四六級30、B站：Monkey 題占四六級考試總分值的35%，無論各位同學(xué)的目的是過級還是刷 須要攻克的一個項目。與其他英語題型不同，四六級雖 提升能力本身是攻克四六級題最根本的途徑，而精聽練習(xí)則是公認的最科學(xué)有效的快速提高能力的。本計劃將精聽練習(xí)所需的音頻、文字材料、方法指導(dǎo)、學(xué)習(xí)規(guī)劃進行了充分的整合，希望能幫助各位同學(xué)以最 P P每日任務(wù)與配套...................................................P P P一、學(xué)習(xí)規(guī)時間：Day1- 精聽材料：長1-時間：Day9- 精聽材料：篇章1-每2天完成1篇篇章的精聽（篇章篇幅較長且信息量較時間：Day25- 精聽材料：講座1-注1：精聽所需的音頻我已進行了專門的剪輯，方便反復(fù)聽件夾。報名地址： ?xh注2：關(guān)于30天精聽蛻變計劃的詳細指導(dǎo)以及題型的應(yīng)試技聽一遍材料，根據(jù)抓住的信息選取初版答案。（條件對參考答案，如果自己的兩版答案都是錯誤的，確答案所在句有你沒學(xué)一句話或半句話（andbut等連詞處）可以暫停，留出HowIthreebutifsowe beingHowlongdoyouthinkthis Isayaboutthreemonth,butitcouldtakelongerifsomething Maybewebetterallow sowewonhavetoworryaboutbeing行標注。查清空缺處詞匯的標準發(fā)音和意思。示范如下：W:HowlongdoyouthinkthisprojectmightM:I’dsayaboutthreemonths,butitcouldtakelongersomethingunexpectedhappened.Maybesomethingunexpectedhappened.Maybewe’dbetterallowextramonth,sowewon’thavetoworryaboutbeing聽寫版（開Howlongdoyouthinkthisprojectmytake?I’dsayaboutthreemonths,butitcouldtakelongerifsomethingunexpectedhappened.Maybewe’dbetterallowanextramonth,sowewon’thavetoworryaboutbeing三、每日任務(wù)與配套Day1- 精聽材料：17年6月長ngenjoyable B)HavingfriendlyC)Earningacompetitive D)WorkingforsupportiveA) B)C) D)A)Thoseofasmall B)ThoserunbyC)Thosethatarewell D)ThosefullofskilledA)TheycanhopfromjobtojobB)TheycanwinrecognitionoftheirC)TheycanbetterbalanceworkandD)TheycantakeonmorethanoneDay3- 精聽材料：17年6月長A)ItisabookofEuropean B)ItisanintroductiontoC)Itisaboutthecityof D)ItisacollectionofA)WhenpaintingtheconcerthallofB)WhenvacationinginanItaliancoastalC)WhentakingpicturesforaconcertD)WhenwritingaboutBelgium'scoastalA)TheentireEuropeancoastlinewillbeB)TherichheritageofEuropewillbelostcompleC)TheseawaterofEuropewillbeseriouslyD)ThemajorEuropeanscenicspotswillA)ItswaterwaysarebeingincreasinglyB)PeoplecannotgetaroundwithoutusingC)ItattractslargenumbersoftouristsfromhomeandD)TouristsusewoodenpathstoreachtheirhosintheDay5- 精聽材料：17年6月長A.Hewouldfeel B.HewouldfeelveryC.Hewouldbe D.HewouldbeA.Theyareworthyofa B.TheyareoflittleC.Theymakegood D.TheyneedA.HeseldomwritesabookstraightB.HewritesseveralbooksC.Hedrawsonhisreal-lifeD.HeoftenturnstohiswifeforA.WritingabookisjustlikewatchingafootballB.WritersactuallyworkeverybitashardasC.HelikeswatchingafootballmatchafterfinishingaD.Unlikeafootballmatch,thereisnoendtowritingaDay7- 精聽材料：17年6月長A.AchievementsofblackmaleathletesinB.FinancialassistancetoblackathletesinC.HighcollegedropoutratesamongblackD.UndergraduateenrollmentsofblackA.TheydisygreattalentineverykindofB.TheyarebetteratsportsthanatacademicC.TheyhavedifficultyfindingmoneytocompletetheirD.TheymakemoneyforthecollegebutoftenfailtoearnaA.About B.AroundC.Slightlyover D. yA.CoacheslacktheincentivetograduateB.CollegedegreesdonotcountmuchtoC.TheyhavelittleinterestinacademicD.SchoolsdonotdeemitaseriousDay9- 精聽材料：17年6月篇章TheymakecarefulpreparationTheytaketoomanyirrelevantfactorsintoTheyspendtoomuchtimeanticipatingtheirTheytryhardtoavoidgettingoffonthewrong 'snervoussystemismorecomplicatedthanGolfersusuallyhavepositivementalimagesofMentalimagesofteninterferewithathletes'Thinkinghasthesameeffectonthenervoussystem