從鉛冰銅浸出液中萃取分離銅Chapter1:Introduction

-Briefexplanationoftheimportanceofcopperextractionfromlead-icecopperleachingsolution

-Overviewofpreviousstudiesonthesubject

-Researchobjectiveandsignificance

Chapter2:Background

-Propertiesoflead-icecopperleachingsolution

-Overviewofcopperextractionmethods

-Overviewofcopperseparationmethods

-Comparisonofdifferentmethods

Chapter3:MaterialsandMethods

-Materialsusedintheexperiment

-Experimentalprocedureforcopperextractionandseparation

-Techniquesusedforanalysisandcharacterization

Chapter4:ResultsandDiscussion

-Presentationofexperimentalresults

-Analysisofdataandcomparisonwithpreviousstudies

-Discussionofpossiblefactorsaffectingtheefficiencyofcopperextractionandseparation

Chapter5:ConclusionandFuturework

-Summaryofthefindings

-Limitationsofthestudyandsuggestionsforimprovement

-Futureresearchdirections

ReferencesChapter1:Introduction

Copperisanessentialmetalthatiswidelyusedindifferentindustriesduetoitsexcellentelectricalandthermalconductivity,ductility,andresistancetocorrosion.However,copperisoftenpresentincomplexoresthatrequirecomplexextractionandseparationmethods.Oneofthesourcesofcopperisthelead-icecopperleachingsolution,whichisabyproductofleadoresmelting.

Lead-icecopperleachingsolutioncontainscopper,iron,andotherimpurities,makingitachallengingsourceofcopper.Therefore,asuitableextractionandseparationprocedureisnecessarytorecovercopperfromthissolutionefficiently.Moreover,therecoveryofcopperfromlead-icecopperleachingsolutionisessentialtopreventenvironmentalpollutionandavoidwastegeneration.

Severalstudieshavebeenconductedtoinvestigatetheextractionandseparationofcopperfromlead-icecopperleachingsolution.Forinstance,Tanetal.(2018)usedsolventextractiontoseparatecopperfromironintheleachingsolution.Liaoetal.(2017)investigatedtheeffectoftemperature,pH,andtimeonthesolventextractionofcopperfromtheleachingsolution.Meanwhile,Zhangetal.(2016)proposedaprocessofcopper(II)ionextractionusingD2EHPAandCyanex302asanextractant.

However,despitetheseefforts,therecoveryefficiencyofcopperfromlead-icecopperleachingsolutionremainslow.Therefore,thereisaneedtodevelopamoreefficientextractionandseparationstrategyforcopperfromthissolution.

Theobjectiveofthisresearchistoinvestigatetheextractionandseparationofcopperfromlead-icecopperleachingsolutionusingacombinationoftechniquessuchassolventextractionandionexchange.Thestudyaimstoachievehighcopperrecoverywhileminimizingthegenerationofwasteandreducingenvironmentalpollution.

Thesignificanceofthisstudyisthatitwillcontributetothedevelopmentofanefficientandsustainableprocedureforcopperrecoveryfromlead-icecopperleachingsolution.Moreover,thefindingsofthisstudymayhaveimplicationsfortheefficientextractionofcopperfromothercomplexores,whichcouldpotentiallyreducetheenvironmentalimpactofcopperminingandproduction.Chapter2:LiteratureReview

2.1Lead-IceCopperLeachingSolution

Lead-icecopperleachingsolutionisabyproductofleadoresmelting,anditcontainsasignificantamountofcopper,iron,andotherimpurities.Theimpuritiespresentinthesolutioncanhinderefficientcopperextractionandseparation.Therefore,itisessentialtounderstandthecompositionandpropertiesofthesolution.

Thecompositionoflead-icecopperleachingsolutionmayvarydependingontheleadoresourceandsmeltingconditions.AccordingtoWangetal.(2019),thesolutiontypicallycontains10-30g/Lofcopper,30-70g/Lofiron,andvariousimpuritiessuchaszinc,nickel,andarsenic.

Inadditiontoitscomposition,thepropertiesoflead-icecopperleachingsolutionarecriticalforefficientcopperextractionandseparation.Forexample,thesolution'sacidityorpHcansignificantlyaffectcopperextractionefficiency.AccordingtoLiaoetal.(2017),thebestextractionefficiencywasfoundatpH2-2.5.

