Unit8

Gettingenoughsleep?

DreamonChildrenwhodonotgetenoughsleeparemorelikelytobeoverweightaccordingtoanewstudy.NavigationGuideI.Relatedinformation1.1Schemataactivation1.2PreviewQsII.TextComprehension2.1TextAnalysis2.2Post-readingQsIII.DifficultyPoints3.1Keywords3.2KeyphrasesIV.ReadingSkills4.1ChoosingreadingspeedObjective

ToknowtheconceptofsleepdebtTorealizetheconsequencesofsleepdeprivationToknowhowtoworkoffsleepdebtReadingskill—choosingreadingspeedPreviewQuestions

Howlongdoyouusuallysleepeverynight?Howdoyouwakeupeverymorning,byalarmclockorbybiologicalclock?Howdoyoufeelduringthedaytime?Howdoyouworkoffthesleepiness?Whenyou'reinarushtomeetwork,school,family,orhouseholdresponsibilities,doyoucutbackonyoursleep?Likemanypeople,youmightthinkthatsleepismerelya"downtime"whenthebrainshutsoffandthebodyrests.

Howmuchsleepisenough?Sleepneedsvaryfrompersontoperson,andtheychangethroughoutthelifecycle.Mostadultsneed7hoursofsleepeachnight.Newborns,ontheotherhand,sleepbetween16and18hoursaday,andchildreninpreschoolsleepbetween10and12hoursaday.Schoolchildrenandteensneedatleast9hoursofsleepanight.TextComprehensionStructureAnalysisDivisionParagraphMainIdeaPartIP1-p8TointroducethetopicofsleepdebtPartIIP9-p12SleepdebtandtheMortgagedMindPartIIIP13-p16WideawakebutnotrestedPartIVP17-p21Sleepandwell-beingPartVP22-p28Towardasleep-smartlifestyleComprehensionQuestionsWhatkindofmistakesdosleep-deprivedpeoplemake?Howdidthevolunteerperformhistaskduringtheexperiment?Whatistheaverageamountofsleepthatmostpeopleneed?Whatistheresultofsleepdebt?Whydopeoplewakeupbeforethealarmclockgoesoff?What’swrongwiththeclock-dependentalerting?WhatdoesCathy’scaseshow?Whathappenstosleepdebtinthelongterm?Whydopeoplesleepingmorethan10hourstendtohaveshorterlives?Whatdidtheresearchersdototheirsubjectsforthestudy?Whatwastheresultoftheirstudy?Howcouldpeopleadoptasleep-smartlifestyle?KeyWordsConsequence----resultbeproneto----belikelytosufferTap----pressPerspective----viewSynchronize----causetooccuratthesametime同步6.sufficiently----adequately1.足夠地2.適當(dāng)?shù)?.apathetic----indifferent不感興趣的,冷淡的8.mortality----deathrate9.impaired----weakened10.optimally----bestpossibly最優(yōu)化11.aptly----rightly適當(dāng)?shù)豏eadingSkillHowtochoosereadingspeedSetthereadingpurposesPreviewthematerialcarefullyDecidethespeed—slow,normalorfastFindthelevelofunderstandingMakeadjustmentsifnecessaryFiguresofspeech(修辭)arewaysofmakingourlanguagefigurative.Whenweusewordsinotherthantheirordinaryorliteralsensetolendforcetoanidea,toheighteneffect,ortocreatesuggestiveimagery,wearesaidtobespeakingorwritingfiguratively.Nowwearegoingtotalkaboutsomecommonformsoffiguresofspeech.

1)Simile：(明喻）Itisafigureofspeechwhichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristic(特性)incommon.Tomakethecomparison,wordslike“as,as...as,asifandlike”areusedtotransferthequalityweassociatewithonetotheother.Forexample,Ascoldwaterstoathirstysoul,soisgoodnewsfromafarcountry.

2)Metaphor：(暗喻）Itislikeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.Forexample,theworldisastage.

