第一章詞匯:注釋：dividedby除以multipliedby乘以meterpersquaresecondVector:[‘vekt?]矢量Aquantityhasmagnitudeaswellasdirection.Scalar:[‘skeil?]標(biāo)量Aquantitycompletelydefinedbyitsmagnitude.averagespeed/velocity/acceleration平均速率/速度/加速度steadyvelocity勻速balanced平衡的stationary靜止的combinedeffect合成效應(yīng)resultantforce合力momentsandbalance力矩和平衡gravity/gravitationalforce重力centreofgravity重心gradient［’ɡreidj?nt］梯度arrow[‘?r?u]箭頭horizontal[,h?ri’z?nt?l]水平的vertical[‘v?:tik?l]垂直的itismoreconvenienttodosomething......更方便+plus[pl?s]正號-minus[‘main?s]負(fù)號increase/decrease+by增加/減少了increase/decrease+to增加/減少到Thenewtonisdefinedinthisway:A1Nresultantforcegivesa1kgmassanaccelerationof1ms-2perpendicular[,p?:p?n’dikjul?]垂直的符號:+plus加號；正號-minus減號；負(fù)號±plusorminus正負(fù)號×ismultipliedby乘號÷isdividedby除號＝isequalto等于號≡isequivalentto全等于號≠isnotequalto不等于號≈isapproximatelyequalto約等于號≌isequaltoorapproximatelyequalto等于或約等于號＜islessthan小于號＞ismorethan大于號≮isnotlessthan不小于號≯isnotmorethan不大于號≤islessthanorequalto小于或等于號≥ismorethanorequalto大于或等于號%percent百分之…‰permill千分之…∞infinity無限大號∝variesas與…成比例√(square)root平方根∵since;because因為∴hence所以∷equals,as(proportion)等于，成比例∠angle角⊙circle圓⌒semicircle半圓○circumference圓周πpi圓周率△triangle三角形⊥perpendicularto垂直于∥horizontalto平行于∪unionof并，合集∩intersectionof交，通集∫theintegralof…的積分∑(sigma)summationof總和°degree度℃Celsiussystem攝氏度′minute分″second秒Iseemtohavebeenonlylikeaboyplayingontheseashore,anddivertingmyselfinnowandthenfindingasmootherpebbleoraprettiershellthanordinary,whilstthegreatoceanoftruthlayallundiscoveredbeforeme.我不過就象是一個在海濱玩耍的小孩，為不時發(fā)現(xiàn)比尋常更為光滑的一塊卵石或比尋常更為美麗的一片貝殼而沾沾自喜，而對于展現(xiàn)在我面前的浩瀚的真理的海洋，卻全然沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)?！領(lǐng)fIcanseeabitfartherthansomeothers,itisbecauseIamstandingontheshouldersofgiants.如果說我比別人看得更遠(yuǎn)些,那是因為我站在了巨人的肩膀上.resultantforce合力componentforce分力uniformforce恒力resistance阻力inertia慣性[i’n?:??]impulse沖量action作用reaction反作用momentum動量conservationofmomentum動量守恒stationary/movingobject靜止/運(yùn)動的物體constantvelocity恒定速度linkedequation相關(guān)方程initialvelocity初始速度finalvelocity末速度Newton’sfirst/second/thirdlaw牛頓第一/二/三定律阻力推力摩擦力resistancethrustfriction彈力重力elasticforcegravity/weight斥力拉力repulsiveforcepulling/tractionforce∝與…成比variesas/beproportionalto與…成反比beinverselyproportionaltoNewton’ssecondlawofmotioncanbesummarizedinasimplevectorequation： 物體的加速度跟物體所受的合外力成正比，跟物體的質(zhì)量成反比，加速度的方向跟合外力的方向相同。Aexternalforceactingonanobjectproducesanaccelerationwhichisinthedirectionoftheforceandhasamagnitudeinverselyproportionaltothemassoftheobject.Jetengine:噴氣發(fā)動機(jī)Airisdrawninatthefrontbyalargefan,andpushedouttheback.Exhaustgasesarealsoejected,atahigherspeed.一個大的鼓風(fēng)機(jī)把空氣從前面拉入，從后面推出。尾氣高速噴出。Propeller:螺旋槳Thisisdrivenbytheshaftofajetengineorpistonengine.Itsbladesareangledsothatairispushedbackwardsasitrotates.shaft:軸Thisistheshaftofasteamengine.這是一個蒸汽機(jī)主軸。這是由噴氣發(fā)動機(jī)或活塞式發(fā)動機(jī)的軸驅(qū)動的。當(dāng)螺旋槳旋轉(zhuǎn)時，它的葉片扭轉(zhuǎn)，從而使空氣從后面排出。