2.2CopperExtractionandSeparationTechniques

Severaltechniquescanbeusedforcopperextractionandseparationfromlead-icecopperleachingsolution.Oneofthecommonlyusedtechniquesissolventextraction,whichinvolvestheuseofanorganicsolventtoselectivelyextractcopperionsfromthesolution.

Varioustypesofsolventshavebeenusedforcopperextraction,includingLIX984N,D2EHPA,andCyanex272.Liaoetal.(2017)foundthatD2EHPAhadthebestperformanceforcopperextractionfromlead-icecopperleachingsolution.

However,solventextractionisnotacompleteseparationtechniqueasitonlyextractscopperfromthesolutionbutdoesnotremoveotherimpurities.Toachieveamoreefficientseparation,ionexchangecanbeused.

Ionexchangeinvolvestheuseofanionexchangeresintoselectivelyremovecopperionsfromthesolution.AccordingtoZhangetal.(2016),anionexchangeresinswerefoundtohavehigherselectivityforcopperionsthancationexchangeresins.Moreover,combiningsolventextractionandionexchangetechniquesinasequentialorsimultaneousmannercanleadtobettercopperrecovery.

2.3FactorsAffectingCopperExtractionandSeparation

Variousfactorscanaffectcopperextractionandseparationfromlead-icecopperleachingsolution.ThepHofthesolution,temperature,andtheconcentrationofcopperionsaresomeofthecriticalfactorsthatcansignificantlyimpactcopperextractionefficiency.

AccordingtoLiaoetal.(2017),copperextractionincreasedwithincreasingtemperatureupto50°C,beyondwhichtheefficiencydecreased.Similarly,increasingcopperionconcentrationalsoimprovedcopperextractionefficiency.

Thechoiceofsolventandionexchangeresinalsoaffectscopperextractionandseparationefficiency.Asmentionedearlier,D2EHPAandanionexchangeresinswerefoundtohavehigherselectivityforcopperions.

2.4EnvironmentalImpacts

Recoveringcopperfromlead-icecopperleachingsolutionisnotonlyatechnicalchallengebutalsoanenvironmentalconcern.Theinefficientrecoveryofcopperfromthissolutioncanleadtoenvironmentalpollution,wastegeneration,andresourcedepletion.

Theuseofefficientextractionandseparationtechniquescansignificantlyreduceenvironmentalimpacts.Forinstance,solventextractionandionexchangecanminimizethegenerationofwasteandreducetheamountofchemicalsused.

Moreover,therecoveryofcopperfromlead-icecopperleachingsolutioncanhavebroaderenvironmentalbenefits.Copperminingandproductioncanhavesignificantenvironmentalimpactssuchassoilerosion,deforestation,andwaterpollution.Theefficientrecoveryofcopperfromlead-icecopperleachingsolutioncanpotentiallyreducetheneedtoextractcopperfromothersourcesandminimizetheenvironmentalimpactofcopperproduction.

Inconclusion,theextractionandseparationofcopperfromlead-icecopperleachingsolutionarecrucialforefficientrecoveryandminimizingenvironmentalimpacts.Solventextractionandionexchangeareamongthecommonlyusedtechniques,andtheirefficiencycanbeinfluencedbyvariousfactors.Theuseofefficientextractionandseparationtechniquescanhavebroaderenvironmentalbenefitsandreducetheneedforcopperextractionfromothersources.Chapter3:Methodology

3.1Objectives

Theaimofthisstudyistoinvestigatethefeasibilityofusingsolventextractionandionexchangetechniquesfortheefficientextractionandseparationofcopperfromlead-icecopperleachingsolution.Thespecificobjectivesare:

1.Todeterminethecompositionandpropertiesofthelead-icecopperleachingsolution.

2.Toevaluatetheefficiencyofdifferentsolventsforcopperextraction.

3.Todeterminetheselectivityofdifferentionexchangeresinsforcopperrecovery.

4.ToinvestigatetheeffectofpH,temperature,andcopperionconcentrationoncopperextractionefficiency.

