TheMakingofaSuccessStory【IKEAistheworld'slargestfurnitureretailer,andthemanbehinditisIngvarKamprad,oneoftheworld'smostsuccessfulentrepreneurs.BorninSwedenin1926,KampradWasanaturalbusinessman.Asachild,heenjoyedsellingthingsandmadesmallprofitsfromsellingmatches,seeds,andpencilsinhiscommunity.WhenKampradwas17,hisfathergavehimsomemoneyasarewardforhisgoodgrades.Naturallyheusedittostartupabusiness-IKEA.IKEA'snameC0mesfromKamprad'sinitials(I.K.)andthecewherehegrewup('E'and'A').TodayIKEAisknownforitsmodem,minimalistfurniture1,butitwasnotafurnitureinthebeginning.Rather,IKEAsoldallkindsofmiscellaneousgoods.Kamprad'swaresincludedanythingthathecouldsellforprofitsatdiscountedprices2,includingwatches,pensandstockings.IKEAfirstbegantosellfurniturethroughamail-ordercataloguein1947.ThefurniturewasalldesignedandmadebymanufacturersnearKamprad'shome.Initialsaleswereveryencouraging,soKampradexpandedtheproductline.FurniturewassuchasuccessfulaspectofthebusinessthatIKEAbecamesolelyafurniturein1951.In1953IKEAopenditsfirstshowroominAlmhult,Sweden.IKEAisknowntodayforitsspaciousstoreswithfurnitureinattractivesettings,butintheearly1950s,peopleorderedfromcatalogues.Thusresponsetothefirstshowroomwasoverwhelming:peoplelovedbeingabletoseeandtrythefurniturebeforebuyingit.Thisledtoincreasedsalesandthe tothrive.By1955,IKEAwasdesigningallitsownfurniture.In1956Kampradsawamandisassemblingatabletomakeiteasiertotransport.Kampradwasinspired.Themanhadgivenhimagreatidea:flatpackaging3.FlatpackagingwouldmeanlowershipcostsforIKEAandlowerpricesforcustomers.IKEAtrieditandsalessoared.Theproblemwasthatpeoplehadtoassemblefurniturethemselves,butovertime,eventhisgrewintoanadvantageforIKEA.Nowadays,IKEAisoftenseenashavingconnotationsofself-sufficiency.Thisimagehasdonewondersforthe,leadingtobettersalesandTodaythereareover200storesin32countries.Amazingly,IngvarKampradhasmanagedtokeepIKEAaprivay-held.In2004hewasnamedtheworld'srichestman.HecurrentlylivesinSwitzerlandandisretiedfromtheday-to-dayoperationsofIKEA.IKEAitself,though,justkeepsongrowing.IngvarKamprad-IngvarKamprad-abornSuccessbroughtbytheintroductionofTheoriginofSpecializationinsellingFlatpackaging-afeatureofWorld-wideexpansionofParagraph Paragraph Paragraph Evenwhenhewasonlyachild, ,andyearslaterbecameabigspecializedinmanufacturingandsellingofCustomerslikedtheideaofIKEA'sshowrooms AsflatpackagingsavesmoneyforbothIKEAandthecustomers, IKEAIKEAbeganasasmallstoresellingallkindsofcheapitis edbyIngvarKampradshowedinterestinandtalent ngheliveshappilyinheretheycanseeandtrythefurnituretheyaregoingtoIngvarsuccessfullymanagestheallbyThePaperChase“Runningahouseislotlikerunningabusiness.”saysStephanieDenton,aprofessionalorganizerbasedinCincinnati,Ohio,whospecializesinbothresidentialandcommercialpaperworkandrecordkee.Togetasuccessfulgriponorganizings,bills,andothermaterials,Dentonsuggeststhefollowingtips:Createaspaceinwhichyoucanalwaysdoyourpaperwork.Thisisperhapsthemostimportantelementofasuccessfulsystem.Ifyoucan’tdevoteanentiredesktothetask,atleastinvestinarollingfilecarttostoreactivepaperworkandatwo-drawerfilecabinetforfamilyrecords.Storetherollingfilecartwhereveritismostconvenientandcomfortabletodoyourwork.whetherthatisthekitchen,office,orfamilyroom.Whenindoubt,throwitout,thefirststeptoimplementingaworkablefillingsystemistoeliminatepaperyoudon’tuse,don’tneed,orthatyoucouldeasilyaccessagainelsewhere.Throwoutduplicatestatements,oldcatalogs,andallofthecoupons,mailings,orofferingsyou’llneverhaveanopportunitytouseorevenread.Setasidetwodaysamonthtopaybills.ifamonthlyduedatedoesn’tfitintoyourcycle,callupthecreditorandsuggestamoreconvenientdate,Keeptwomanilafoldersatthefrontofyoursystemforcurrentbills—onetocorrespondwitheachbill-payingday—andfileall