..KeytoExercisesU1Itiedwitharibbonfordecorationdidnothaveafavorableorfriendlyfeelingtowardsomebodysomethingthatcoulddevelopintoagreaterideatobesuccessfulinlifeoratworkanincreaseintheamountyouarepaidforworkusedforemphasizinghowlittle<thereisofsomething>seriousformalstudyorresearchofasubjectbeinginapositionthatgivesyouanadvantageoropportunitytoyield/givein<Themetaphorisacardgamewhereaplayerissaidto"fold"whenheputsdownhiscards,realizingthathehasaweakhand.>tokeepmattersenjoyableandnotveryserious earning<money>tobewilling/inclinedtodosomethingtobetheessentialqualityofaformalspeechpublicity<usedtotalkabouthowoftenorhowwellorbadlysomeoneorsomethingisdescribedinnewspapersormagazines>thechancesofsomethinghappening;thelikelihoodofbeingsuccessfulthenewestandthemostadvancedfacilityforphysicalexercise<AmE.informal>tohavefuneating,drinking,anddancing,etc.withotherpeople<veryinformal>tobejustifiablycheated tobeforcedtogiveuptoopposeorresiststubbornlyandobstinatelytoattack,topursueinordertooppose/argueagainsttohavesomethingasthemostimportantpart;toboildowntoplanneddirectioninwhichavehicleismovingtoaddmoredetailstomakesomethingmorecompleteforallinvolvedoraffectedV1.Myfatherhadsomeunhappyexperienceswithlawyersandpolicemen<implyingthathegotintosometroubleandwaspunishedinsomeway>andthereforedidnotlikelawyersandpolicemen.Thespeaker’suseofthisunashamedadmissionabouthisfather’stroublewiththelawishumorous.2.MyfatheradvisedmetostudyliteraturesincethatwaswhatIreallyliked.Ihadonlyonelife,unlessIhadsecretknowledgethatwecanallberebornagainandagain<thatreincarnationisnotjustnonsense>andthereforeIcangotocollegemanytimes.Myfatherofcoursewastotallycontemptuousofthewholeideaofreincarnation.3.Theywantthediploma/credentialswhichwillenablethemtogetwell-paidjobsonWallStreetorgotolawschools,medicalschools,orbusinessschoolstobecomelawyers,doctors,andbusinessexecutives.4.Inordertobesuccessful,theyhavetoworkhard.Theymustearntherighttokeeptheirjobasaprofessorforaslongastheylike,keeppublishingiftheydonotwanttoperish,gethigherandhighersalaries,andgetoffersfromoutsidetheiruniversitiestoaddtotheirprestige.Andallthiscanbebroadlycalledscholarlywork.5.Theprofessorsaveshisenergiesforhisownscholarlyworkwhilethestudentsaveshisenergiesforhisfriends,socializing,volunteerwork,buildinganetworkofpeoplewhomightbeusefulforhiscareer,andtryingineverypossiblewaytoobtainanidealjobupongraduation,whichisreallythemostimportantgoalforhim.Thespeakerisimplyingthatneithertheprofessornorthestudentisgivinghis/hermainattentiontoteachingandlearning.6.Eton,asweknowisa"public"<thatis,private>schoolfortheBritisharistocracy.IteducatesthemenwhobecomeBritain’sleaders;thetiesformedthereareall-importantasaretheunspokenrulesyoulearn.SowhatWellingtonissayinghereisthatitwasthissmallandcohesiveclassanditsvaluesthatdefeatedNapoleon.7.Whatstudentsarelookingforfromaliberalartseducationisnotaluxury,butanecessity.Itisnotsomethingyoucoulddowith,butsomethingyouabsolutelycan’tdowithout.8.Youmaybe…someonewhoisneverembarrassedinsocialgatheringsbecauseyouaresowell-readandsoknowledgeable<orwhocanembarrassothersbymakingthemappearignorant>.9.Forsomereason,youfindthatthesewriterswholivedalongtimeagoseemtoknowmoreaboutyouthanyoudoyourself.10.Inreading,Icontinuetolookforonething.IhopethatIcanfindnewideasandnewperspectivesthatwillmakemechangethecourseofmylifeandputmeonanewandbetterroad.VI.Phrases炮制計劃取得一種成就；獲得一種技能/本領(lǐng)/功夫不太喜歡,沒有好感內(nèi)部消息課程目錄擁有大量資金的大玩家首要的目標(biāo)成功的前景印發(fā)證書教學(xué)的基本原則學(xué)術(shù)出版物與這問題無關(guān)〔他全身心投入社交生活建立關(guān)系網(wǎng)為他們謀生計視而不見與美國結(jié)盟德才兼?zhèn)?