以彈簧為例，一個與彈簧相連、放在光滑軌道上的Blackbody:Aperfectabsorberwhichreflectsnoradiation,andalsothebestpossibleemitterofthermalradiation.Vibratingandspinningmoleculesinoneobjectgiveoffelectromagneticradiationwhoseenergycanbeabsorbedbymoleculesinanotherobjectsothattheyspeedup.Thisradiationiscalledthermalradiation.Averyusefulconceptusedinheattransferapplicationsistherepresentationofthermaltransferbywhatisknownasthermalcircuits.1.Thermalinsulators熱絕緣體2.Radiantbarriers輻射屏障3.Heatexchanger（熱交換器）Staticelectricity靜電Polythene聚乙烯Inducedcharge感應(yīng)電荷Current電荷ammeter電流計ampere安培Semiconductor半導(dǎo)體Permittivityoffreespace真空中的介電常數(shù)Medium介質(zhì)dielectric電介質(zhì)Relativepermittivity相對介電常數(shù)Equipotentialline等勢線Capacitance電容capacitor電容器Magnetandfield磁和場Magneticpole磁極magneticfield磁場Maxwell’sscrewrule麥克斯韋螺旋法則Right-handgriprule右手螺旋法則electricmotor發(fā)電機(jī)generatorcommutator整流子transformer變壓器step-up/downtransformer增壓/減壓變壓electromagneticinduction電磁感應(yīng)directcurrent直流電alternatingcurrent交流電Phasor相量（相位變矢量）impedance阻抗[im?pi:d?ns]resistanceandreactancevectors電阻和電抗矢量fuel-burningstation熱電站distributionnetwork配電網(wǎng)絡(luò)overheadline高架線Grid高壓輸電網(wǎng)pulse脈沖[p?ls]smoothing濾波rectification整流half-waverectification半波整流full-waverectification全波整流Ifaninducedcurrentflows,itsdirectionisalwayssuchthatitwillopposethechangeinfluxwhichproducedit.感應(yīng)電流的方向趨于阻止產(chǎn)生此感應(yīng)電流的磁通量的變化。progressivewave前進(jìn)波transversewave橫波longitudinalwave縱波wavefeature波的特征ripple脈動amplitude振幅wavelength波長reflectionrefraction折射diffraction衍射interference干涉totalinternalreflection全內(nèi)反射dispersion散射refractiveindex折射率inphase同相outofphase反相overlap重疊polarization偏振unpolarized非偏振的opticalfiber光纖step-indexmultimodefiber突變折射率多模光纖graded-indexmonomodefiber漸變折射率單模光纖constructive/destructiveinterference相長/相消干涉coherent相干的decoherent退相干的stationarywave駐波node節(jié)點(diǎn)antinode腹點(diǎn)fringe條紋fringespacing條紋間距double-slitexperiment雙縫實(shí)驗spectrum光譜Transversewave:Eachpieceofthemediummovesperpendiculartothewavepropagationdirection.Longitudinalwave:Theelementsofthemediumundergodisplacementsparalleltothemotionofthewave.Alongitudinalwaveisalsocalledacompressionwave.(1).Diffraction:thebendingofawaveasitpassesaroundtheedgeofabarrier.Diffractioncausesawavepassingthroughagaporaslittospreadoutintotheshadowregions.(2).Interference:istheconsequenceoftwowavesarrivingatthesameplaceandcombining.Constructiveinterference:occurswhereverthetwowavesmeetinphase(peakmatchespeak);thewavesaddtogether.Destructiveinterference:occurswhereverthetwowavesmeetoutofphase(peakmatchesvalley);thewavescanceleachother.Waves-ParticleDualityCorpuscularTheory:Newtonsuggestedthatlightmightbemadeupofhigh-speedcorpuscles.WaveTheory:Huyghen(in1680)proposedanalternativewavetheorywhichsatisfactorilyaccountedforreflectionandrefraction.Evidenceforwave-natureDiffractionInterferenceEvidenceforparticle-naturePhotoelectriceffectComptoneffectPlanemirror平面反光鏡reflectingprism反射棱鏡Virtualimage虛像realimage實(shí)像convexandconcavelens凸透鏡和凹透鏡converge會聚diverge發(fā)散principalfocus主焦點(diǎn)opticalcentre光學(xué)中心objectdistance物距imagedistance像距focaldistance焦距refractingtelescope折射望遠(yuǎn)鏡objectivelens物鏡eyepiece目鏡Rayleighcriterion瑞利判據(jù)deformation形變elasticdeformation彈性形變plasticdeformation塑性形變crystallinestructure晶體結(jié)構(gòu)semi-crystalline半晶體amorphous非晶體polycrystallinemetal多晶體金屬dislocation位錯grain晶粒pattern晶體點(diǎn)陣imperfection缺陷polymer聚合物stress應(yīng)力strain應(yīng)變tensilestress拉應(yīng)力tensilestrain拉應(yīng)變yieldpoint屈服點(diǎn)elasticlimit彈性極限breakingpoint破壞點(diǎn)crack裂紋brittle脆性的brittlefracture脆性斷裂ductile韌性的ductilefracture韌性斷裂fatigue[f??ti:ɡ]疲勞creep蠕變modulus[?m?djul?s]模量elastichysteresis[?hist??ri:sis]彈性遲滯Therearetwotypesofdeformation:(1)Elasticdeformation:彈性形變Ifthedeformationiselastic,thenthematerialreturnstoitsoriginalshapewhentheforcesonitareremoved.(2)Plasticdeformation:塑性形變Ifthedeformationisplastic,thenthematerialdoesnotreturntoitsoriginalshapewhentheforcesonitareremoved.Forexample,Plasticine([?pl?stisi:n]蠟?zāi)嗨芰?takesonanewshapewhenstretched.(1)Stress:應(yīng)力isaquantitythatisproportionaltotheforcecausingadeformation.Stressistheexternalforceactingonanobjectperunitcrosssectionalarea.2)Strain:應(yīng)變isameasureofthedegreeofdeformation.Itisfoundthatforsufficientlysmallstressesstrainisproportionaltostress.(1)Crystallinesolids:晶體固體(2)Amorphous（glassy）solids:非晶體固體[??m?:f?s](3)Polymers:聚合物.[?p?l?m?]Fatigue:[f??ti:ɡ]疲勞ifametalistakenthroughmanycyclesofchangingstress,afatiguefracturemayoccurbeforetheultimatetensilestress（極限拉應(yīng)力）isreached.Fatiguefracturesarecausedbytheslowspreadofsmallcracks.Creep:蠕變Thisisthedeformationwhichgoesonhappeninginsomematerialsifstressismaintained.Forexample,unsupportedlead([led]非支承的鉛)slowlysags(垂弛)underitsownweight.bond鍵ionicbond離子鍵metallicbond金屬鍵covalentbond共價鍵hydrogenbond氫VanderWaalsbond范德瓦耳斯鍵lattice點(diǎn)陣crystalstructure晶體結(jié)構(gòu)crystalline結(jié)晶體bondingenergy結(jié)合能sodiumchloride[?kl?:raid]氯化鈉separation間距equilibriumseparation平衡間距bulkstrain容積應(yīng)變shearstrain剪應(yīng)變face-centredcubic面心立方body-centredcubic體心立方tetranhedralstructure[?tetr??hedr?l]四面體結(jié)構(gòu)defect缺陷pointdefect點(diǎn)缺陷linedefect線缺陷dislocation位錯cubicstackingfault堆積層錯vancany空穴stiffness剛性toughness韌性ductility延展性malleability延壓性ultimatetensilestress極限拉應(yīng)力GraphAshowshowtheforcebetweentwoatomsvarieswithseparation(anattractiveforceisnegative).Whenveryclose,theouterelectronscauserepulsion.Atgreaterseparations,thebondingforceisdominant,butdecreaseswithdistance.r0istheequilibriumseparation.翻譯：圖A顯示了兩個原子之間的力隨間距的變化（吸引力是負(fù)的）。當(dāng)兩個原子非常接近時，外層電子引起斥力。當(dāng)兩者間距很大時，結(jié)合力占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位，但是其隨著距離的增大而減小。r0是平衡間距。GraphBshowshowthepotentialenergyoftheatomsvarieswithseparation.MinimumPEcorrespondswiththepositionforzeroforceingraphA.E0isthebondingenergy.Itistheenergyneededforcompleteseparation.Thespecificlatentheatofvaporizationdependsonit.