ingbills.Keepalistinthefrontofeachfolderofwhatneedstobepaidincasetheneverarrivesorgetsmisces.Thinkofyourfillingsystemnotasarigidtool,butasaliving,breathingsystemthatcan yourchangingneeds.Agoodfillingsystemisbothmentallyandphysicallyflexible,Everyone’sneedsaredifferent,saysDenton,butwhendevisingafillingsystem,askyourself:“WherewouldIlookforthis?”Createmainheadingsforyourfillingsystem,suchasInvestments,Taxes,Children,andsoforth,andfileindividualfoldersunderthemainheadings.Neveroverstuffyourfiles.FindcetoWorkImplementingaWorkableFilingSystemWhatIsaGoodFilingSystemHowtoInvestinaRollingFileCartGetRidofUnimportantThingsDealingWithParagraphParagraphParagraphParagraphStephanieDentonis Youcanputyourfilecartanywhereyoulike,on Couponsshouldbethrownaway “Mentallyflexible”indicatesthe theytheyareinpaperthatitiseasilythatdifferentpeoplehavedifferenttheyarenotininvestinginEnglishandEnglishCommunityThereisnodenyingthatEnglishisausefullanguage.ThepeoplewhospeakEnglishtodaymakeupthelargestspeechcommunityintheworldwiththeexceptionofspeakersof.OriginallytheyweresmalltribesofpeoplefromnorthernEuropewhosettledinEngland.Theirlanguagesbecamemoreandmoresimilartoeachother.Finally,thelanguagehadenoughuniformitytobeusedbyallspeakersinEngland.Thepeoplewereunitedintoaspeechcommunitythroughtheirsharedlanguage.Aspeechcommunityissimilartootherkindsofcommunities.Thepeoplewhomakeupthecommunitysharecommonlanguage.Oftentheylivesidebyside,astheydoinaneighborhood,avillage,oracity.Moreoftentheyformawholecountry.Nationalboundaries,however,arenotalwaysthesameastheboundariesofaspeechcommunity.Aspeechcommunityisanygroupofpeoplewhospeakthesamelanguagenomatterwheretheyhappentolive.WemaysaythatanyonewhospeaksEnglishbelongstotheEnglishspeechcommunity.Forconvenience,wemayclassifythespeakersintotwogroups:oneinwhichthespeakersuseEnglishastheirnativelanguage,theotherinwhichthespeakerslearnEnglishasasecondlanguageforthepurposeofeducation,commerce,andsoon.Englishservesasanalternativelanguageinseveralareasofpublicactivityforthemanynationsoftheworldwhichemployitasaninternationalsecondlanguage.Englishhasbeenadoptedasthelanguageofairtraffic,commerce,aswellasinternationaldiplomacy.Moreover,EnglishisthelanguageofthemajorityofpublishedmaterialsintheworldsothateducationhascometorelyheavilyonanunderstandingofEnglish.Learningsecondlanguageextendsone’svisionandexpandsthemind.Thehistoryandlitureofasecondlanguagerecordtherealandfictionallivesofpeopleandtheirculture;aknowledgeofthemaddstoourabilitytounderstandandtofeelastheyfeel.LearningEnglishasasecondlanguageprovidesanothermeansofcommunicationthroughwhichthewindowoftheentireEnglishspeechcommunityTheWideUseofHistoricalTheWideUseofHistoricalAccountofEnglishandItsTheAdvantagesofLearningaSecondTheCompositionoftheEnglishTheThreatThatEnglishPosestoOtherTheDefinitionofaSpeechParagraph2 Paragraph3 Paragraph4 Paragraph5 Onlythroughtheshared Theideaofthenationalboundariesisoftendifferent Speakersareclassifiedintotwo Anunderstandingof