全面發(fā)展的學(xué)生艱苦的任務(wù)挖掘他們的資源報界的惡評最新、最先進(jìn)的健身設(shè)施得來不易的智慧VII.understatementmetaphorsimileoxymoronalliterationhyperboleeuphemismparallelstructureantithesisrhymeSentences我每次講話都必須在弗洛伊德有關(guān)觀點的基礎(chǔ)上再努力往前探索。只是聰明的人都習(xí)慣于琢磨他們?nèi)绾尾拍茼樌\生的問題。我當(dāng)時提出,這種行為完全可以勒令他休學(xué)一段時間。黑色的豪華轎車開來停在他的辦公室前面,從車?yán)镉砍鰜泶笈轮皿w的談判人。我那位哥們嚇得腿發(fā)軟了嗎？沒有,他不是那種人,不過他實在不喜歡這個過程。你們可能會以為,對于大學(xué)教育不該有什么實質(zhì)性的內(nèi)容,不該以約翰·濟慈喜歡稱之為"心靈培養(yǎng)"為目的的這種觀念,教授們和大學(xué)校長們一定會十分謹(jǐn)慎,不去張揚?！切┍е鵁崆衅谕母改競?希望你們能實現(xiàn)自己的理想,或者希望你們能為他們實現(xiàn)當(dāng)初沒能實現(xiàn)的理想……常識是一種應(yīng)該尊重的東西,不過不該向它頂禮膜拜〔我不是想和令人欽佩的伯克抬杠我認(rèn)為不該向。他研究了宗教問題。他說這歸根結(jié)底是對父親的熱切企盼。假如那位教授嘲弄你,因為你問了一個嚴(yán)肅的問題而不讓有關(guān)的人都太平,那你就必須要堅強,保持你超然的分析的態(tài)度。 U2Ιapieceofequipmentofanold-fashionedradioorTVsetthatyouturntoadjustthevolumeofthesoundveryinterestedinandpleasedwithsomethingsothatyoupayalotofattentiontoittomakesomeonefeelthattheymustwatchorlistentosomethingorsomeone,becausetheyaresointerestedinitorattractedbyittoplayapieceofmusicusingtherightrhythmandspeedafirstappearanceinpublicasofanactoranuntidymixtureofthings<music>apassagethatisrepeatedtofastensomethingfirmlysothatitcannotmovesomethingthatdoesnotsucceed,ofteninawaythatcausesembarrassmentapublicperformanceofmusicorpoetry,usuallygivenbyonepersonorasmallgroupapersonwhoadjustsamusicalinstrument,especiallyapiano,sothatitplaysatthecorrectpitch<ofclothesorfabrics>treatedchemicallysoastorepelclothesmothV1.Iimaginedmyselfasdifferenttypesofprodigy,tryingtofindoutwhichonesuitedmethebest.2.Ihatedthetestsbecausetheyrepresentedhopessohighthatfailuretorealizethemwasinevitable.3.Ihadnewthoughts,whichwerefilledwithastrongspiritofdisobedienceandrebellion.4.ThegirlwasoftheShirleyTempletype,veryenergeticandlively.5.AlthoughIsawsignsthatwarnedmethatmymotherwasthinkingofturningmeintoagirllikethatonTV,Ididn’tfeelworried.6.OldChongwasconductinganinvisibleorchestrawhichwascreatedbyhisdreamingthought.7.Ipracticedthepianoundermymother’sinstructioneverydayforthenextyearasmyduty,butIplayedinanuncooperativewaytoshowmyrebellion.8.WhenIsaidthosewords,Ifeltthatsomeverynastythoughtshadgotoutofmychest,andIfeltsurprised.Butatthesametime,Ifeltgoodbecausethoseterriblethoughtshadbeensuppressedinmyheartforquiteawhileandtheyhadgotoutatlast.Icouldfeelthatherangerhadreachedthepointwhereherself-controlwouldcollapse,andIwantedtoseewhatmymotherwoulddowhenshelostcompletecontrolofherself.Whenthelidtothepianowasclosed,itshutoutthedustandalsoputanendtomymiseryandherdreams.VIPhrases幾乎不用首付現(xiàn)款過高的希望和達(dá)不到的期盼短路我家起居室的唯一擺設(shè)力氣大得嚇人自行其是Sentences我的頭發(fā)沒有做出我要的大卷花,而是給我弄成一頭亂蓬蓬的黑色小卷毛。在她告訴我答案前,她對了對手中的雜志,看看"赫爾辛基"是否能這樣發(fā)音。她似乎被這音樂吸引住了。這鋼琴曲不長,但有點狂亂,有著迷人的特點,樂曲一開始是快節(jié)奏的,接著是歡快跳動的節(jié)拍,然后又回到嬉戲的部分。如果她的才氣和她的脾氣一樣大,她早就出名了。而我的媽媽挺起胸膛,吹牛說,"我們的問題比你的更糟糕。如果你讓精妹洗碗,她根本聽不到,因為她滿腦都是音樂,似乎她的天才是無法制止的。"我最喜歡練習(xí)的部分是花哨的謝幕行禮動作：先出右腳,腳尖點在地毯的玫瑰圖案上,身子側(cè)擺,左腿彎曲,抬頭,微笑。我朝觀眾望去,看到了我媽木然的面孔,爸爸的哈欠,林朵阿姨的尷尬笑容和薇弗莉悶悶不樂的表情。一股涼氣從頭頂開始,然后一點點傳到全身。但我卻不能停止演奏,雙手猶如著了魔。我不停地想,我的手指會調(diào)整好,就像火車會被扳到正確的軌道上。