AnticipatepossibleMakealistofdo'sandPicturethemselvesTrytoappearmoreSheworeadesignerShewonherfirstjuryShedidnotspeakloudShepresentedmoving 精聽材料：17年6月篇章Itslong-termeffectsareyettobeItshealthbenefitshavebeenIthelpspeopletoavoiddevelobreastItenablespatientswithdiabetestorecoverItfocusedontheirwaysoflifeduringyoungIttrackedtheirchangeinfoodpreferencesfor20ItfocusedontheirdifferencefrommeninfiberIttrackedtheireatinghabitssincetheirFibermayhelptoreducehormonesintheFibermaybringmorebenefitstowomenthanFibermayimprovethefunctionofheartFibermaymakebloodcirculationmore 精聽材料：17年6月篇章A.Marketing B.HolidayshopC.Shop D.OnlineAbout50%ofholidayAbout20-30%ofholidayAbout136About183.8A.Theyhavefewer B.TheyfindithardtoC.Theyarethrivingonce D.TheyappealtoelderlyBetterqualityofconsumerHigheremploymentandGreatervarietiesofPeoplehavingmoreleisure 精聽材料：17年6月篇章TheyarenewspeciesofbigTheyareoverprescribedTheyarelife-threateningAntibioticsarenowinshortManyinfectionsarenolongerLargeamountsoftaxmoneyareRoutineoperations e 精聽材料：17年12月篇章Theyarethin,tall,andunlikerealhumanTheyhavemorethantwentydifferenthairTheyhavetwenty-fourdifferentbodyshapesinTheyrepresentpeoplefromvirtuallyallwalksofTheydonotreflectyounggirlsTheyarenotsoldtogetherwiththeTheirflatfeetdonotappealtoTheirbodyshapeshavenotchangedIntoyInshopOntheAtbarbie 精聽材料：17年12月篇章MoveablemetaltypebegantobeusedinprintingtechnologywasfirstTheearliestknownbookwasMetaltypewasimportedfromIthadmorethanahundredprintingItwasthebiggestprinterinthe16thIthelpedtheGerman e Itproducedsome20millionvolumesinItpushedhandwrittenbooksoutofItboostedthecirculationofpopularItmadewritingaveryprofitableItprovidedreaderswithmoreItacceleratedtheextinctionoftheLatinItstandardizedthepublicationof rttunedtanslationintoa eposon.Itpromotedthegrowthofnational 精聽材料：17年12月篇章ItmakesclaimsinwiththeexistingItfocusesonthelinkbetweenbedtimeandItcautionsagainsttheoveruseofcoffeeandItshowsthat"nightowls"workmuchlessTheypaygreaterattentiontofoodTheytendtoachievelessthantheirTheyrunahigherriskofgainingTheystandagreaterchancetofallGetupSleep8hoursaGotobed 精聽材料：17年12月篇章AlloftheactingnomineesareIthasgottoomuchpublicityonItisprejudicedagainstforeign Only7%ofthenomineesare22percentofmoviedirectorswerepeopleofHalfoftheTVprogramswereethnicallyOnlyone-fifthofTVshowshadblackOnly3.4percentoffilmdirectorswereNon-whiteFemalesofcoloroverAsianspeakingTheyconstitute17%ofHollywoodmovieTheyaremostunderrepresentedacrossTVandTheycontributelittletotheU.S.filmTheyaccountfor8.5%oftheU.S. 精聽材料：17年6月講座A.ObservingthechangesinConductingresearchonconsumerStudyingthehazardsofyoungpeopleInvestigatingtheimpactofmedia ItisthecauseofmanystreetItisgettingworseyearbyItisachiefconcernofItisanactofTheyspentaweekstudyingtheirownpurchasingTheyresearchedtheimpact phonesonyoung ysedtheirfamilybudgetsovertheTheyconductedathoroughresearchon 精聽材料：17年6月講座ItishelitsbankstoimproveItistryinghardtodoawaywithdirtyItisthefirstcountrytousecreditcardsintheItislikelytogiveuppapermoneyinthenearWhetheritispossibletotravelwithoutcarryinganyphysicalcurrency.B)Whetheritispossibletopredicthowmuchmoneyoneisgoingtospend.Whethertheabsenceofphysicalcurrencycausesa