thatthatofaspeechcanaspeechcommunitybeinordertolearnEnglishforthesakeof yedanimportantroleinthefieldofiswidelyusedinseveralareasofpublicIn1858Americans edAlaskaintotheUnionasthe49thstate,symbolizingachangeofattitudefromthatheldin1867,whenthepeninsulawaspurchasedfromRussia.Then,mostAmericanshadlittleinterestin1,500,000squarekilometers“oficebergsandpolarbears”——beyondCanada'swesternborders,farfromthesettledareasoftheUnitedStates.InthosesectionsofthestatewhichlieabovetheArcticCircle,Alaskastillisalandoficebergsandpolarbears.Icemasseslieburiedintheearth,whichispermanentlyfrozentoadepthof90ormoremeters.FromearlyMayuntilearlyAugust,themidnightsunneversetsonthisflat,treelessregion,butthesuncannotmelttheicysoilmorethantwo-thirdsofameterdown.AlaskaisAmerica'slargeststate,butonlyabout325,000peoplelivethere.Accordingtoestimates,800,hectaresofitslandareaarefitforplowingbutonlyabout640,000hectaresarebeingArcticAlaskahasbeenthehomeofEskimosforcountlesscenturies.ItisbelievedthattheEskimosmovedtherefromMongoliaorSiberia,probablycrossingBeringStrait,namedforVitusBering,theDanishseacaptainwhodiscoveredAlaskaonhisvoyageforRussiain1741.TheEskimosarethestate'searliestknowninhabitants.Russianfurtradersestablishedsettlementsbut,bythetimeAlaskawassoldtotheUnitedStates,mostofthetradershaddeparted.In1896goldwasdiscoveredneartheKlondikeRiverinCanadajustacrosstheAlaskanborder.ThousandsofAmericansrushedtotheregionontheirwaytoKlondike;someneverreturned.Alaskawasnevercompleycutoffagain,althougheventodaytransportationisamajorproblem.ThereareonlytwomotorroutesfromtheU.S.,andwithinthestate,everytownhasitsownairfield.nesflypassengers,mailandfreighttothemostdistantvillages.ThegoldthatchangedlifesosuddenlyforAlaskawassoonended,andalthoughmanystoriesaboutminingcampshave epartofAmericanliture,thegoldfromAlaskanearthcontributedlesstoeconomicprogressthanthefishfromAlaskanwaters.Thefishcaughtinasingleyearrangeinvaluefrom$80to$90million.Fur-bearinganimalsareplentifulinthesandstreams,andvaluablefursealsinhabitthewaters.Afterfishing,thestate'schiefindustryislumberandtheproductionofwoodpulp.Inrecentyears,Alaska'ssinglemostimportantresourcehas eoil.Thestatealsohaslargedepositsofcoal,copper,goldandotherminerals.RichRichresourcesoftheConnectionswiththeoutsideTransportationThenativesoftheColdLandandParagraph3 Paragraph4 Paragraph5 Paragraph6 Foraslongasthreemonthsofayear,thesun ontheice-coveredlandofAccordingtostatistics, ofthetotalareaofAlaskahasbeenusedforAlaskawasoriginallypartofRussia,butwasbought asfishbecauseofitsasfishbecauseofitsrichnaturalbytheUnitedStatesinthe19thshinesdayandonlyaverysmallalimitedamountofthegoldfoundArchitectureistobuildingaslitureistotheprintedword.Thebestbuildingsareoftensowellconstructedthattheyoutlasttheiroriginaluse.Theythensurvivenotonlyasbeautifulobjects,butassofthehistoryofcultures.Theseachievementsareneverwhollytheworkofindividuals.ArchitectureisasocialTherenaissancebroughtaboutanentirelynewage,notonlyinphilosophyandliturebutinthevisualartsaswell.Inarchitecture,theprinciplesandstylesofancientGreeceandRomewerebroughtbacktolifeandreinterpreted.Theyremaindominantuntilthe20thcentury.Manykindsofstoneareusedasbuildingmaterials.Stoneandmarblewerechosenforimportantmonumentsbecausetheyarenotburnableandcanbeexpectedtoendure.Stonearchitecturewasoftenblendedwithstonesculpture.Theuseofstonehasdeclined,however,becauseanumberofothermaterialsaremoreadaptabletoindustrialuse.Thecomplexityofmodernlifecallsforavarietyofbuildings.Morepeopleliveinmasshousingandgotoworkinlargeofficebuildings;theyspend