FiguresofSpeech3)Personification:(擬人）Itgiveshumanformoffeelingstoanimals,orlifeandpersonalattributes(賦予)toinanimate(無(wú)生命的)objects,ortoideasandabstractions(抽象).Forexample,thewindwhistledthroughthetrees.4)Hyperbole:(夸張）Itisthedeliberateuseofoverstatementorexaggerationtoachieveemphasis.Forinstance,healmostdiedlaughing.5)Understatement:(含蓄陳述）Itistheoppositeofhyperbole,oroverstatement.Itachievesitseffectofemphasizingafactbydeliberately(故意地)understatingit,impressingthelistenerorthereadermorebywhatismerelyimpliedorleftunsaidthanbybarestatement.Forinstance,Istudiedhumannature,andIknewathingortwo.(略知一二)7)Euphemism:(委婉）Itisthesubstitutionofanagreeableorinoffensive(無(wú)冒犯)expressionforonethatmayoffendorsuggestsomethingunpleasant.Forinstance,“Passaway‘isaeuphemismfor`die‘.`Passwater’isaeuphemismfor`urinate‘(排尿).7)Metonymy(轉(zhuǎn)喻）Itisafigureofspeechthathastodowiththesubstitutionofthenameofonethingforthatofanother.Forinstance,thepen(words)ismightierthanthesword(forces).Thekettleisboiling.(waterinthekettle)8)Synecdoche(提喻）Itisinvolvesthesubstitutionofthepartforthewhole,orthewholeforthepart.Forinstance,Youngpeopleshouldhavemorerespectforgrayhairs.Hesawsomenewfacesintheclassroom.Thetree(leaves)turnyellowinautumn.9)Pun:(雙關(guān)語(yǔ)）Itisaplayonwords,orratheraplayontheformandmeaningofwords.Forinstance,acannon-balltookoffhislegs,sohelaiddownhisarms.(Here"arms"hastwomeanings:aperson'sbody;weaponscarriedbyasoldier.)“OIC”glassesmayhelpyou.(advertisement)10)Irony:(反語(yǔ)）Itisafigureofspeechthatachievesemphasisbysayingtheoppositeofwhatismeant,theintendedmeaningofthewordsbeingtheoppositeoftheirusualsense.Forinstance,wearelucky,whatyousaidmakesmefeelrealgood.11)Sarcasm:(諷刺）Itisastrongformofirony.Itattacksinatauntingandbittermanner,anditsaimistodisparage(貶低),ridiculeandwoundthefeelingsofthesubjectattacked.Forexample,lawsarelikecobwebs蜘蛛網(wǎng),whichmaycatchsmallflies,butletwasps黃蜂breakthrough.12)Oxymoron:(矛盾修飾）Itisacompressedparadox,formedbytheconjoining(結(jié)合)oftwocontrasting,contradictoryorincongruous(不協(xié)調(diào))termsasinbitter-sweetmemories,orderlychaos(混亂)andproudhumility(侮辱).13)Climax:(漸進(jìn)）ItisderivedfromtheGreekwordfor"ladder"andimpliestheprogressionofthoughtatauniformoralmostuniformrateofsignificanceorintensity,likethestepsofaladderascendingevenly.Forexample,Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.14)Onomatopoeia:(擬聲）Itisadevicethatuseswordswhichimitatethesoundsmadebyanobject(animateorinanimate),orwhichareassociatedwithorsuggestive(提示的)ofsomeactionormovement.Unit10AncientOlympicGamesNavigationGuideI.Relatedinformation1.1Schemataactivation1.2PreviewQsII.TextComprehension2.1TextAnalysis2.2Post-readingQsIII.DifficultyPoints3.1Keywords3.2KeyphrasesIV.ReadingSkills4.1Facts&OpinionsObjectiveToknowtheoriginofthemodernOlympicGames.TounderstandhowtheearlyGameslinkedtoGreekreligiouslife.TorealizethesignificanceoftheearlyGamestothemodernGames.Tolearnthereadingskill--facts&opinions.RelatedInformation1.1Schemataactivation