tospendWhethertheabsenceofphysicalcurrencyisgoingtoaffecteverydayTherewasnofoodserviceontheTheserviceonthetrainwasnotTherestaurantcaracceptedcashThecashinherhandbagwasByputtingmoneyintoBydrawingmoneyweekbyBylimitingtheirday-to-dayByrefusingtobuyanythingon 精聽材料：17年6月講座ChronicExtinctionofrareTheycontributetoAbouthalfofthemareTheyhavebeenbroughtunderThemajorityofthemtendtoendItisessentialtothewellbeingofallspeciesonIt ingasubjectofinterdisciplinaryItisneglectedinmanyofthedeveloItisbeginningtoattractpostgraduates'Day1- 精聽材料：17年6月長 etoWorkce.Andintoday'sprogram,we'relookingattheresultsoftworecentlypublishedsurveys,whichbothdealwiththesametopic—happinessatwork.John,lusaboutthefirstsurvey.M:Well,thiswasdonebyahumanresourcesconsultancy,whointerviewedmorethan1,000workers,andestablishedatoptenofthefactors,whichmakepeoplehappyatwork.Themostimportantfactorforthemajorityofthepeopleinterviewedwashavingfriendly,supportivecolleagues.Infact,73%ofpeopleinterviewedputtheirrelationshipwithcolleaguesasthekeyfactorcontributingtohappinessatwork,whichisaveryhighpercentage.Thesecondmostimportantfactorwashavingworkthatisenjoyable.Thetwoleastimportantfactorswerehavingone'sachievementsrecognized,andrathersurprisingly,earningacompetitivesalary.W:So,wearenotmainlymotivatedbymoney?M:Apparentlynot.W:AnyotherinterestinginformationintheM:Yes.Forexample,25%oftheworkingpeopleintervieweddescribedthemselvesas'veryhappy'atwork.However,20%ofemployeesdescribedthemselvesasbeingW:That'squitealotofunhappypeopleatworkeveryM:Itis,isn'tit?Andtherewereseveralmoreinterestingconclusionsrevealedbythesurvey.Firstofall,smallisbeautiful:peopledefini ypreferworkingforsmallerorganizationsorcompanieswithlessthan100staff.Wealsofindoutthat,generallyspeaking,womenwerehappierintheirworkthanW:Yes,weare,aren'tM:Andworkersonpart-timecontracts,whoonlywork4or5hoursaday,arehappierthanthosewhoworkfull-time.Theresearchersconcludedthatthisisprobablyduetoabetterwork-lifebalance.W:ArebosseshappierthantheirM:Yes,perhapsnotsurprisingly,thehigherpeoplegoina ,thehappiertheyare.Soseniormanagersenjoytheirjobsmorethanpeopleworkingunderthem.Day3- 精聽材料：17年6月長W:Mr.DeKeyzer,I'magreatloverofyourbookMomentsBeforetheFlood.Canyoulushowyoufirstbecameinterestedinthissubjectmatter?M:In2006,whentheconcerthallofthecityofBrugesaskedmetotakesomepicturesforacatalogueforanewconcertseasonaroundthethemeofwater,IfoundmyselfworkingalongtheBelgiancoastline.Astherehadbeennumerousalarmingarticlesinthepressaboutaclimatecatastrophewaitingtohappen,Istartedlookingattheseaandthebeachverydifferently,acewhereIspentsomanyperfectdaysasachild.Thisfearofaloomingdangerbecamethesubjectofalarge-scalephotoproject.W:Youwroteinthebook:"Idon'twanttophotographthedisaster,Iwanttophotographthedisasterwaitingtohappen.”Canyoutalkabitaboutthat?M:ItisclearnowthatitisamatteroftimebeforetheentireEuropeancoastlinedisappearsunderwater.Thesamegoesfornumerousbigcitiesaroundtheworld.Myideawastophotographthisbeautifulandveryuniquecoastline,richinhistory