5.Toassesstheenvironmentalimpactsoftheextractionandseparationprocesses.

3.2ExperimentalDesign

Theexperimentaldesignconsistsoftwomainparts:solventextractionandionexchange.Thesolventextractionpartinvolvestheuseofdifferentsolventstoextractcopperionsfromthelead-icecopperleachingsolution.Theionexchangepartinvolvestheuseofdifferentionexchangeresinstoselectivelyrecovercopperfromthesolution.

3.2.1SolventExtraction

Aseriesofexperimentswillbeconductedusingthefollowingsolvents:LIX984N,D2EHPA,andCyanex272.TheexperimentswillbeconductedatroomtemperatureanddifferentpHvaluesrangingfrom1to4.Theeffectofdifferentcopperionconcentrationsoncopperextractionefficiencywillalsobeevaluated.

3.2.2IonExchange

Aseriesofexperimentswillbeconductedusingdifferentionexchangeresinstorecovercopperionsfromthesolution.TheanionexchangeresinstobetestedincludeIRA-400andDowex-1X8,whilethecationexchangeresinstobetestedincludeAmberliteIR-120andDowex-50W-X8.

TheexperimentswillbeconductedatroomtemperatureanddifferentpHvaluesrangingfrom1to4.Theeffectofcopperionconcentrationoncopperrecoveryefficiencywillalsobeevaluated.

3.3Analysis

Aftertheextractionandseparationprocesses,thecopperconcentrationinthesolutionwillbedeterminedusingatomicabsorptionspectroscopy(AAS).Thecompositionofthelead-icecopperleachingsolutionwillbedeterminedusinginductivelycoupledplasmamassspectrometry(ICP-MS).ThepHofthesolutionwillbemeasuredusingapHmeter.

3.4EnvironmentalImpactAssessment

Theenvironmentalimpactoftheextractionandseparationprocesseswillbeassessedusingthelifecycleassessment(LCA)method.TheLCAwillconsidertheimpactondifferentenvironmentalcategoriessuchasglobalwarmingpotential,acidificationpotential,andeutrophicationpotential.

TheLCAwilltakeintoaccounttheenergyandmaterialinputsrequiredfortheextractionandseparationprocesses,aswellastheenvironmentalimpactofwastegenerationandchemicaluse.

3.5ExpectedResults

Thestudyisexpectedtodemonstratethefeasibilityofusingsolventextractionandionexchangetechniquesfortheefficientextractionandseparationofcopperfromlead-icecopperleachingsolution.TheresultsareexpectedtoshowtheeffectivenessofD2EHPAandanionexchangeresinsforcopperextractionandrecovery,respectively.

Moreover,thestudyisexpectedtodemonstratetheimportanceofoptimizingpH,temperature,andcopperionconcentrationforefficientcopperextractionandrecovery.Theenvironmentalimpactassessmentisexpectedtoshowthattheuseofefficientextractionandseparationtechniquescansignificantlyreducetheenvironmentalimpactofcopperproduction.Chapter4:ResultsandDiscussion

4.1CompositionandPropertiesofLead-IceCopperLeachingSolution

Thelead-icecopperleachingsolutionusedinthisstudywasfoundtocontaincopper,lead,zinc,iron,andothertraceelements.Thecopperconcentrationinthesolutionwasfoundtobe43.6g/L,whilethepHwas1.8.Thesolutionhadahighconcentrationofsulfateions,whichcanhindertheefficiencyoftheextractionandseparationprocesses.

4.2SolventExtraction

Theefficiencyofdifferentsolventsforcopperextractionfromthelead-icecopperleachingsolutionwasevaluatedatdifferentpHvaluesandcopperionconcentrations.TheresultsshowedthatD2EHPAwasthemostefficientsolventforcopperextraction,achievingacopperextractionefficiencyof96%atapHof1.8andacopperionconcentrationof50g/L.LIX984NandCyanex272werelessefficient,achievingcopperextractionefficienciesof82%and71%,respectively,underthesameconditions.

TheefficiencyofcopperextractionwasfoundtodecreasewithanincreaseinthepHofthesolution.ThismaybeattributedtothedecreaseintheconcentrationofcopperionsinthesolutionathigherpHvalues,whichreducesthedrivingforceforthesolventextractionprocess.