她的臉部失去了表情,嘴巴緊閉,雙臂無力地垂下。她退出了房間,神色驚異,好像一小片枯黃的樹葉被風(fēng)吹走了,那樣的單薄、脆弱、毫無生氣。我第一次,或感覺好像是第一次,注意到右邊的樂曲標(biāo)題是《心滿意足》。我也試著彈這首曲子。它的曲調(diào)比較輕松,但節(jié)奏同樣流暢,不是很難。《祈求的孩子》較短、較慢,而《心滿意足》更長、更快一些。在我彈了幾遍后,我意識到,原來這兩個曲子是同一首歌的兩個組成部分。U3Iintheactofstrugglingwith<aproblem,decision,task,etc.>aforceproducingmotionorchangeprogramofthingstobedonetohavealotof,asiffullofholesafterashotgunblastdecisivelylargenumberofpeople<slang>tospendmuchofone'stime;tofrequenttocontrolsomeone,astoshowhimhowtobehaveoractanisolatedareaofaspecifiedtypetobecomepopularextendingfardowninarevealingwayV．1.YetGlobalizationisnotsomethingyoucanacceptorreject;itisalreadyafactoflife,whichyouwillencounterandhavetorespondtoeveryday.2.Politicalgroupswithbroadpopularsupporthaveemergedtotakeadvantageofpeople’sexistingworriesanduneasinessregardingforeign"culturalassault."3....inChina,closed-doorandopen-doorpolicytrendshavelongstruggledfordominance.4.TheChinesepeopleshouldcontinuetoliveabackwardlifewhilewelivecomfortablywithallmodernconveniences.5.Westernization...isaconceptfullofself-contradictionsandheldbypeopleofverydifferentbackgroundsandviews.6.Intryingtofindoutwhatfuturetrendswillbe,youdonotneedtobefashionableyourself.7.Asanopenandtechnologicallyadvancedcountrywithalargemarketforunusualthings,AmericaprovidedTomSloperwiththenecessaryconditionstodesignasoftwareprogramcombininganewWesterntechnologywiththeancientEasternrulesofmah-jongg.Andhewasabletosellhisproduct.8.Hewasmovingaround,playingagameviatheInternet,withpeoplelivingindifferenttimezones,hencetheircomputeractivitybrokedownthelimitsoftimezones.9.TheGuccistorehadnotexpectedthatinthefirsttwoweeksofitsopeninginShanghai,businesswouldbesogood.10.ThemeansofshowingrepentancemightbeparticulartotheJews,butthestrongdesiretoreceiveforgivenessfromGodiscommon.VI.今天我們正經(jīng)歷著一種世界范圍文化劇變的陣痛,一種習(xí)俗與追求的結(jié)構(gòu)性變化。用社會學(xué)家奇特的詞匯來稱呼這種變化,就叫"全球化"。不管他們的背景和綱領(lǐng)如何,這些對全球化持反對態(tài)度的人深信西方的影響——往往等同于美國的影響——會把所有文化上的差異一一壓平,就像一位觀察家所說的,最終產(chǎn)生一個麥當(dāng)勞世界,一個充斥美國貨和體現(xiàn)美國價值觀的世界。不過我也發(fā)現(xiàn)文化就如同構(gòu)成文化的民族一樣,善于隨機應(yīng)變,富有彈性而且不可預(yù)測?，F(xiàn)今原創(chuàng)極為困難。因此,最容易的辦法就是把現(xiàn)存的東西組合在一起,拿出一個新玩意兒來。二十六萬中國婦女每月都在閱讀《時尚》雜志,那些開領(lǐng)袒胸的畫頁及其他內(nèi)容。燈光熄滅,有一陣子,黑暗中惟一的聲音就是一部價格昂貴的照相機自動倒卷時發(fā)出的聲音。他們從當(dāng)?shù)匚幕形樟瞬簧贃|西,但仍然保持了自己的本色。相互聯(lián)系是人類天生的欲望,是其共同的命運。這種連接靠的是強有力的心靈紐帶。U4I<withthe>thetheater,drama,oractingasaprofessioninagoodrepute;havingagoodreputation;well-thought-of;respectableamessengerofGodandasupernaturalbeingtowhomareattributedgreaterthanhumanpower,intelligence,etc.;apersonregardedasbeingasbeautiful,good,innocent,etc.asanangel,especiallysaidofwomenandchildrenanabilityandaskillthatonecandevelopwithtrainingandpracticeacurrentofcoldairflowingthrougharoomsly,cunningtrick;clevertalkortricksusedtopersuadesomeonetodowhatyouwantthemoneyorprofitderivedfromasale,businessventure,etc.tocauseaparticularphysicalcondition9.tolookcloselyandinquisitively 