,beforeit'stoolate—asalastwitness.W:CanyoutalkabitabouthowhistoryysaroleinthisM:Sure.TheprojectisalsoaboutthehistoryofEuropelookingattheseaandwonderingwhenthenextenemywouldappear.Intheimages,youseeallkindsofpossibledefenseconstructionstoholdbacktheRomans,Germans,Vikings,andnownatureasenemynumberone.Forexample,thereistheimageofthebridgeintotheseatakenattheNormandyD-Daylandingsite.Also,Venice,thecityeternallythreatenedbythesea,whereeverymorningwoodenpathwayshavetobesetuptoallowtouriststoreachtheirhos.W:Thankyou,Mr.DeKeyzer.ItwasapleasuretohaveyouwithusDay5- 精聽材料：17年6月長W：Mr.Ishiguro,haveyoueverfoundoneofyourbooksatasecond-handM：Yes.Thatkindofthingisdifficult.Ifthey'vegotmybookthere,Ithink"Well,thisisaninsult!Somebodydidn'twanttokeepmybook."Butifit'snotthere,Ifeelit'saninsulttoo.Ithink,"Whyaren'tpeopleexchangingmybook?Whyisn'titinthisW：DoesbeingawriterrequireathickM：Yes.Forexample,mywifecanbeveryharsh.Ibeganworkingonmylatestbook,TheBuriedGiant,in2004,butIstoppedafterIshowedmywifealittlesection.Shethoughtitwasrubbish.W：EvenafteryouwonaBookerM：Sheisnotintimidatedatall,andshecriticisesmeinexactlythesamewayshedidwhenIwasfirstunpublishedandIwasstarting.W：ButyouwouldnevercompromiseonyourM：No.Iwouldn'tevercompromiseontheessential,theideas,orthethemes.Thisisn'treallywhatmywifeistryingtocriticisemeabout.It'salwaysaboutW：SowhydidyouputyourbookTheBuriedGiantasideforsolong?Apparently,youstartedworkingonitovertenyearsago.M：I'veoftenstoppedwritingthebookandleftitforafewyears.AndbythetimeIcomebacktoit,itmayhavechanged.Usuallymyimaginationhasmovedon,andIcanthinkofdifferentcontextsoradifferentwaytodoit.W：WhatdoesitfeellikewhenyoufinallyfinishaM：It'sfunnyyouaskthat,becauseIneverhavethismomentwhenIfeel"Ah,I'vefinished!"Iwatchfootballersattheendofthematch,youknow;thewhistlegoesandthey'vewonorlost.Untilthen,they'vebeengivingeverythingtheyhave,andatthatmomenttheyknowit'sover.It'sfunnyforanauthor.There'sneverafinishingwhistle.Day7- 精聽材料：17年6月長AccordingtoastudyofRace&EquityinEducation,blackathletesaredropoutofcollegeacrossthecountryatalarmingrates.WithustotalkaboutthefindingsinthestudyisWashingtonPostcolumnistKevinBlackstone.Goodmorning!Goodmorning.Howareyou?Fine,thankyou.Whatisnewthatyoufoundinthisstudy?Well,thisisShaunHarper'sstudy.Andhepointsoutthatonmajorcollegecampusesacrossthecountry,blackmalesmakeuplessthan3percentofundergraduateenrollments.Yet,whenyoulookattheirnumbersorpercentagesontherevenue-generatingsportsteamsoffootballandbasketball,theymakeupwellinto50-60percentofthoseteam.Sotheideaisthattheyarereallytheretobepartoftherevenue-generatingworkingclassofathletesoncampus,andnotnecessarilytheretobepartoftheeducatingclassasmoststudentsinothergroupsare.Comparedwithothergroups,Ithinkthenumbersinthisgroupatthose65schoolsaresomethinglikejustbarelymorethanhalfoftheblackmaleathletesgraduateatall.Exactly.Andwhat'sreallybadaboutthisistheseathletesaresupposedlypromisedatleastonethingasrewardforalltheirbloodandsweat.Andthatisacollegedegree,whichcanbeatransformativetoolinoursocietywhenyoutalkaboutupwardmobility.Andthat'sreallythetroublingpartaboutthis.Well,thishasbeentalkedaboutsomuch,really,inrecentyears.Whyhasn'tWell,Ithinkoneofthereasonsithasn'tchangedisbecausethereisreallynoeconomicpressuretochangethis.Alloftheincentiveisreallyonwinningandnotlosingonthefieldoronthecourt.Coachesdonotnecessarilyhavetheincentivetograduateyers.Day9- 