einlargeshopcenters,sendtheirchildrenmanydifferentkindsofschools,andwhentheyaresicktheygotospecializedhospitalsandclinics.Allthesesdifferenttypesofbuildingsaccumulatedexperiencesneededbytheirdesigners.Bythemiddleofthe20thcentury,modernarchitecture,whichwasinfluencedbynewtechnologyandmassproduction,wasdealingwithincreasinglycomplexsocialneeds.Importantcharacteristicsofmodernarchitecturalworksareexpansesofglassandtheuseofreindconcrete.Advancesinelevatortechnology,airconditioning,andelectriclightinghaveallhadimportanteffects.BuildingBuildingNeedofgreaterbuildingvarietiesinmodernRestorationofancientEvolutioninFactorsaffectingmodernAsocialParagraph3 Paragraph4 Paragraph5 Somebuildingsaresowellconstructedthattheyarenotonlyuseful AncientGreekandRomanarchitecturalstyles,whichwererestoredduringrenaissance,werestill Asmodern esmorecomplex,peoplehavetoputupmanydifferentkindsof tomeettheirbutalsobeautifultolookinthedevelopmentofmoderntodesignmoreeveninthe20thtooutlasttomeettheirbutalsobeautifultolookinthedevelopmentofmoderntodesignmoreeveninthe20thtooutlasttheiroriginalEveryyearearthquakesareresponsibleforalargenumberofdeathsandavastamountofdestructioninvariouspartsoftheworld.MostofthesedamagingearthquakesoccureitherinanarrowbeltwhichsurroundsthePacificOceanorinalinewhichextendsfromBurmatotheAlpsinEurope.Someofthedestructionisdirectlycausedbythequakeitself.Anexampleofthisisthecollapseofbuildingsasaresultofthequakeitself.Otherdamageresultsfromlandslidesormajorfireswhichareinitiatedbythequake.Thereareaboutamillionquakesayear.Fortunay,however,notallofthemaredestructive.TheintensityofanearthquakeismeasuredontheRichterScale,whichgoesfrom0upward.Thehighestscalerecordedtodateis8.9.Majordamagegenerallyoccursfromquakesrangingupwardsfrom6.0.Theactualcauseofthequakeitselfisthebreakingofrocksatorbelowtheearth'ssurface.Thisisbypressurewhichscientistsbelievemaybeduetoanumberofreasons,twoofwhicharetheexpansionandcontractionoftheearth'scrustandcontinentaldrift.Inordertolimitthedamageandtopreventsomeofthesufferingresultingfromearthquakes,scientistsareworkingonwaystoenableaccurateprediction.Specialinstrumentsareusedtohelppeoplerecord,forexample,shakingoftheearth.Scientistsaretryingtofindmethodsthatwillenablethemtoindicatetheexacttime,locationandsizeofanearthquake.Certainphenomenahavebeenobservedwhicharebelievedtobethesignsofimminentearthquakes.Theseincludestrangebehaviorsofsomeanimals,thechangesinthecontentofmineralwater,etc.Themagneticpropertiesofrocksmayalsodisyspecialpatternbeforemajorearthquakeshappen.EarthquakesEarthquakesHistoricalrecordsofIntensitiesofCauseofIndicationsofDamagingParagraph2 Paragraph3 Paragraph4 Paragraph5 Notalldamageduringanearthquakeiscaused Notallearthquakesarestrongenough Scientistshavebeenworkinghardtowarnpeople Earthquakescanbepredictedbyobserving bybythequakenotbetocausedamageofpropertyandlossofofapossibletheunusualbehaviorsofsomethestrongbehaviorsofhumanTransportisoneoftheaidstotrade.Bymovinggoodsfromceswheretheyareplentifultoceswheretheyarescarce,transportaddstotheirvalue.Themoreeasilygoodscanbebroughtoverthedistancethatseparatesproducerandconsumer,thebetterfortrade.Whentherewerenorailways,nogoodroads,nocs,andonlysmallsailingships,tradewasonasmallscale.Thegreatadvancesmadeintransportduringthelasttwohundredyearswere