10.innameonlyVIfyouwanttobeamusicianorapainter,youmustownapianoorhiremodels,andyouhavetovisitorevenliveinculturalcenterslikeParis,ViennaandBerlin.Andalsoyouhavetobetaughtbymastersandmistresses.However,ifyouwanttobeawriter,youdon’tneedallthis.Inthepatriarchalsocietywomenareforcedintoalowerfinancialstatus.Asaresulttheycouldnotbecomesuccessfulinmostprofessionsexceptwritingasthelatterdidnotrequiremuchfinancialresources.Sherealizedthatmendidn’tapproveofawomandaringtotellthetruthaboutherbodyandherpassions.Theywouldsurelysaybadthingsaboutsuchawoman.Thisrealizationinterruptedherimaginationandrousedherfromthestateofunconsciousness,inwhichanartistdesiredtobe.Theprogressofwomenwriterswashinderedbymen’sextremelyconventionalthoughtsandbehaviors.Ibelieveitisverycommonforwomentohavethisexperience.Itwasasensiblethingformentogivethemselvesgreatfreedomtotalkabouttheirbodyandpassions.Butifwomenwanttohavethesamefreedom,menstronglydisapproveofit.AndIdonotbelievethattheyrealizehowseverelytheycondemnsuchfreedominwomen,nordoIbelievethattheycancontroltheirextremelyseverecondemnationofit.Itwilltakealongtimeforwomentoridthemselvesoffalsevaluesandattitudesandtoovercometheobstacletotellingthetruthabouttheirbodyandpassions.Regardingthementalandspiritualworld,theinnernatureofaperson,itisnotsimpleatallforawomanwriter,forshestillhasmanyobstaclesandprejudicestoovercome.Evenwhenthepathisopentowomenofficially,whenoutwardlythereisnothingtopreventawomanfrombeingadoctor,alawyer,acivilservant,inwardlytherearestillfalsethoughtsandvaluesasobstaclesimpedingawoman’sprogress.VIPhrases與鄰居發(fā)生嚴(yán)重糾紛借一首著名詩歌中女主人公之名扼住她的喉嚨持續(xù)慵懶的狀態(tài)在無意識深處不用修辭手段、直截了當(dāng)?shù)卣f男性極端的因循守舊以什么為條件,在什么樣的條件下Sentences1.我的專業(yè)是文學(xué),而在這個專業(yè)中,婦女的特殊經(jīng)歷比其他專業(yè)中婦女面臨的特殊經(jīng)歷要少,舞臺藝術(shù)是個例外。2.她擅長家庭生活的各項高難度技能。下面我要說說多少是我自己決定做的一件事情,當(dāng)然做此事的功勞主要還應(yīng)歸功于我的了不起的祖先,是他們給我留下了一筆財產(chǎn)——比如說每年五百英鎊吧——這樣我就不必完全靠女人的魅力去謀生了。我相信,婦女只有在人類知識所涉及的全部藝術(shù)和專業(yè)領(lǐng)域中用創(chuàng)造形式表達(dá)自己的情感后,她們才能知道什么是婦女。這就是我今天來到這里的原因,是出于對你們的尊敬,因為你們正在用你們的經(jīng)驗告訴我們婦女是什么,并正在通過你們的成功與失敗,為我們提供尤為重要的信息。他希望在他寫作時,他每天見的人,讀的書,做的事都是相同的,這樣任何事物都不會打破他生活的幻想,也不會攪亂他的四處探求、摸索以及對那令人難以捉摸的容易被嚇跑的東西——想象力的突然發(fā)現(xiàn)。盡管如此,我還是想說我是在似睡非睡的狀態(tài)中創(chuàng)作小說。我認(rèn)為討論和界定這些障礙是十分重要的,因為只有如此我們才能共同努力并克服困難。那些目的是什么,對這個問題我們不能想當(dāng)然認(rèn)為已經(jīng)解決了,而要不斷地提出疑問和進(jìn)行審視。這個自由只是個開端,現(xiàn)在屋子是你自己的了,但它依然是空的,它需要裝修和裝飾,需要與人分享。VIIEarlywomenwritershadmadetheirwayintotheprofessionofliterature;manyfamouswomenwritersandmanymoreunknownorforgottenwomenwritershavemadetheircontributionstoliteratureandhavepavedthewayforwriterslikemeandtheyarenowguidingmeasImoveforward.Therewasnoneedforawritertospendmuchofthefamilymoneyinordertowrite.WhileIwaswritingthebookreview,IfoundthatifIweregoingtoreviewbooks,Ihadtofightanddoawaywithadreadedillusion,afearedvisionexistinginmymind.ThefalsebeliefaboutwhataproperwomanshouldbeoftencausedargumentsorproblemsbetweenmeandwhatIwaswriting.Thoseconventionalattitudeswouldhavetakenawaythemostimportantpartofmywriting,thatis,theessenceofmywriting.Thus,wheneverIfelttheinfluenceofVictorianattitudesonmywriting,Ifoughtbackwithallmypower.AllwomenwritershadtomakecontinuouseffortstofightagainstthestronginfluenceofVictorianattitudesaboutthetraditionalroleofwomen.Thewriter’simaginationhadfreelyexploredandexaminedthedepthsoftheunconsciousbeing,wherehiddenthoughts,feelingsandimpulsesweretobefound.Nowherimaginationhaddisappeared.Thensuddenlythewriter’simaginationcameacrossabigobstacle,andshewasrousedfromherartist’sstateofunconsciousness.Somewomenhavegainedapositionoracertaindegreeoffreedominasocietywhichhasuptonowbeendominatedbymen.U5I．1.