精聽材料：17年6月篇章Whenfacinganewsituation,somepeopletendtorehearsetheirdefeatbyspendingtoomuchtimeanticipatingtheworst.Iremembertalkingwithayounglawyerwhowasabouttobeginherfirstjurytrial.Shewasverynervous.Iaskedwhatimpressionshewantedtomakeonthejury.Shereplied:"Idon'twanttolooktooinexperienced,Idon'twantthemtothisismyfirsttrial."Thislawyerhadfallenvictimstothe"don'ts"syndrome—aformofnegativegoalsetting.The"don'ts"canbeself-fulfillingbecauseyourmindresponsetopictures.ResearchconductedatStanfordUniversityshowsamentalimagefiresthenervesystemthesamewayasactuallyngsomething.Thatmeanswhenagolferlshimself:”Don'thittheballintothewater.”Hismindseestheimageoftheballflyingintothewater.Soguesswheretheballwillgo?Consequently,beforegoingintoanystressfulsituation,focusonlyonwhatyouwanttohavehappen.Iaskedthelawyeragainhowshewantedtoappearatherfirsttrial.Andthistimeshesaid:“Iwanttolookprofessionalandself-assured.”Itoldhertocreateapictureofwhatself-assuredwouldlooklike.Toher,itmeantmovingconfidentlyaroundthecourtroom,usingconvincingbodylanguageandprojectinghervoice,soitcouldbeheardfromthejudge'sbenchtothebackdoor.Shealsoimaginedaskillfulclosingargumentandawinningtrial.Afewweeksafterthispositivestressrehearsal,theyounglawyerdidwin. 精聽材料：17年6月篇章MostAmericansdon'teatenoughfruits,vegetablesorwholegrains.Researchnowsaysaddingfibertotheteendietmayhelplowertheriskofbreastcancer.Conversationsaboutthebenefitsoffiberareprobablymorecommoninnursinghomesthanhighschools.Butalongcomesanewstudythatcouldchangethat.KristiKing,adietspecialistatTexasChildren'sHospital,findsithardtogetteenagepatients'attentionabouthealthyeating.Bylingthemtheyareeatinglotsofhigh-fiberfoodscouldreducetheriskofbreastcancerbeforemiddleage.That'sapowerfulmessage.Thenewfindingisbasedonastudyof44,000women.Theyweresurveyedabouttheirdietsduringhighschoolandtheireatinghabitsweretrackedfortwodecades.Itturnsoutthatthosewhoconsumedthehighestlevelsoffiberduringadolescentshadalowerriskofdevelobreastcancer,comparedtowomenwhoatetheleastfiber.Thisimportantstudydemonstratesthatthemorefiberyoueatduringyourhighschoolyears,theloweryourriskisindevelobreastcancerinlaterlife.Thefindingpointstolong-standingevidencethatfibermayreducecirculatingfemalehormonelevels,whichcouldexinthereducedrisk.Thebottomlinehereisthemorefiberyoueat,perhaps,alowerlevelofhormoneinyourbody,andtherefore,alowerlifetimeriskofdevelobreastcancer.High-fiberdietsarealsolinkedtoareducedriskofheartdiseaseanddiabetes.That'swhywomenaretoldtoeat25gramsoffiberaday—manevenmore. 