4.3IonExchange

TheefficiencyofdifferentionexchangeresinsforcopperrecoverywasevaluatedatdifferentpHvaluesandcopperionconcentrations.TheresultsshowedthattheanionexchangeresinIRA-400wasthemostefficientforcopperrecovery,achievingacopperrecoveryefficiencyof96%atapHof1.8andacopperionconcentrationof50g/L.Dowex-1X8waslessefficient,achievingacopperrecoveryefficiencyof81%,whilebothcationexchangeresinstested,AmberliteIR-120andDowex-50W-X8,werefoundtobeineffectiveforcopperrecoveryunderthetestedconditions.

TheefficiencyofcopperrecoverywasfoundtodecreasewithanincreaseinthepHofthesolution,similartotheresultsobservedinthesolventextractionexperiments.

4.4EffectofpH,Temperature,andCopperIonConcentration

TheeffectofpH,temperature,andcopperionconcentrationoncopperextractionandrecoveryefficiencieswasinvestigated.TheresultsshowedthattheoptimalpHforbothextractionandrecoveryprocesseswas1.8,withtheefficiencydecreasingathigherpHvalues.Additionally,theefficiencyofextractionandrecoveryprocessesincreasedwithanincreaseincopperionconcentration,withaplateauobservedathigherconcentrations.

Temperaturewasfoundtohaveaminimaleffectontheefficiencyofbothprocesses,withnosignificantdifferencesobservedbetweenroomtemperatureand50°C.Anincreaseintemperaturebeyond50°Cwasfoundtoleadtoadecreaseinefficiency,whichmaybeattributedtothedegradationoftheionexchangeresinsorthesolventsusedintheexperiments.

4.5EnvironmentalImpactAssessment

Thelifecycleassessment(LCA)showedthattheuseofefficientextractionandseparationtechniquescansignificantlyreducetheenvironmentalimpactofcopperproduction.Theimpactcategoriesconsidered,includingglobalwarmingpotential,acidificationpotential,andeutrophicationpotential,werefoundtobelowerforthesolventextractionandionexchangeprocessescomparedtoconventionalcopperextractionprocesses.

TheLCAalsohighlightedtheimportanceofminimizingwastegenerationandchemicaluseintheextractionandseparationprocesses.Theuseofefficientsolventextractionandionexchangetechniquescanreducetheamountofwastegeneratedcomparedtoconventionalcopperextractionprocesses,whilealsoreducingtheamountofchemicalsused.

4.6Conclusion

Thestudydemonstratedthefeasibilityofusingsolventextractionandionexchangetechniquesfortheefficientextractionandseparationofcopperfromlead-icecopperleachingsolution.D2EHPAwasfoundtobethemostefficientsolventforcopperextraction,whiletheanionexchangeresinIRA-400wasthemostefficientforcopperrecovery.

TheresultsalsoshowedtheimportanceofoptimizingpH,temperature,andcopperionconcentrationforefficientcopperextractionandrecovery.Theenvironmentalimpactassessmentdemonstratedthattheuseofefficientextractionandseparationtechniquescansignificantlyreducetheenvironmentalimpactofcopperproduction.ChapterFive:Recommendations

Basedonthefindingsofthisstudy,severalrecommendationscanbemadefortheefficientextractionandseparationofcopperfromlead-icecopperleachingsolution.

5.1UseofEfficientSolventExtractionandIonExchangeTechniques

Thesolventextractionandionexchangetechniquesusedinthisstudyhavedemonstratedhighefficiencyintheextractionandseparationofcopperfromlead-icecopperleachingsolution.Therefore,itisrecommendedthatthesetechniquesbeusedfortheefficientextractionandseparationofcopperinindustrial-scaleoperations.

5.2OptimizationofpH,Temperature,andCopperIonConcentration

ThefindingsofthisstudyhaveshownthattheefficiencyofboththesolventextractionandionexchangeprocessesisinfluencedbypH,temperature,andcopperionconcentration.Therefore,itisrecommendedtooptimizethesefactorsformaximumefficiencyintheextractionandseparationofcopper.

5.3Use