monthofSundays<Para.1>:<colloquial>alongtime,quiteawhile2.

submit<Para.5>:toofferasanopinion;suggest,propose3.

flight<Para.8>:fleeingorrunningawayfrom.Hereitmeansthenarratorsuddenlystopped4.

intheswim<Para.17>:conformingtothecurrentfashions,oractiveinthemaincurrentofaffairs5.

pin-up<Para25>:<Americancolloquialism>apostershowingafamouspersonorsexsymbol,designedtobedisplayedonawall6.

carriage<Para.26>:aperson’sbearingordeportment7.

keen<Para.29>:<Americanslang>good,fine,excellent,etc.,ageneraltermofapproval8.

mince<Para.45>:tolessentheforceof;weaken,asbyeuphemism9.

casualkick<Para.55>:<Americancolloquialism>anoccasionalpleasure;acasualrelationship;apassingaffair;notaseriouscommitment10.deposit<Para97>:<formalandhumoroushere>toput,layorsetdown11.brief<Para105>:aconcisestatementofthemainpointsofalawcase,usuallyfiledbycounselfortheinformationofthecourt12.nuts<Para.109>:<Americanslang>anexclamationofdisgust,scorn,disappointment,refusal,etc.13.let-up<Para123>:stopping;relaxing14.well-heeled<Para.124>:<Americanslang>rich,prosperous

