AnalysisofGulliver’sTravels第16頁共14頁《格列佛游記》分析AnalysisofGulliver’sTravelsContentsAbstract………………….….1Keywords…………………...1I.IntroductiontotheAuthor…..…………………...11.1TheAuthor’sFame………...……21.2TheAuthor’sLife……..….…..…………….……21.3TheAuthor’sMainWorks…..……………….…….…...…...3=2\*ROMANII.IntroductiontotheNovel……...……………….52.1GeneralContent…………..…...…….………52.2KeyFactsofThisWork…………………..………..….6=3\*ROMANIII.IntroductiontotheBackground…..…..……..7=4\*ROMANIV.IntroductiontotheMainCharacters…….…..………….84.1AnalysisofLemuelGulliver…..……….…..…..………………84.2AnalysisofSomeSpeciesinLemuelGulliver’sFourVoyages……...………104.2.1AVoyagetoLilliput………..…..…..………….………..104.2.2AVoyagetoBrobdingnag……….……….……….……114.2.3AVoyagetoLaputa…………….….…………………...…114.2.4AVoyagetoHouyhnhnms……..……..……………….11V.Writingstyles…………..…………….………………..………….125.1SatireandIrony…………..…..…………….125.2Symbolism………….……….………..………...……….…..…125.3Simple,ClearandVigorousWords…….….….…..…………135.4ThePirstPerson…………….…...…….……...….…………...13VI.TheMeaningsofThisEssay…..………..…….…….……………….………13VII.Conclusion…..………………..….…………....13References….……..………….………14摘要：《格列佛游記》使十七世紀(jì)的英國作家斯威夫特成為一位在英國乃至世界文學(xué)史上都舉足輕重的大師。斯威夫特在作品中把自己對現(xiàn)實(shí)生活的不滿和對“烏托邦”式理想社會的向往表達(dá)得很充分。兩者之間的對比貫穿始終，無處不在。小說在很大程度反映了他所生活在的同時(shí)期英國的社會現(xiàn)實(shí)。本文通過對《格列佛游記》描述的小說主人公格列佛及其四次旅行的經(jīng)歷進(jìn)行分析來研究斯威夫特的寫作意圖，總結(jié)出作品的文學(xué)和社會價(jià)值。同時(shí)，熟悉作者的生平和主要作品，以及同時(shí)代英國的社會背景使我們對作者能有個(gè)更好的了解。關(guān)鍵詞：斯威夫特；格列佛；諷刺；攻擊；理想Abstract：Gulliver’sTravelsmakestheEnglishwriterJonathanSwiftofthe17centuryamasterinthehistoryoftheBritishliteratureevenoftheworldliterature.Thewholenovelisfilledwiththesharpcontrastbetweenhisdisapprovaloftherealityandhisdreamofa“utopia”society.Toagreatextent,thewholenovelisanimageoftheEnglishsocietyofSwift’stime.Thisessayaimstostudytheauthor’swritingpurposes,thenovel’sliteraryandsocialvaluethroughtheanalysisoftheherointhenovelandhisvoyagesimaginedbySwiftJonathan.Inthemeantime,additionally,agoodfamiliaritywiththelife,theworksofthewriterandthesocialbackgroundofSwift’stimewouldgetmetohavearightandfullunderstandingofthismaster.Keywords:Swift;Gulliver;Satire;Attack;DesireIIntroductiontotheAuthorThispapermainlydealswiththeauthor'sthoughtsreflectedinthenovelandthework’sliteraryandsocialvaluethatcomplementedbyreadersandscholars.Beforewediscussit,wemusthaveageneralunderstandingoftheauthor.1.1TheAuthor’sFameJonathanSwiftisgenerallyknownasarealistwriter.Besides,becauseofhissignificantartofsatireandironyheisalsoasatiristwriter,agreatmasterofsatiricart.Infact,however,hewasalsoveryengagedinthepoliticsandconductedmanypoliticaldeeds.HishomelandwasIreland.ThoughhelivedinEnglandformanyyears,hisaffectionforhismotherlandneverfadedaway.Inhistimes,IrelandwasundercolonialruleofEngland.Tohim,Englandwasveryunfavorable.Andhealienatedfromitgradually.ThenhedevotedhimselftostruggleagainstEnglishoppressionforfreedomofIreland.Thoughhedidnotseetheircompatriots’releasefromEnglishslavery,hewonahighreputationandreputationamonghispeople.1.2TheAuthor’sLifeSwiftwasborninDublin.HisparentswereEnglishmen.Unfortunately,hisfatherdiedbeforehewasborn.Hismothercouldnotearnmuchmoney,whichleadedhisfamily’seconomicconditionwasverypoor,andsohewascompelledtoacceptaidfromrelatives,whohelpedthemreluctantly.WhenheenteredDublinUniversity,hekepthimselfawayfromthecurriculum,readingonlywhatwasinterestingtohim.Becauseadegreewasnecessarytohissuccess,heknewitsimportanceandhadtoacceptitasataskfromtheexaminers.Aftergraduation,hewenttoEnglandandbecametheprivatesecretarytoSirWilliamTemple,oneofhisgrudgingdistantrelatives.Templewasadiplomatandawriter.Hewasveryproudofhisachievementsandsocialstatus.HetreatedSwiftratherpoorlyandjustregardedhimasoneofhisslaves.However,SwiftborethatandspenttenyearslivingaveryunhappylifeinTemple’shouse.Buthecreatedalargetreasureforhimself.Duringthisperiodhereadandstudiedwidelyandbegantoshowhistalentasawriter.Hefinishedhisfirsttwoimportantworks,TheBattleoftheBooks,andATaleofaTub.WhenhecouldnotputupwithhislifeinTemple’shouse,heacceptedordersfromachurchandbegantoworkasapriest.AfterMr.Templedied,hereturnedtoIrelandwithhissweetheart,Stella,accompanyinghim.Afterhisreturningtohismotherlandhecontinuedhisworkasapriestandwasgivenasalaryinasmalltown.Swiftwasdeepdevotedtohischurchdutiesandlovedhissufferingcompatriots.Heworkedveryhardtoimprovethelivingconditionsofthepoorpeople.LaterhewenttoEnglandandspentsometimethere.Hislifeinvolvedgraduallyintothestrifeofpartypolitics.HispamphletswerethemostpowerfulpoliticalweaponsinthepoliticalbattlewhichmadehimbecomeoneofthemostimportantfiguresinLondon.AtfirsthesupportedtheWhigsandthenhechangedhisstandandjoinedtheTories.ForalongtimeofafewyearshewaslookedasadictatorofpoliticalopinionsinEngland.Greatlordsandcabinetministerstreatedhimwithrespect.InordertocontributemoreinthestruggleoftheIrishpeopleagainstrudeEnglishoppressors,heexploredbacktoIrelandagain.HeusedhistalentandwrotesomepamphletsconcerningIreland.AllofthemwereaboutthemiseriesoftheIrishpeople.Inthoseworks,hespokeupagainstthecrueloppressionandexploitationunderthecontroloftheEnglishrulingclassandcriedfortheIrishpeopletoresisttheoppression.Amongthosepamphlets,thebest-knownpieceswereTheDrapier’sLettersandAModestProposal.HismasterpieceGulliver’sTravelswasalsowrittenintheperiodwhenhewascloselylinkedwiththeIrishpeopleandstruggledforindependenceandfreedomofhispeople.WhentheTorieslostthepoliticaldominanceofEngland,thesituationbecameunfavorabletoSwift.What’smorepainfulwasthathiswifewastorturedbyfrustration.Duringhislastyears,abraindiseasehelduponhim.Allthesefactorsshapedhismiserablelatelife.In1745thismasterdiedinanasylumcalmly.1.3TheAuthor’sMainWorksInhislargenumberofwritingsaboutpolitics,themostforcefulandbestknownareTheDrapier’sLettersandAModestProposal.TheformerisaseriesoflettersaddressedtopeopleofdifferentprofessionsandclassesinIreland,summoningthemtostoptheWood’splanofabolishingtheIrishcoinage.Thefourthletter,TotheWholePeopleofIreland,isgenerallyconsideredtobeofthegreatestimportance.ItisadirectchallengetoEnglishsupremacyandanexcitingappealtothecommonmentomastertheirownnationaldestiny.Andhisharshestsatire,AModestProposal,waswritteninindignantandsternaccusationofEnglishcolonialismpolicytowardstheIrish.Inthecooltoneofanimpartialoutsider,theauthoradvisesthepoorIrishpeopleshouldsellhischildrenasfoodfortheEnglishnobleswhentheyareoneyearold.Writtenwithmuchconcisenessandclearness,the“Proposal”isbyfarthemostexcellentartisticexpressionofSwift’sangerwiththeinhumanoppressionandexploitationoftheIrishpeoplebytheEnglishrulingclass.Theapparentfervorandsincerityaddsforcetothebitingironyandanguishingsarcasm.TheBattleofthebook(unfinished)isasatiricaldialoguebetweentheAncientsandtheModernsintheroleoftheBeeandtheSpider.Inthelongandcomplicateddisputesbetweenthetwosides,Homer,Virgil,Aristotle,Platoandotherwell-knownAncientsareputinbattleagainsttheModerns,includingMilton,Bacon,Dryden,Hobbesandothercelebrities.Withalightandplayfulnarration,Swiftmanagestodivulgemanyofthesubtleimplicationsofthedebateinwhichheisalsoengaged.Infact,thebattleoftheancientpeopleandthemodernpeoplewasnotonlyaboutwhethertheancientsproduced“better”authorsandphilosophersthanthemodernsbutalsobasicallyabouthow“History”itselfranandshouldbeseenandabouttherelationshipsbetweenpastandpresent,humanityandnature,andhumanunderstandingandknowledge.ATaleofaTubisatravestyonthevariouskindsofcorruptioninreligionwithalsoridiculouscommentsonmodernlearningandphilosophy.Thetitlesuggestsaveryconventionalidea.Itisreferredtothecustomofseamentothrowoutatubwhentheymeetawhaletopreventitfromattackingtheship.Thetalerecitestheadventuresofthreebrothers:Peter,Martin,andJack,theirquarrelswithoneanotherandtheirdifferenttreatmentsoftheCoatleftbytheirfather.Exactly,thefourmaincharactersandtheCoatsymbolizedifferentreligiousmeanings(RomanCatholicism,ChurchofEngland,theDissenters,God,theBible,beliefsofChristianity)servingforthework’stheme.Onsurface,theparodyseemstoprefertoChurchofEngland,butinfactitisagreatsatireonChristianitydisregardofbranch.Gulliver’sTravelsisSwift’smasterpiece.Todaybecauseofitsfantasticstoriesandpopularitywiththechildren,itiswidelyknownasachildren’sclassicofalegendarytale.Buttomostseriousreaders,itisanartisticachievementconceivedonmultiplelevels,touchingpracticallyallfieldsofhumanendeavorspolitics,religion,education,ethicsandhelpmankindholdupamirrortoreviewthemselves.Gulliver’sTravelscouldinfactbedescribedasoneofthefirstnovelsofmodernalienationfromhumanculture,focusingonanindividual’srepeatedfailurestointegrateintosocietieswherehedoeslivebutnotbelong.EnglanditselfisnotmuchofawarmhomelandforGulliver.SwifttellsusGullivercannotsupporthisfamilywithhisunprofitablesurgeon’sbusinessandhisfather’sinsufficientestate.Thehardshipmaygethimtofeelalienatedfromit.HeneverspeaksfondlyornostalgicallyaboutEngland,andeverytimehereturnshomefromhisstrangevoyage,hewillbequicktoleaveagain.Gullivernevercomplainsloudlyaboutfeelinglonely,butthefrustrationandantisocialfeelingweseeattheendofthenoveldiscoverclearlyGulliverisaprofoundlyisolatedindividual.Thus,Swift’ssatirenotonlymockstheexcessesofcommunallife,italsomockstheexcessesofindividualismthroughhisdescriptionofamiserableandlonelyGulliver’stalkingtohishorsesathomeinEnglandwhenpeoplecouldnotbelievehisdream-likeadventures.IIIntroductiontotheNovel2.1SomeKeyFactsofThisWorkThefulltitleofthisworkisGulliver’sTravels,or,TravelsintoSeveralRemoteNationsoftheWorld,byLemuelGulliver.Itsauthoris

JonathanSwift.Itisanoveloccupiedwithplentyofsatireandirony.Timeandplacewrittenisapproximately1712–1726,LondonandDublinrespectively.GeorgeFaulknerpublisheditin1726asafirstpublisher.Inthenovel,thehero,