精聽材料：17年6月篇章America'sholidayshopseasonstartsonBlackFriday,thedayafterThanksgiving.Itisthebusiestshopdayoftheyear.Retailersmakethemostmoneythistimeofyear,about20to30percentofannualrevenue.About136millionpeoplewillshopduringtheThanksgivingholidayweekend.Moreandmorewillshoponline.Inaneraofinstantinformation,shopperscanusetheirphonestofinddeals.About183.8millionpeoplewillshoponCyberMonday,thefirstMondayafterThanksgiving.Morethanhalfofallholidaypurchaseswillbemadeonline.OneinfiveAmericanswilluseatabletorsmartphone.OnlinespendingonblackFridaywillrise15percenttohit2.7billiondollarsthisyear.CyberMondayspendingwillincrease12percentto3billiondollars.Formany,shoponlinewas"amorecomfortablealternative"thancrowdedmalls.Theshifttoonlineshophashadabigimpactontraditionalshopmalls.Since2010,morethan24shopmallshaveclosedandanadditional60arestruggling.However,Fortunesaysweakestofthemallshaveclosed.Thesectoristhrivingagain.TheinternationalCouncilofShopCenterssaid94.2percentmallswerefull,oroccupiedwithshopsbytheendof2014.Thatisthehighestlevelin27years.Economist,GusFaucher,saidlowerunemploymentandrisingwagescouldgiveAmericansmoremoneytospend.TheaverageAmericanconsumerwillspendabout805dollarsongifts.That'sabout630.5billiondollarsbetweenNovemberandDecember,anincreaseof3.7percentfromlastyear. 精聽材料：17年6月篇章Foryears,manyofushavereliedonantibioticusetotreatvariousAndtherealityisthatantibioticshavebeenresponsibleforsavingmillionsoflivessincepenicillin,oneoftheearliestantibioticswho'sfirstusedonaclinicalbasis70yearsago.However,todayisanewerainwhichtakingantibioticscancausesomeverydangerousandpotentiallylife-threateningsituations.Infact,youmayhaveheardaboutthenew"superbugs",whichareantibiotic-resistantbacteriathathavedevelopedasaresultofoverprescribedantibiotics.Inthepast,healthexpertswarnedusthatthedaywouldcomeinwhichitwould everydifficulttoprovidemedicalcareforevencommonproblems,suchaslunginfectionorseveresorethroat.Andapparentlythatdayhascome,becauseseeminglyroutineoperationssuchaskneerecementsarenowmuchmorehazardousduetotheloomingthreatoftheseinfections.Theproblemhasgrownintosuchepidemicproportionsthatthisseverestrainofresistantbacteriaisbeingblamedfornearly700,000deathseachyearthroughouttheworld.Andunfortunay,healthexpertsworrythatthenumberwillriseto10millionormoreonayearlybasisby2050.Withsuchalargelife-threateningepidemic,itissadtosaythatonly1.2percentofbudgetarymoneyfortheNationalInstitutesofHealthiscurrentlybeingspentonresearchtotacklethisproblem.Thisisafarcryfromthefundsnecessaryforaproblemofsuchmagnitude. 精聽材料：17年12月篇章Barbiedollshaveaparticularlooktothem.They'rethin,tall,long-leggedandvirtuallyunlikeanyrealhumanbeing.AlthoughovertheyearsBarbiehashadthan180differentcareers—includingfootballcoach,signlanguageteacher,ambassador,andastronaut—herbodyshapehasn'tchangedLastyearMat,thethatmakesBarbiedolls,addedsomeBarbiestoitslinethathavedifferentskintonesandhairtextures.TherearenowBarbieswithoneofsevenskintones,22eyecoloursand24hairstylestochoosefrom.LastyearMatalsogaveBarbieaflatfoot,ratherthanforcinghertobe"inheels"allthetimeliketheoriginalBarbieis.NowtheyareintroducingnewBarbieswiththreeslightlydifferentbodyshapeswhiletheoriginal,tallandthinBarbieswillcontinuetobesold.Inastatementonitswebsite,thesaysitwantsBarbiestolookmorelikerealpeople,andtogivegirlseverywhereinfiniymorewaystosparktheirimaginationandyouttheirAlthoughmanypeoplesaythenewBarbiesareastepintherightdirection,somepeoplesaytheydon'tgofarenough.Theysaythatthenewbodyshapescouldbeevenmoredifferentfromtheoriginal,tall,thinBarbies.SalesofBarbiedollshavebeenfalling"everyyearsince2012,"accordingtoCBCNews.Thetoysaren'tinstoresyetbuttheywillbesoldonlineattheBarbiewebsite,startingthisweek,for$9.99. 