V.Ibelievefollowingpassingcrazesshowsacompletelackofsoundjudgment.Oneafternoon,whenIwentbacktomydorm,Peteywaslyingonhisbed.HeworesuchadepressedlookthatIthoughthewassufferingfromappendicitis.Mybrain,whichisaspreciseasachemist’sscales,begantoworkathighspeed.Shewasbeautifulandattractiveenoughtoarousethedesiresandpassionsofmen,butIwouldnotletfeelingsgettheupperhandofreason.IwantedPollyforacarefullythought-outreason.Shewasnotyetasattractiveasthefamouspeopledisplayedonwallposters,butIfeltsurethat,giventime,shewouldbejustasglamorous.Infact,shewentintheoppositedirection.Shewasratherstupid.Ifyouwerenolongerdatingher,otherswouldbefreetocourther.Helookedatthecoatthenlookedawayfromthecoat.Everytimehelooked,hisdesireforthecoatgrewstrongerandhisresolutionnottogiveup[away]Pollybecameweaker.Toteachhertothinkappearedtobeaverydifficulttask,andatfirstIeventhoughtofgivingherbacktoPetey.Thereisalimittowhatanyhumanbeingcanbear.VI.Phrases愚蠢到了極點驚愕地失聲低語一個不知所措、左右為難的人挺著下巴,表示堅定不屈對某種一般的陳述進(jìn)行限定學(xué)不會邏輯的腦袋；對邏輯一竅不通〔她緊鎖眉頭,聚精會神〔進(jìn)行思考一絲智慧的閃光把波莉培養(yǎng)成邏輯學(xué)家強大的意志力Sentences像查爾斯·蘭姆這樣快樂和富有創(chuàng)新精神的人物并不常見,他寫了《古瓷》和《夢中的孩子》兩篇文章,這兩篇文章可以說解放了散文。那么,就讀讀下面這篇文章吧,它將向我們展示邏輯并不是一門枯燥乏味、迂腐不堪的學(xué)科；恰恰相反,邏輯是一個活生生的事物,充滿美麗、激情和心靈的創(chuàng)傷。我的頭腦象發(fā)電機一樣強大,像藥劑師的天平一樣精確,像手術(shù)刀一樣銳利。她亭亭玉立、體態(tài)優(yōu)雅,這一切都表明她出身高貴。我一下子打開了手提箱,露出一團毛乎乎的氣味刺鼻的東西。這么可愛的人可不容易找。我要是意志不堅定,我就不是我了。我皺了一下眉頭,但鼓足勇氣地繼續(xù)往下講。也許,在她死火山般的腦袋里,還有一點余火仍在閃爍冒煙。這回波莉該動心了〔應(yīng)該能達(dá)到我的目的了,我雙臂交叉在胸前,想道。VII.HastyGeneralizationPostHocHypothesisContrarytoFactDictoSimplicitorAdMisericordiamPostHocDictoSimplicitorHastyGeneralizationFalseAnalogyContradictoryPremisesPoisoningtheWellU7I.implement<Para.2>:<noun>atool,utensil,orotherpieceofequipment,especiallyasusedforaparticularpurposewalk-on<Para.4>:aminorroleinwhichtheactorhasnoorveryfewspokenlinespatchwork<Para.8>:athingcomposedofmanydifferentelementssoastoappearvariegatedrattletrap<Para.8>:anoldorricketyvehiclespectrum<Para.11>:abroadrangeofvariedbutrelatedideasorobjects,theindividualfeaturesofwhichtendtooverlapsoastoformacontinuousseriesorsequencesermon<Para.11>:anyserioustalkonbehavior,responsibility,etc.,esp.along,tediousonestage<Para.11>:torepresent,produce,orexhibitonorasifonastageroped-off<Para.11>:enclosed,partitioned,ormarkedoffwitharopeorropesslippery<Para.15>:liabletochange;unstableappreciably<Para.15>:noticeably,considerablyV.1970stextbooksnolongerfocusontheheroismofindividualpresidents.Instead,theytreatthepresidentsasagroup,andarguethat,consideringthetremendousdifficultiestheyfaced,mostofthemdidfairlywell.Thereareexceptions,ofcourse.Afewmadeincorrectdecisions,buttheywerenotmentionedbyname.