paniedbyabigincreaseintrade.BiggerandfastershipsenabledatradeinmeattodevelopbetweenBritainandNewZealand,forinstance.Quickertransportmakespossiblemass-productionandbigbusiness,drawingsfrom,andsellinggoodsto,allpartsoftheglobe.Bigfactoriescouldnotexistwithouttransporttocarrythelargenumberofworkerstheyneedtoandfromtheirhomes.Bigcitystorescouldnothavedevelopedunlesscustomerscouldtraveleasilyfromthesuburbsandgoodsdeliveredtotheirhomes.Bigcitiescouldnotsurviveunlessfoodcouldbebroughtfromadistance.Transportalsopreventswaste.Muchofthefishlandedattheportswouldbewastedifitcouldnotbetakenquicklytoinlandtowns.Transporthasgivenusamuchgreatervarietyoffoodsandgoodssincewenolongerhavetoliveonwhatisproducedlocally.Foodswhichatonetimecouldbeobtainedonlyduringapartoftheyearcannowbeobtainedallthroughtheyear.Transporthasraisedthestandardofliving.Bymovingfuel,rawmaterials,andevenpower,as,forexample,throughelectriccables,transporthasledtotheestablishmentofindustriesandtradeinareaswheretheywouldhavebeenimpossiblebefore.Districtsandcountriescanconcentrateonmakingthingswhichtheycandobetterandmorecheaplythanothersandcanthenexchangethemwithoneanother.Thecheaperandquickertransport es,thelongerthedistanceoverwhichgoodscanprofitablybecarried.CountrieswithpoortransporthavealowerstandardofCommercerequiresnotonlythemovingofgoodsandpeoplebutalsothecarryingofmessagesandinformation.Meansofcommunication,likeephones,cablesandradio,sendinformationaboutprices,s,andchangingconditionsindifferentpartsoftheworld.Inthisway,advancedcommunicationHigherlivingImportanceoftransportHigherlivingImportanceoftransportinVariousmeansofBirthoftransport-relatedindustriesandRoleofinformationinPublicParagraph2 Paragraph3 Paragraph4 Paragraph5 Thedevelopmentofmodernmeansoftransport Onlywhengoodscanbecarriedtoallpartsoftheworldquickly Transporthasmadeitpossibleforpeopletoeatwhateverfoodtheywant Inthetradeofmodernsocietythetransmissionofinformationysasimportantarole tosendgoodstosendgoodstovariouspartsoftheatanytimeduringthehasgreatlypromotedisitpossibletoproduceonalargethetransportofitispossibletoproduceonalargeIsThereaWaytoKeeptheBritain’sEconomyGrowing?Intoday'sknowledgeeconomy,nationssurviveonthethingstheydobest.JapanesedesignelectronicswhileGermensexportengineeringtechniques.TheFrenchservethebestfoodandAmericansmakeBritainspecializesinthegiftoftalking.Thenationdoesn'tmanufacturemuchofanything.Butithaslawyers,stylistsandbusinessconsultantswhoearntheirlivingfromtalk,talkandmoretalk.TheWorldFoundationthink1saystheUK'sfouriconicjobstodayarenotscientists,engineers,teachersandnurses.Instead,they'rehairdressers,celebrities,managementconsultantsandmanagers.ButcanallthistalkingkeeptheBritisheconomygoing?TheBritishernmentthinksitcan.Althoughthecountry'stradedeficitwasmorethan￡60billionin2006,UK'slargestintheperiod,officialssaythecountryhasnothingtoworryabout.Infact,Britaindoeshaveaworld-classpharmaceuticalindustry,anditstillmakesasmallsumfromsellingarmsabroad.Italsotradesservices-accountancy,insurance,bankingandadvertising.TheernmentbelievesBritainisonthecuttingedgeoftheknowledgeeconomy.Afterall,thecountryofShakespeareandWordsworthhasalirytraditionofwhichtobeproud.Rock'n'roll2isanEnglishlanguagemedium,andtherearebillionstobemadebytheircutting-edgebands.Inotherwords,thecreativeeconomyhasplentyofstrengthtocarrytheBritishHowever,creativeindustriesaccountforonlyabout4percentofUK'sexportsofgoodsandservices.Theindustriesarefindingithardtomakeaprofit,accordingtoareportoftheNationalEndowmentforScience,TechnologyandtheArts3,Thereportshowsonly38percentofBritishe0mpanieswereengagedin"innovationactivities",3percentagepointsbelowtheEUaverageandwellbelowGermany(61percent)andSweden(47percent).Infact,itmightbebettertocallBritaina"servant"economy-thereareatleast4millionpeople"inservice".Themajorityofthepopulationareemployedbytherichtocook,clean,andtakecareoftheirchildren.Manygraduatesareevenngmenialjobsforwhichtheydonotneedadegree.Mostemploymentgrowthhasbeen,andwillcontinuetobe,atthelow-skillendoftheservicesector-inshops,bars,hos,domesticserviceandinnursingandcarehomes.GrowthGrowthof"Servant"StrengthoftheCreativeWeaknessoftheCreativeGiftofExportofTalkingParagraph Paragraph ParagraphParagraph_Everycountryhasitsown_TheBritishernmentdoesn't Thecreativeindustriesfindit Manygraduatesare totofindtodolow-skilltofeeditstohandletomakeatoworryabouttheBritishEveryyearmillionsofwomenarescreenedwithX-raystopickupsignsofbreastcancer.Ifthishappensearlyenough,thediseasecanoftenbetreatedsuccessfully.Accordingtoasurveypublishedlastyear,21countrieshavescreeningprogrammes.Nineofthem,includingAustralia,Canada,theUSandSpain,screenwomenunderButthemedicalbenefitsofscreeningtheseyoungerwomenarecontroversial,partlybecausetheradiationbringsasmallriskofinducingcancer.Also,youngerwomenmustbegivenhigherdosesofX-raysbecausetheirbreasttissueisdenser.ResearchersatthePolytechnicUniversity1ofValenciaysedtheeffectofscreeningmorethan160,000womenat11localclinics.Afterestimatingthewomen’scumulativedoseofradiation,theyusedtwomodelstocalculatethenumberofextracancersthiswouldcause.Themathematicalmodel mendedbyBritain’sNationalRadiologicalProtectionBoard(NRPB)predictedthatthescreeningprogrammewouldcause36cancersper100,000women,18ofthemfatal.ThemodelpreferredbytheUNScientificCommitteeontheEffectsofAtomicRadiationledtoalowerfigureof20cancers.Theresearchersarguethatthelevelofradiation-inducedcancersis“notverysignificant”comparedtothefarlargernumberofcancersthatarediscoveredandtreated.TheValenciaprogramme,theysay,detectsbetween300and450casesofbreastcancerinevery100,000womenscreened.Buttheypointoutthattheriskofwomencontractingcancerfromradiationcouldbereducedbybetween40and80percentifscreeningbeganat50insteadof45,becausetheywouldbeexposedtolessradiation.Theresultsoftheirstudy,theysuggest,couldhelp“optimizethetechnique”forbreastcancerscreening.“Thereisatrade-offbetweenthediagnosticbenefitsofbreastscreeninganditsrisks,”admitsMichaelClarkoftheNRPB.Buthewarnsthatthestudyshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.“Onthebasisofthecurrentdata,forevery10cancerssuccessfullydetectedandpreventedthereisariskofcausingonelaterinlife.That’swhyradiationexposureshouldbeminimizedinanyscreeningprogramme.”HarmHarmScreeningMayDotoaYoungerInvestigatingtheEffectofEffectsPredictedbyTwoDifferentSmallRiskofInducingCancersfromTreatmentofFactorsThatTriggerParagraph2 Paragraph3 Paragraph4 Paragraph5 Earlydiscoveryofbreastcancer Advantagesofscreeningwomenunder50are Delayingtheageatwhichscreeningstartsmay Radiationexposureshouldbe