精聽材料：17年12月篇章Theearliestprintedbookweknowtodayappearedinintheyear868andmetaltypewasinuseinKoreaatthebeginningofthefifteenthcentury,butitwasinGermanyaroundtheyear1450thataprintingpressusingmovablemetaltypewasCapitalismturnedprintingfromaninventionintoanindustry.Rightfromthestart,bookprintingandpublishingwereorganizedoncapitalistlines.Thebiggestsixteenth-centuryprinter,ntinofAntwerp,hadtwenty-fourprintingpressesandemployedmorethanahundredworkers.Onlyasmallfractionofthepopulationwaslite,buttheproductionofbooksgrewatanextraordinaryspeed.By1500sometwentymillionvolumeshadalreadybeenprinted.Theimmediateeffectofprintingwastoincreasethecirculationofworksthatwerealreadypopularinahandwrittenform,whilelesspopularworkswentoutofcirculation.Publisherswereinterestedonlyinbooksthatwouldsellfairlyquicklyinsufficientnumberstocoverthecostsofproductionandmakeaprofit.Thus,whileprintingenormouslyincreasedaccesstobooksbymakingcheap,high-volumeproductionpossible,italsoreducedThegreatculturalimpactofprintingwasthatitfacilitatedthegrowthofnationallanguages.MostearlybookswereprintedinLatin,butthemarketforLatinwaslimited,andinitspursuitoflargermarketsthebooktradesoonproducedtranslationsintothenationallanguagesemergingatthetime.Printingindeedyedakeyroleinstandardizingandstabilizingtheselanguagesbyfixingtheminprint,andproducingdictionariesandgr rbooks. 精聽材料：17年12月篇章Areportonsleepandnutritionreleasedthismonthfoundthatpeoplewhoconsistentlywenttobedearlierthan11p.m.tookinfewercaloriesandatemorehealthyfood.Incontrast,"nightowls"whogotobedbetween11p.m.and3a.m.tendtoconsumemorecoffee,alcohol,refinedsugars,andprocessedmeatsthanearlyrisers.Thisreportcorrespondswiththeexistingscientificli tureonbedtimeandwellness.Therelationshipbetweengettingmoresleepandmakingbetterfoodchoicesiswell-ed.AstudypublishedlastyearinTheAmericanJournalofClinicalNutritionfoundthatpeoplewhosleepmoretendtoeatlessunhealthyfoodthantheirpeerswhodon'tgetasmuchrest.Anda2015studyfromtheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,foundthatteenswhogotobedlatearemorelikelytogainweightoverafive-yearperiod.Asagroup,"nightowl"typestendtoeatlesshealthyfoodandtakeinmorecaloriesoverallthanearlyrisers.Thelateronegoestobed,themorecaloriesonerecordsthenextday.It'sasyetachallengetoexinthecause-and-effectrelationshipbetweensleepandnutrition.Theremaybeathirdfactorthatimpactsbothofthem,ortherelationshipcouldbereversed,thatis,peoplewhoeatlessfallasleepearlier.Still,iflatesleeperswanttoloseafewpounds,theycangotobedearlierthantheyusuallydo,therebyreducingtheirchancesoftakingsnacksbeforebedtime. 