D.x-bartheory

30.Thetheoryofcaseconditionaccountsforthefactthat.

A.nounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.

B.nounphrasescanbeusedtomodifyanothernounphrase

C.nounphrasecanbeusedinadverbialpositions

D.nounphrasecanbemovedtoanyplaceifnecessary.

31.Thesentencestructureis.

A.onlylinear

B.Onlyhierarchical

C.complex

D.bothlinearandhierarchical

32.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageare__innumber.

A.large

B.small

C.finite

D.infinite

33.Therulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoform

grammaticalsentences.

A.lexical

B.morphological

C.linguistic

D.combinational

34.rulesmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence.

A.Generative

B.Transformational

C.X-bar

D.Phrasestructure

IV.Definethefollowingterms:

35.syntax

36.Sentence

37.coordinatesentence

38.syntacticcategories

39.grammaticalrelations

40.linguisticcompetence

41.transformationalrules

42.D-structure

V.Answerthefollowingquestions:

43.Whatarethebasiccomponentsofasentence?

44.Whatarethemajortypesofsentences?Illustratethemwithexamples.

45.Aretheelementsinasentencelinearlystructured?Why?

46.Whataretheadvantagesofusingtreediagramsintheanalysisofsentence

structures?

47.WhatisNPmovement.Illustrateitwithexamples.

Chapter5Semantics

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

1.Dialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundindifferentregionaldialectssuchas

BritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutcannotbefoundwithinthevarietyitself,

forexample,withinBritishEnglishorAmericanEnglish.

2.Senseisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthe

non-linguisticworldofexperience,whilethereferencedealswiththeinherent

meaningofthelinguisticform.

3.Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferent

situations.

4.Insemantics,meaningoflanguageisconsideredastheintrinsicandinherent

relationtothephysicalworldofexperience.

5.Contextualismisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromor

reducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.

6.Behaviouristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthe

situationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.

7.Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallits

components.

8.Mostlanguageshavesetsoflexicalitemssimilarinmeaningbutranked

differentlyaccordingtotheirdegreeofformality.

9.〃Itishot."isano-placepredicationbecauseitcontainsnoargument.

10.Ingrammaticalanalysis,thesentenceistakentobethebasicunit,butin

semanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitispredication,whichisthe

abstractionofthemeaningofasentence.n.Fillineachofthefollowingblanks

withonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

11.Scanbedefinedasthestudyofmeaning.

12.Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnodlinkbetweenalinguistic

formandwhatitrefersto.

13.Rmeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdeals

withtherelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldof

experience.

14.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalleds.

15.Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,butdifferentinspellingandmeaning,

theyarecalledh.

16.Roppositesarepairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationship

betweenthetwoitems.

17.C__analysisisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbe

dividedintomeaningcomponents.

18.Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulisgovernedbyrulescalled

srestrictions,whichareconstraintsonwhatlexicalitemscangowithwhat

others.

19.Anaisalogicalparticipantinapredication,largelyidenticalwiththe

nominalelement(s)inasentence.

20.Accordingtothentheoryofmeaning,thewordsinalanguagearetaken

tobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.

M.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbest

completethestatement:

21.Thenamingtheoryisadvancedby.

A.Plato

B.Bloomfield

C.GeoffreyLeech

D.Firth

22.“Weshallknowawordbythecompanyitkeeps."Thisstatementrepresents

A.theconceptualistview

B.contexutalism

C.thenamingtheory

D.behaviourism

23.Whichofthefollowingisnottrue?

A.Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.

B.Senseisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform.

C.Senseisabstractanddecontextualized.

D.Senseis