bebesaveastillopentoreducetheriskofradiationtriggeringareducedtotheHeartbeatofAmerica【的心搏NewYork—theStatueofLiberty,theskyscrapers,thebeautifulshopsonFifthAvenueandthemanytheatersonBroadway.ThisisAmerica'sculturalcapital.Itisalsoherbiggestcity,withapopulationofnearly8million.Inthesummeritishot,hot,hotandinthewinteritcanbeverycold.Stilltherearehundredsofthingstodoandseealltheyearround.Manhattanistherealcenterofthecity.Whenpeoplesay“NewYorkCity,”theyusuallymeanManhattan.Mostoftheinterestingshops,buildingsandmuseumsarehere.Inaddition,ManhattanisthesceneofNewYork’sbusynightlife.In1605thefirstEuropeanscametoManhattanfromHolland.TheyboughttheislandfromtheNativeAmericansforafewglassnecklacesworthabout$26today.WallStreetinManhattanisthefinancialheartoftheUSA.Itisalsothemostimportantbankingcenterintheworld.Itisastreetof“skyscrapers.”Thesearethoseincredible,highbuildings,whichAmericansinvented,andbuiltfasterandhigherthananyoneelse.PerhapsthetwomostspectacularskyscrapersinNewYorkarethetwotowersoftheNewYorkWorldTradeCenter.Whenthesunsets,their110floorsshinelikepureLikeeverybigcity,NewYorkhasitsowntrafficsystem.Trafficjamscanbeterrible.It'susuallyquickesttogobysubway.TheNewYorksubwayiseasytouseandquitecheap.ThesubwaygoestoalmosteverycornerofManhattan.Butitisnotsafetotakethesubwaylateanightbecauseinsomecesyoucouldgetrobbed.NewYorkbusesarealsoeasytouse.Youseemoreifyougobybus.Therearemorethan30,000taxisinNewYork.Theyareeasytosee,becausetheyarebrightyellowandcarrylargeTAXIsigns.Taxisdonotgooutsidethecity.However,theywillgototheairports.Inadditiontothetaxifare,peoplegivethetaxidriveratipof15percentofthefare'svalue.CentralParkisabeautifulgreenoasisinthemiddleofNewYork’sconcretedesert.Itissurprisinglybig,withlakesandwoods,aswellasorganizedrecreationareas.NewYorkersloveCentralPark,andtheyuseitallthetime.Inthewinter,theygoice-skating,andinthesummerroller-skating.Theyyball,ridehorsesandhaveics.Theygobicyclingandboating.Thereisevenachildren'szoo,withwildbirdsandanimals.AlongtheeastsideofCentralParkrunsFifthAvenue,oncecalled“Millionaire'sRow.”Inthe19thcentury,therichestmeninAmericabuilttheirmagnificenthomeshere.Itisstillthemostfashionablestreetinthecity,withfamousdepartmentstores.BroadwayisthestreetwhereyouwillfindNewYork'sbest-knowntheaters.ButawayfromthebrightlightsandelegantclothesofBroadwayaremanysmallertheaters.Theirysancalled“off-Broad-way”andareoftenmoreunusualthantheBroadwayshows.Aswellasmanytheaters,NewYorkhasafamousoperahouse.ThisistheMetropolitan,whereinternationalstarssingfromSeptemberuntilApril.CarnegieHallisthecity'smorepopularconcerthall.ButnightlifeinNewYorkoffersmorethanclassicalmusicandtheater.Therearehundredsofnightclubswherepeoplegotoeatanddance.TheTheFinancialCenterofTheNightLifeinNewTheTrafficFacilitiesofNew CenterfortheNewYork—AnInternationalCentralPark— ceofRecreationfortheNewParagraph3 Paragraph4 Paragraph5 Paragraph6 CentralParkisagoodcewheretheNewYorkerscangoand FifthAvenueisthece Forthosey-loverswhoareinterestedinwhatisunusual,thesmalltheatersmightbemore dodowhatevertheylikeforwhereyou yallkindsofballthantheworldfamousenjoythecolorfulnightlifeofthewherethewealthypeoplewouldgoforwhatseemstobeaverysmallsumLEDLightingAnaccidentaldiscoveryannouncedrecentlyhastakenLEDlightingtoanewlevel,suggestingitcouldsoonofferacheaper,longer-lastingalternativetothetraditionallightbulb.Thebreakthroughaddstoagrowing