精聽材料：17年12月篇章ResearchershavefoundnotjustadiversityprobleminHollywood,butactuallyaninclusioncrisis.WithlessthanaweekbeforeanOscarsceremonythathasalreadybeencriticizedforanall-whitelistofactingnominees,astudyshowsthefilmindustrydoesworsethanevision.Just3.4percentoffilmdirectorswerefemale,andonly7percentoffihadacastwhosebalanceofraceandethnicityreflectedthecountry'sdiversity.WhenresearcherslookedatallTVshows,theyalsofoundthatwomenofcolorover40wereregardedas"largelyinvisible"andjust22percentofTVseriescreatorswerefemale.Overall,thestudyfoundhalfthefiandTVshowshadnoAsianspeakingcharactersandmorethanone-fifthofthemhadnoblackcharacterswithdialogue.Thefilmindustrystillfunctionsasastraight,white,boy'sclub.Whenlookingathowwomenaredepicted,thestudyfoundfemalecharacterswerefourtimesmorelikelytobeshowninyclothing,andnearlyfourtimesaslikelytobereferredtoasphysicallyattractive.ButtheirresultsalsoindicatedfiandTVshowswithwomenorpeopleofcolorintheimportantjobsbehindthescenes---director,producerorwriter—tendedtohavebetterdiversitynumbers.AcrossTVandfilm,theunderrepresentationofnon-whitecharactersfallsmostlyonHispanics.Amongmorethan10,000characters,proportionsofwhite,blackandAsiancharacterscameclosetoU.S.populationfigures.ButHispanicswerejust5.8percentofcharacters,despitebeingabout17percentoftheU.S.population. 精聽材料：17年6月講座Wellmycurrentresearchisreallyaboutconsumerbehavior.SorecentlyI'velookedatyoungpeople'sdrinkingandit'sobviouslyamajorconcerntoernmentatthemoment.I'vealsolookedathowolderpeoplearerepresentedinthemedia;again,it'sofmajorcurrentinterestwitholderpeople ingamuchlargerproportionofUKandindeedworldsociety.I'malsointerestedinhowconsumersoperateonline,andhowthatonlinebehaviormightbedifferentfromhowtheyoperateofflinewhentheygototheshops.Well,Ithinkthattheimportantthinghereistoactuallyunderstandwhat'shappeningfromtheconsumer's.Oneofthethingsthatbusinessesandindeedernmentorganizationsoftenfailtodoistoreallyseewhatishappeningfromtheconsumer's.Forexample,inthecaseofyoungpeople'sdrinking,oneofthethingsthatI'veidentifiedisthatdrinkingforpeoplesaybetweentheagesof18and24isallaboutthesocialactivity.Alotoftheernmentadvertisinghasbeenaboutindividualresponsibility,butactuallyunderstandingthatdrinkingisverymuchaboutthesocialactivityandfindingwaystohelpyoungpeoplegethomesafelyandnotendupinhospitalisoneofthethingsthatwe'vetriedtopresentthere.Thekeythingaboutconsumerbehavioristhatit'sverymuchabouthowconsumerschange.Marketsalwayschangefasterthanmarketing;sowehavetolookatwhatconsumersareng.CurrentlyIteachconsumerbehaviortoundergraduatesintheirsecondyearandwelookatallkindsofthingsinconsumerbehaviorandparticularlyhowconsumersarepresentedinadvertising.SotheygetinvolvedbylookingatadvertisingandreallycriticallyassessingtheconsumerbehavioraspectsofitandgettinginvolvedsometimesngprimaryForexample,lastyearmystudentsspentaweeklookingattheirownpurchasingandyzeditindetailfromshoptotherelationshipthattheyhavewiththeirretailbanksandtheirphoneproviders.Ithinktheyfounditveryusefulanditalsohelpedthemidentifyjustwhatkindofbudgetstheyhadtoo.Thefactofthematteristhatthere'sawholerangeofinterestingresearchoutthereandIthinkastheyearsgoon,there'sgoingtobemuchmoreforustoconsiderandcertainlymuchmoreforstudentsto einvolvedin. 精聽材料：17年6月講座SwedenwasthefirstEuropeancountry