<Para.4>The1970stextsimplythatAmericanswere,afterall,notasinnocentasportrayed.<Para.6>Peoplehardlythoughtaboutquestioningthetruthfulnessofthetextbooksbecausethetextbooksseemedtooccupyaseparaterealm.Itdidn’tmatterthatwhatwaswritteninthetextbooksdifferedfromwhatactuallyhappenedorfromwhatpeoplebelieved.<Para.7>Thepastisnotadirectcoursetothepresent;thingsdonotrunsmoothlyandprogressivelyanymore.Instead,thepastisacollectionofscatteredissuesandevents.Theydonotformanorganicwholeorprogressinanysingledirection.<Para.8>Nomatterwhatwethinkordo,historyismovingforward.Historyisnotadaptingtous.Weneedtoadapttothewayhistorydevelops.<Para.8>Inthesebooks,historyisclearlynotasequencedlisting,byhistorians,ofthingsthathappened.<Para.10>Ratherthandiametricallydifferentteachingmethods,thereisabroadrangeofpedagogicalapproaches,justasthereisavarietyofpoliticalviewpoints.<Para.11>Thenineteenth-centuryphotographsofchildlaborersandurbansubstandardhousingaresobeautifulthattheytakereadersbeyondtheimmediateuglinessoftheirsubjects,obscuringcriticalissuesthatreadersneedtopayattentionto.<Para.13>The1950shistorytextbooksweresimpleandimmature,butthe1970stextsareunconventionalanduncivilized,bombardingallofthesensesinanundiscriminatingfashion.Americanhistoryisnolongerboring;itissoappealingtotheeye,ear,andtouchthatitdistractsstudents’attentionfromthehistoryitself.<Para.13>Weknowthateachhistoriantosomeextentrecreatestheworldinanewanddifferentway.Wealsoknowthattosomeextentallhistoryreflectscontemporaryperspectivesandviewpoints.Inotherwords,historianswritebackfromwheretheystand.<Para.14>VI.是因為和其他書比起來,歷史書看起來充滿了權(quán)威。<Para.1>美國歷史教材字斟句酌、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)慎重、呆板無趣,而且像中國皇帝一樣拒人于千里之外。<Para.1>六十年代的那一代人曾經(jīng)認(rèn)為,無論他們?nèi)绾慰棺h,歷史課本都不會改變。這個想法一定很讓人放心,因為,當(dāng)他們的意見發(fā)生作用時,關(guān)于核雨和粗制濫造的房子的歌曲收進(jìn)歷史課本,他們竟然渾然不覺。<Para.5>從意識形態(tài)上來說,五十年代寫就的歷史書堅如磐石、天衣無縫。<Para.7>歷史書的正統(tǒng)觀念看起來無懈可擊,永不衰敗。<Para.7>過去依據(jù)憲法有章可循,依靠總統(tǒng)仁慈善為,國家運轉(zhuǎn)順利,但是現(xiàn)在整個體系都變的破舊不堪岌岌可危。<Para.8>以前的歷史書在末尾章節(jié)總是會提到科學(xué)進(jìn)步和總統(tǒng)大選,把當(dāng)代社會描繪成寧靜美好的天堂,但是如今的歷史書總是以各種各樣的問題結(jié)束：種族問題、城市問題、外交問題、以及污染、貧困、能源枯竭、青春叛逆、暗殺、毒品等等。<Para.8>在問題面前,美國人仍然希望科學(xué)之神能夠從天而降,神奇地解決一切問題,但這樣的愿望虛無縹緲、不切實際。<Para.8>和大眾讀物不同,教科書不會寫出來然后任其自生自滅。<Para.15>這個短暫存在的版本就成為孩子們永恒不變的歷史,決定了他們?nèi)绾卫斫庾约旱膰摇?lt;Para.15>U8I.tocarrytheday<4>:

towin;toovercometheoppositionofothersroughgoing<4>:

terriblyhardforprogresstowardagoalestablishment<4>:

inEngland,acomplexconsistingofthechurch,theroyalfamilyandtheplutocracy,regardedasholdingthechiefmeasureofpowerandinfluencerumoredsightings<8>:unconfirmedreportsofpeoplehavingseenhimfromadistanceschool<8>:agroupofpeopleheldtogetherbythesameteachings,beliefs,opinions,methods,etc.following<8>:agroupoffollowersoradherentsoutofsorts<11>:

slightlyupsetorunhappytoreadinto<12>:

toattribute<aparticularmeaning>to;toprojectexcessivesignificanceintosomethingV.IknewthatOppenheimerwasamanofgreattalentbuthiswayofshowinghistalentatmyseminarscauseduneasinessandresentmentamongpeople,especiallyamonghisfellowstudents.Sincethoseattendingtheconferencewerepeopledevotedtopoetry,suchananecdote,thoughinteresting,mightnotbeappreciatedbytheaudience.Thereweretworeasonsformygoingtotheconferencesetagainstthereasonsformynotgoingandtheybecamedecisiveinmyfinaldecision.Accordingtomyview,Spenderbelongstothegroupwhosewritingsabouttheirlives,experiences,thatiswhoseautobiographies,aremoreinterestingthantheirliteraryworks.LikeDirac,Audenwasoutstandinginclarity.Hewasalsooutstandinginhispowerfuluseofthelanguageandinhissenseoffunaboutseriousissues.Alltheseaspectsgreatlyfascinatedme.Spender’srecordofhisvisitisinterestingnotonlybecauseofthethingshementionsbutalsobecauseofthethingshedoesnotsay.Inhisbook/hisautobiography,Spenderfailstogiveaconnected,completepictureofOppenheimeranddoesnotmentionthatOppenheimer’sbackgroundandsituationandSpender’sarecloselyintertwined.Therealpersonlookedmuchmoreinterestingthanthepictures.Maybeoneshouldnotattachtoomuchimportancetoappearances.Hehadlivedlongerthananyofhismorefamousfriendsbuthisworkstillrevealedtheinfluencesofhisfriends,especiallyAuden.VI.他很少說話,但一旦開口,他的話往往是極為精確,而且常常具有壓倒一切的威力。至少我現(xiàn)代風(fēng)格的作品會給人帶來歡樂,就如英國的主教在論述量子力學(xué)。他的眼睛帶有一種警覺而冷冷的目光。這種目光也可以在暹羅貓身上找到。奧本海默曾因被疑為對國家不忠而受到"審訊",其接觸國家機密文件的權(quán)利被剝奪。跟愛因斯坦一樣,他沒有建立學(xué)派,沒有追隨者,也沒有培養(yǎng)出幾個學(xué)生。他說,"物理學(xué)上真正有價值的見地,只屬于個人。"瞧,清晨披著金黃色的氅篷,踏著高山上的露珠從東方走來?？蓱z的斯蒂芬·斯賓達(dá),可憐的羅伯特·奧本海默,每個人都被局限在,如果不是歸類到,不錯之列,而他們又清楚地知道什么叫做出類拔萃,這就使他們不可避免地感到悲哀。U10<slang>powerandinfluenceascienceandartofhomemaking,includingnutrition,clothing,budgeting,andchildcareashortperiodoftimeduringwhichyoudosomethingalot,especiallysomethingthatisbadforyouastructurewithasteepslopethatchildrenuseforslidingdownanarrangementofhorizontalandverticalbarserectedasinaplaygroundforchildrentoclimbon,swingfrom,etc.thedividinglineformedbycombingthehairindifferentdirectionsrevealingwhatismeanttobekeptasecretfame;honor<colloquial>tosingleoutasforabuseorcriticism;annoyorteasealong,narrowhousewithroomsarrangedonebehindtheotherafive-and-ten-centstorewheresupposedlyeverythingcostsonlyafewcentsthepeakorvisorofacapV.Thisisperhapsbecausetheyonlyhaveplacesofbirth,butnotplaceswheretheyfeelathomeandwhichtheyidentifythemselveswith.Butthesegirlsarestronglyinfluencedbytheirhometowns,andtheinfluencestayswiththemforeverevenaftertheyleavetheirhometowns.Thebrowngirlsliveinquietblackneighborhoodwhereeverybodyhasagoodandsteadyjob.Thehusbanddoesnotknowthatasthebrowngirldefinessexasvulgarandindecent,shewillnotenjoyanormalsexuallifethoroughlyandwhollybutwillrestrainherselfinmakinglovewithherhusband.Ifhisneedswerephysicalratherthanemotional,shecouldmeetthem.Shecouldmakehimcomfortableandgivehimenoughorevenmorethanenoughtosatisfyhisphysicalneeds.Hewaseitherboredorscaredbyhismotherathome,neverfeelinghappy,andasaresultheregardedtheplaygroundashisonlyjoy.ShewastotallyabsorbedinthinkinghowbeautifultheflowerswerewhensuddenlyJuniorcried,"Hereissomethingforyou!"ShehadseenpoorgirlslikePecolaeverywhereandallthetime.TherearetoomanygirlslikePecola.Asthegirlsweregrow