圖解激活I(lǐng)n2004,theOlympicFlamewascarriedfirstfromthevillageofOlympia,thentoJapan,China,India,SouthAfrica,AustraliaandthenbacktoAthens.Itisthefirsttimethattheflameispassedallthoughtheworldinrealsense.PreviewQuestions

WhenwastheancientOlympicGamesheld?Howlongdiditlast?----776B.C.Itlastedformorethan1000years.WhenwasthemodernOlympicGamesheld?----in1896.WhatdothefiveringsoftheOlympicFlagrepresent?----torepresenttheunionofthe5continents,Australia,Africa,America,AsiaandEuropeandfurthersignifythemeetingoftheworldsathletesattheOlympicGames.

II.TextComprehension

TextAnalysis

DivisionParagraphMainIdeaPartIP1IntroductionofOlympicGames

PartIIP2-p16AncientO.Gs

anditsDevelopmentPartIIIP17-p20TheRestartofModernOlympicGames

ComprehensionQuestionsWhatisthecommonfeatureforOlympicGames?(Para.1)WhydidCoubertinrestartthegames?(Para.2)WhywereOlympicGamesassociatedwithreligiouscelebrations?(Para.3)Whatcouldwinnersgetasaprize?(Para.5)HowwerewomenallowedtotakepartintotheOlympicGamesfinally?(Para.7)HowdidtheO.Gsinfluencethewarlikecity-states?(Para.8)WhichsportdidGreeksvaluehighly?(Para.9)WhatcontributionsdidAncientGreeksmaketothedevelopmentofAncientO.Gs?(Para.13)WhathappenedtothegreatcivilizationofAncientGreeceaftertheendofO.Gs?(Para.16)HowdidmodernO.Gsgetstarted?(Para.17-18)2.2Post-readingQuestionsWhatistheheritageofAncientO.Gs?WhatareDeCoubertin’s

contributionstothemodernO.Gs?HowdoesthespiritofO.Gs

influenceus?TheGameswereoriginallyreligiouscelebrationsthatwereheld3thousandyearsagoinOlympiatoshowrespecttothegodoftheGreeks.Greeksvaluedfameaswellasphysicalexcellence,andathleticcompetitionbecamesoimportantthattheperiodoftheGamesbecameapeacefulperiodwithoutwarorconflict.People,exceptwomenandslaves,wouldcometoseethegames;thevictorswouldbehonoredwithlaurelorwildolivewreath.SotheancientGamessuggestedfriendlycompetition,mentalandbodilyfitness,peace,etc.

WhatistheheritageofAncientO.Gs?TheGameswereoriginallyreligiouscelebrationsthatwereheld3thousandyearsagoinOlympiatoshowrespecttothegodoftheGreeks.Greeksvaluedfameaswellasphysicalexcellence,andathleticcompetitionbecamesoimportantthattheperiodoftheGamesbecameapeacefulperiodwithoutwarorconflict.People,exceptwomenandslaves,wouldcometoseethegames;thevictorswouldbehonoredwithlaurelorwildolivewreath.SotheancientGamessuggestedfriendlycompetition,mentalandbodilyfitness,peace,etc.

WhatareDeCoubertin’scontributionstothemodernO.Gs?

DeCoubertinadvancedhisideaofstartingtheOlympicGamesagainin1892,atameetingoftheAthleticSportsUnion.Thoughhisideawasnotwellacceptedthen,hecontinuedhiseffortuntilthemodernOlympicGameswasheldin1896.CoubertinremaineddirectoroftheIOCtill1925.Inhisofficetenure(任期),hedirectedthecoursethatthegamesweretotake.HedraftedtheOlympiccharter,andathlete'soath.Besides,healsoplannedtheceremonies.

KeyWords

Amateur----non-professionalWorship----honorPeak----heightSurvival----stayingaliveMagnificence----splendorForbidden----prohibitedtakeanoath----makeavowDecline----golowerarcheologists----thosestudyingtheburied

考古學(xué)家remainsofancienttimes10.furthered