Gulliver,speaksinthefirstperson.Hedescribesothercharactersandanactionastheyappeartohim.Gulliver’stoneisgullibleandna?veduringthefirstthreevoyages;inthefourth,itturnscynicalandbitter.Theintentionoftheauthor,JonathanSwift,issatiricalandbitingthroughout.Thetimeofthestoriesisearlyeighteenthcentury.TheplaceofthestoriesisprimarilyEnglandandtheimaginarycountriesofLilliput,Blefuscu,Brobdingnag,Laputa,andthelandoftheHouyhnhnms.Themajorconflictofthisnovelisnotobvious.Onthesurface,GulliverstrivestounderstandthevarioussocietieswithwhichhecomesintocontactandtohavethesesocietiesunderstandhisnativeEngland.Belowthesurface,SwiftisengagedinaconflictwiththeEnglishsocietyheissatirizing.ThewholeworkcouldbeseparatedintothreepartsaccordingtothedevelopmentsofGulliver’sperceptionofhumannature.Gulliver’sencounterswithothersocietieseventuallyleaduptohisrejectionofhumansocietyinthefourthvoyage,whichisrisingaction.Gulliverrejectshumansocietyinthefourthvoyage,specificallywhenheshunsthegenerousDonPedroasavulgarYahoo,whichisclimax.Gulliver’sunhappyreturntoEnglandaccentuateshisalienationandcompelshimtobuyhorses,whichremindhimofHouyhnhnms,tokeephimcompany,whichisfallingaction.Itsthemesareeasytotell:

MightversusRight;theindividualversussociety;thelimitsofhumanunderstandingversusthecomplicatednessoftheworld.Actually,thesatireisrealizedbytheemploymentofsymbolism.WecanfindmanyimagesusedtoexpressSwift’sloveandhatredinhumanworld,suchasLilliputians;Brobdingnagians;Laputans;Houyhnhnmsandsoon.Gulliver’sultimaterejectionofhumansociety,oneofthenovel’sfocuseswasforeshadowedbyhisexperienceswithvariousflawedsocietiesinthefirstthreevoyagesandclimaxedinthefourthvoyages.2.2GeneralContentGulliver’sTravelsconsistsoffourparts.Eachofthemdealswithoneparticularvoyageoftheheroandhisbrilliantadventuresonsomeremoteland.Inthefirstpart,Gullivergoestoseaasaship’ssurgeon.InabigstormtheshipiswreckedandheiscastupontheshoreoftheislandofLilliput.Whileasleep,heiscapturedandboundbythousandsoftheinhabitantsthere,whoareallsixinchestall.Gulliversoonfindsouteverythingontheislandistentimesassmallasthethingsinthehumanworld.TheLilliputianscallhim“theGreatMan-Mountain”.Theyhavegreatdifficultiesbuildingahouseandpreparingfoodforhim.Inthiscountrytherearetwoparties,whicharedistinguishedbytheuseofhighandlowheels.ThereiscivilstrifebetweenLilliputandneighboringcountryduetoanargument“Shouldeggsbebrokenatthebigendorthelittleend?”Inthiscountry,besides,Gullivergetstoknowthechiefministersandcandidatesforhighofficials’postsaregiventheirjobsinaccordancewiththeirskillindancingonaropeorinleapingoverastickorcreepingunderitbackwardsandforwards.Inthesecondpart,Gulliveragaingoestoseaandhisshipisagainwreckedinastorm.GulliverisabandonedonthelandofthelandoftheBrobdingnagians.Hesoonfindsoutthatalltheinhabitantstherearesixty—foottallandeverythingismuchtallerandbiggerthanthatinthehumanworld.TheBrobdingnagiansprovetobesuperiortothemenandwomenofGulliver’ssocietyinwisdomandhumanityaswellasinstature.Comparedwiththem,heisverysmall,insignificant,meanandunworthy.Theking,whoregardsEuropeasananthill,despisestheEuropeans.Thethirdpart,whichisoftenconsideredtobetheleastinterestingpart,dealswithaseriesofthehero’sadventuresinseveralplaces.ThefirstplaceisthefloatingislandofLaputa.Gulliverfindsoutherethekingandthenoblepersonsareagroupofabsent-mindedphilosophersandastronomerswhocarenothingbutmathematicsandmusicandwhospeakalwaysinmathematicaltermsoflinesandcircles.Theyoftendouselessresearchwork;forexample,ascientistmakesresearchesonhowtogetsunlightfromcucumbers.Anotheroneisstudyinghowtoconstructahousebyfirstbuildingtheroomandthenlayingthebase.Additionally,inthecountryofLaputa,thekingandtheministersusecruelmethodstosuppressanyrebellionofthepeoplelivingonthecontinentbelow.Wheneverthepeopleriseupagainstthem,theymaketheflyingislandhoverovertheplaceoftherebellion,thuspreventingsunlightandrainfromreachingit,orlettheislanddropdirectlyupontheheadsoftherebellionpeople.TheotherplaceGullivergoestoistheislandofSorcerers.Herehehasthechanceofmeetingthefamousdeadpersonsinancientandmodernhistory.TheSorcerersshowtheHouseofLordsinancientRomewhichisattendedbyheroes,somehalf-manandhalf-godfiguresandtheEnglishParliamentwhichistheassemblyofagroupofpeddlers,pickpockets,robbersandruffians.Thefourthpartdescribesthehero’svoyagetotheHouyhnhnmsandhasgenerallybeenconsideredthebestpartofthebookbecausethesatirehereisthesharpestandthebitterest.InthispartGulliverappearsasthecaptainofashipandgoestosea.Hissailorsconspireagainsthim.HeismadeaprisonerandcastupontheshoreofthelandoftheHouyhnhnms,whoarehorsesendowedwithreason,andwhoarethegoverningclass.Thehorsesareextremelyintelligentandnoble,andpossessallgoodqualities.While,theYahoos,thoughinmanywaystheyarelikehumanbeings,arelow,vile,despicableandnobetterthanbeasts.IIIIntroductiontotheBackgroundUndoubtedly,literatureisengravedwithinfluencesofitstimesinvariouslevels.Gulliver’sTravelsreflectseconomic,politicalandculturaldevelopmentsofSwift’stimes.TheGloriousRevolutionof1688establishedaconstitutionalmonarchyinBritain.Parliamentbecametheactualleaderofthecountrywhilethemonarchyhadbeendeprivedofitsrulingpower.Intheearly18thcentury,twocompetitivepoliticalparties,namely,WhigsandTories,werethedominantsoftheParliamentandgovernedthecountryalternately.Benefitingfromthepoliticalstability,theIndustrialRevolutionwasundergoingandspreadingfastinBritain,whichshapedBritainasuperpowerintheworld.WhenBritainwasgoingintoapowerfulindustrialcountry,italsowitnessedtherapidgrowthofthebourgeoisormiddleclassinthedomestic.Theyobtainedtheirsocialstatusthroughmuchhardworkdifferentfromthefeudalaristocraticclass.ThisoverturnedtheeconomicfoundationoftheEnglishsociety.Theeconomicchangesinfluencedthedevelopmentinculture.InSwift’stimes,theEnlightenmentMovementhadbegunandhadagreatimpactonmanyfields.EnlightenmentMovementwasreferredaprogressiveintellectualmovementthroughoutWesternEuropethatspannedapproximatelyonehundredyearsfromthe1680sto1780s.EnlightenmentMovementpreachedthatpeopleshouldunderstandandcontroltheworldbymeansofreasonandempiricalresearch.Holdingthecommonfaithinhumanrationality,theenlightenersalsoattackedtheircommonenemies:inreligion,itwasagainstsuperstition,intolerance,anddogmatism;inpolitics,itwasagainsttyranny;andinsociety,itwasagainstprejudices,ignorance,inequalityandanyobstaclestotherealizationofanindividual’sfullintellectualandphysicalwell-being.Atrendofrationalizationblossomedinmanydifferentfields.Undersuchatmosphereagreatculturalprogresswasachieved.Moreschoolsweresetuptoprovideabettereducationforthemiddleclasspeople.InEngland,theCopyRightActof1709producedaliterarytendencytoworksfocusingonthecommonlifeoftheordinarypeople.IVIntroductiontotheMainCharacters4.1AnalysisofLemuelGulliverInthenovel,LemuelGulliver,theheroofthisnovel,hashistravelswithsomedifferentpositions,suchassurgeonandcaptainofashipandsoon.Heisfondofadventuresandalienatedfromhislife,sohegoesthroughhistravelsatjustafewmonthsintervalsdespitehehasalwayssufferedvariousdangers.Fromhimwecanfindsometypicalqualitiesofrisingbourgeois,whethergoodorbad.Actually,LemuelGulliverisaverycomplicatedandfrustratingcharactertodealwithformanyreasons.Fromthebeginningtotheendofthenovel,LemuelGulliverchangescontinually.Affectedbythingsmetinhisunbelievableadventures,hisattitudeandperceptionsofpeopleandsocietydiffersalongwiththeprocessofhisstory.Finally,hisattitudeandperceptionsofpeopleandsocietybecomeacomplicatedmixture.Heisourlinethroughoutthefourvoyages,andattheendheiscompletelydifferentfromthepersonhewasatthestart.Soit'sparticularlyimportantforustogetahandleonwhatacharacterheis,whathappenstohim,whyithappens,andhowwearesupposedtounderstandthat.ThesinglemostimportantthingSwifthastosayinGulliver'sTravelsiscommunicatedtousinthechangeswhichtakeplaceinthehero.TogetthesatiricpointofthechangesinGulliveracrossthewholestorytastedbythereaders,Swifthastobecarefulnottoborethemandgivethemanescape.BecauseSwiftunderstandsverywellthatreaderswhoseethemsatirizedintheworkwillalwayslookforsomewaytocomfortthemselves.Thatistoneutralizethesatirefromthem.Swiftkeepsinmindthatsatireisamirrorinwhichpeopleseeeveryoneelse'sfacebutalsotheirown.Soit'simportantforustotakecarefulstudyofGulliver,toassessjustwhatapersonheisonearth,sothatwecanfullyunderstandhistransformation.Atthestartofthefirstvoyage,SwiftusesafewpagestointroduceandsetupforuswhatcharacterGulliveris.Insomeways,heisaverytypicalEuropeanin17thcentury.Heismiddleaged,welleducated,sensibleandadventurouswithnoextravagantlyromanticideas.Heisalsoacarefulobserver,endeavoringtosupportandtakecareofhisfamily,andfullytakingnoticewiththeimportanceofaprudentconduction.Besides,thereisnothingextraordinaryabouthim.Because,infact,SwiftdeprivesfromusanypossibilityofascribingthetransformationwhichtakesplaceinGullivertoanysuddenchangeofhischaracter,itisimportanttogazeonwhatishischaracter.Heisnotanunbalanced,erratic,private,orimaginativeperson.Onthecontrary,heisaveryexcellentnarratorassensibleandreasonableasonecouldwish.Hefullysupportstheculturethathasproducedhimbuthasnotdevelopedanycriticalunderstandingofit.Thus,inthefirsttwobooks,wecanseewhyGulliverwouldnaturallyfallinwiththethingsofthenewworldthatexistinEurope.Hehasnotreflectedatallontherightnessorwrongnessofthingsaroundhim,sohenaturallysupportstheauthorityoftheking,theceremoniesofthecourt,andthe"fairness"ofthejusticesystemuntilhebeginshisunordinarytravels.OnlyinthecourseofhisvoyagesdowebegintosensethatGulliverislearningsomething.Circumstancesareforcinghimtothinkabout,notjusthisownsafety,butalsosomethingmuchbiggeranddeeper:thejusticeoftheproceedings.Heis,inotherwords,beginningtodevelopacriticalawarenessofthelimitationsofthevaluesofLilliputand,beyondthat,ofthewayinwhichtheEuropeansreflectthosesamevalues.Theseinitialcriticalinsightsaretemporaryonly,andwhenhereturns,heisquicklyreconciledtoEuropeanlife.Butinthesecondvoyagethecriticalawarenessreturns,especiallyinrelationtothephysicalgrossnessofthegiantBrobdingnagians.ThealteredperspectiveleadshimtoreflectuponthewayinwhichEuropeanshavebecomeobsessedwithphysicalbeauty,especiallywiththefemininebody,when,fromadifferentperspective,itiscomicallygrossandevennauseating.However,thisgrowingsenseofacriticalawarenessinBookIIdoesnotleadGulliverseriouslytoquestionhisEuropeanvalues,andsoheispreparedtodefendthespottedhistoryofEuropeinthefaceoftheKingofBrobdingnag'sscorn.ForthatpowerfulindictmentofEuropeanlife—whichissocloseintonetotheconclusionofBookIV—Gulliverisnotyetreadytoshapesucharadicalthought.HistypicalEuropeanconsciousnessisstilltoofullofcomplacentself-congratulationtoacceptthisformofcriticism,sohedismissesitwithasnideremarkaboutthelimitedunderstandingoftheKingofBrobdingnag.Inthenovel,Swiftreinforcesthroughwritingtheking'srejectionoftheuseofgunpowder.Yet,it'sclearthatsomethingishappeningtoGulliver,becauseuponhisreturntohishomeafterthesecondvoyage,ittakeshimsometimetoreadjusttoEuropeanlife.Thisisquitecomical,butthepointisimportant:inhisstrangenewland,hisperceptionsarechanging.Atthispointitissimplyamatterofthephysicalproportionsofthepeople,butSwiftissettingupthereaderfortheconclusionsofthebook,whenthetransformationofGulliverisgoingtoinvolveatotalalternationofhismoralperspectives,sothatheisnolongerabletoreturntothecalm,unreflective,typicalEuropeanthathewaswhenhestarted.WhenGulliversetssailagainand,afteranattackbypirates,endsupinLaputa,hebeginshisthirdvoyage.Inthistravel,heencounterssomecruelthingsandridiculousthings.Gulliverjustdescribeshisexperienceswithexaggerationratherthanirony.Soheappearstonothavesomenewobvioustransformation.ItseemsthatthewholenessofGulliver’sdevelopingtransformationisinterrupted.However,Gulliver’stransformationinhisfourthisveryexplosive.HeleakshisdesiretothelifeofHouyhnhnmsandstartstoshowsomewhatstrongdislikeofhumanbeings.AfterhegetsbacktoEngland,healwaysfeelsdifficulttoacceptthepeople,evenhiswifeandhischildren,aroundhim.Becausehethinkstheyaredirtyandimmoral“Yahoo”.Itisnotmeaningfultospendwordsondebatingwhetherthisfinalassessmentofmanisrightorwrong.ButwereallywitnessGulliver’srockingchange.4.2AnalysisofSomeSpeciesandSpecifiedCharactersinLemuelGulliver’sFourVoyages4.2.1AVoyagetoLilliputThoughLilliput’sresidents,animalsandplantswereallofverysmallsize,theywereallinaproportiontothecounterpartsintherealworld.Thoseresidentshadtheirownsocialsystems.DuringLemuelGulliver’sstaythere,manythingshappenedtohim.ThroughthedescriptionofSwift,wegettoknowthedetailsofitssocietyanditspeople.Thatlandwasgovernedbyaking.Thekingwasveryimperatorial.Tooursurprise,hispoweronlyoriginatedfromhisheight,onenailhigherthanotherpeople.Anotherinterestingthingwasthathisofficeswereselectedaccordingtotheskillofdancingontherope.Therealsoexistedthestrugglebetweenthetwoparties.Alltheofficesweredividedbasedontheheightoftheheelpieces.Additionally,becauseitsneighborwasdifferentfromthemonhowtoeattheeggs,thisridiculousnationhadinvadeditsneighbor.Generally,LilliputwasaminiatureofEngland.Inthispart,Lilliput’sresidentswereshapedtobeverycorruptedandgreed.TheauthorreachedhisgoalofattackingthesocietyofEnglandhelivedin.4.2.2AVoyagetoBrobdingnagBr