英漢句式結(jié)構(gòu)對比與翻譯★英語重形合，漢語重意合★英語敘述呈靜態(tài)，漢語敘述呈動態(tài)★英語的“物稱表達法”和漢語的“人稱表達法”★英語呈“主語突顯”結(jié)構(gòu)，漢語呈“話題突顯”結(jié)構(gòu)一、英語重形合，漢語重意合在所有語言中，句子的內(nèi)部連接或外部連接采用方式：句法手段、詞匯手段和語義手段形合：就是指句子結(jié)構(gòu)主要靠語言本身的語法手段，借助形態(tài)（infectedforms）和形式詞（connectives）來表示詞(word)間，小句（clause）間和句子（sentence）間的語法關(guān)系。以形合為主的語言，句子的連接多使用從屬連接詞、關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞以及不定結(jié)構(gòu)、分詞結(jié)構(gòu)等。語言組織時，借助連接手段將一個分句置于另一個分句的從屬位置上，主句和從句之間以及其它各個句子成分之間的關(guān)系非常分明。如：

I

shall

despair

if

you

don’t

come.意合：指句子結(jié)構(gòu)不是借助形態(tài)和形式詞，而是靠詞語與句子本身意義上的連貫與邏輯順序而實現(xiàn)的連接。具有意合特點的語言行文時，常使用兩種方式：1、將片語、分句、句子放在一起，通常不使用連接詞，即使使用時，也只使用諸如and,

but，or這樣的連接詞，或者最小限度地使用，或者干脆不使用表示從屬關(guān)系的詞語連接句子。2、在兩個或兩個以上的意義完整的句子之間用逗號或分號隔開，把這些句子看成是一個句子。如：The

rain

fell;

the

river

flooded;

the

house

was

washedaway.I

came

,

I

saw,

Iconquered.英語是一個以形合為特點的語言。英語各成分的相互結(jié)合，常用各種形式手段（句法手段和詞匯手段）來連接詞、短語、分句或從句，以表示其結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系。形合是組詞造句的外在邏輯形式，注重顯性接應(yīng)（overtcohesion），句子結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊嚴密，以形顯義。英語的形合手段★形態(tài)變化★形式詞內(nèi)部形態(tài)附加形態(tài)外部形態(tài)前綴、后綴N+s/es,

v+ing/ed,

n’s

,adj+er/estbe,

have,

do

,shall,

will介詞、冠詞、代詞關(guān)系詞:關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞）、連接詞:并列連接詞和從屬連接詞）其它連接手段，如it

和there漢語重意合漢語重意合，句子各個成分之間或句子之間的結(jié)合多依靠語義的貫通，少用連接詞，所以句法結(jié)構(gòu)短小精悍。意合是遣詞造句的內(nèi)在認知事理。所以漢語更注重隱性連貫（covertcoherence），注重邏輯事理順序，注重功能，意義，以意統(tǒng)形。漢語的意合手段★語序★意義例1：(因為)他不老實,我不能信任他。

Because

he

is

not

honest,

I

can’t

trusthim.例2：說是說了,沒有結(jié)果。(=我雖然說了但沒有結(jié)果)I’ve

made

proposals,

but

they

proved

futile.形合和意合在英漢語中的體現(xiàn)What

is

equally

questionable

is

whether

a

college

degree

,as

such,

isproper

evidence

that

those

new

skills

that

are

truly

needed

will

be

delivered.It

seems

as

if

a

great

deal were

attainable

in

a

world

where

thereare

so

may

marriages

and

decisive

battles,

and

where

we

all,

atcertain

hours

of

the

day,

and

with

great

gusto

and

dispatch,

stowa

portion

of

victuals

finally

and

irretrievably

into

the

bag

whichcontains

us.車未停穩(wěn)，切勿上下。讓世界了解中國，讓中國走向世界。江蘇省位于中國東部美麗富饒的長江三角洲，面積10萬多平方公里，人口6700多萬，自然條件優(yōu)越，人文薈萃，經(jīng)濟繁榮，文化發(fā)達，出版事業(yè)源遠流長，久負盛名，是中國的出版大省。英語漢語形合意合轉(zhuǎn)換，省略，增譯和調(diào)整語序，結(jié)構(gòu)重組例1：All

was

cleared

up

some

time

later

when

news

camefrom

a

distant

place

that

an

earthquake

was

felt

the

very

daythe

little

copper

ball

fell.譯文：過了一些時候，從遠方傳來了消息：在小銅球墜落的當天，確實發(fā)生了地震。這一切終于得到了澄清。例2：If

winter

comes,

can

spring

be

far

behind?譯文：

冬天來了，春天還會遠嗎？例3：No，

no,

we

are

not

satisfied,

and

we

will

not

be

satisfieduntil

justice

rolls

down

like

waters

and

righteousness

like

amighty

stream.譯文：不，不，我們沒有滿足，我們也不會滿足，直到公平如大水滾滾，公義如江河滔滔。形合向意合的轉(zhuǎn)換被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)非限制性定語從句例4：Extracting

pure

water

from

salt

solution

can

be

done

in

anumber

of

ways.One

is

done

by

distillation,

which

involves

thesolution

until

the

water

evaporates,

and

then

condensing

thevapor.

Extracting

can

also

be

done

by

partially

freezing

the

saltsolution.

When

this

is

done,

the

water

freezes

first,

leaving

thesalts

in

the

remaining

unfrozen

solution.狀語從句譯文：從鹽水中提取純水有若干種方法。一種是蒸餾法，另一種是局部冷凍法。前者是將鹽水加熱，使水分蒸發(fā)，然后再蒸汽冷凝成水。后者是使鹽水部分冷凍，這時先行冷凍的是水，鹽則留在未曾冷凍的液體中。譯文大膽變通，先綜述，后分述，層次清楚，意思明了例5：The

gloomy

little

study,

with

windows

of

stained

glass

to

excludethe

view,

was

full

of

dark

green

velvet

and

heavily-carvedmahogany-

a

suit

of

which

old

Jolyon

was

wont

to say:

“Shouldn’t

wonder

if

it

made

a

big

price

some

day!”

（JohnGalsworthy：The

Forsyte

Saga）譯文：1

這是一間陰暗的小書房，2

書房窗子鑲的全是染色玻璃，3

擋住窗外的景色；4

房內(nèi)全是桃花心木的家具，上面滿是雕花，5

背墊和坐墊都是一色深綠的絲絨。老喬里恩時常提起這套家具：“哪一天不賣上大價錢才怪呢？”（高爾斯華綏:《福爾賽世家》，周熙良譯）意合向形合轉(zhuǎn)換例1：他不來，我不去。譯文：

Ifhewon’tcomehere,I’llnotgothere.例2：不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？譯文：If

you

have

never

tasted

the

bitterness

of

gall,how

can

you

know

the

sweetness

of

honey?例3：近聞夫人健康如常，頗感欣慰。譯文：It

is

supreme

comfort

to

me

when

I

am

informed

that

you

areas

healthy

as

ever.例4：那時舅舅抱著我，哄著我，我覺得很溫暖。（《侯寶林自傳》）譯文：Sitting

in

my

uncle’s

lap,

being

humored

all

the

way

,

I

wasfeeling

very

good.

(劉士聰譯）Chinese

Into

English

Practice1.亡羊補牢，尤未為晚。It

is

not

too

late

to

mend

the

fold

even

after

some

sheep

have

been

lost.風停了，雨住了，路上還很靜。我走著，一面想，幾乎不敢想到我自己。The

wind

and

rain

stopped

and

the

road

was

still quiet.

As

I

walkedalong

thinking

,

I

hardly

dared

to

think

about

myself.彼此之間，情趣相投，脾氣對味則合、則交。People

who

share

the

same

interest

and

taste,

who

have

thesame

value,

come

together

and

relate

to

one

another.他們講索取，我們講奉獻。They

preach

taking

from

others,

whereas

we

advocate

giving

to

others.他在大學里念了兩年書，就報名參軍了He

studies

in

the

college

for

two

years,

then

he

went

to

join

thearmy.弄得不好，就會前功盡棄。If

things

are

not

handled,

our

labor

will

be

totally

lost.這姑娘長得漂亮，有一張鵝蛋形臉，兩眼又深又黑，批著又長又密的頭發(fā)。She

is

a

pretty

girl

with

an

oval

face,

deep

dark

eyes

and

long

heavyclinging

tresses.上課點名，如同一種古老習俗，在中國的大學里非常普遍，許多老師乃至學生都認為這種做法無可厚非。Required

class

attendance,

like

an

old

custom,

is

so

common

inChinese

universities

that

many

teachers

and

even

students

themselvesassume

it

is

a

good

thing.他們的想法各有千秋，讀者可以自己判斷孰是孰非。Each

writer

presents

his

or

her

opinions,

and

it

is

up

to

thereaders

to

decide

who

is

right

or

wrong.給他個枕頭，他便睡下；扶他起來，他便坐著，倒了茶來，他便吃茶。When

they

brought

him

a

pillow

he

lay

down;

when

they

pulled

himby

the

hand

he

sat

up

again;

when

they

handed

him

a

cup

of

tea

hedrank

it.2.英語敘述呈靜態(tài)，漢語敘述呈動態(tài)英語：多用名詞，名詞的使用頻率大大高于動詞，敘述呈靜態(tài)（stative）。借助豐富的詞綴手段，英語可將各類動詞輕松地轉(zhuǎn)化或派生為相應(yīng)的名詞，再輔以其它手段，因此，靜態(tài)傾向明顯。名詞化優(yōu)勢名詞化短語廣泛使用介詞優(yōu)勢態(tài)意義的形容詞和副詞動動詞的弱化和虛化靜態(tài)1、抽象名詞可用來表達與動作、行為、變化、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、情感等相關(guān)的種種意義，在靜態(tài)表現(xiàn)中最為常見。例1：Hesought

the

distraction

ofdistance.譯文：他想遠走高飛，免得心煩。例2：Marriage

is

a

high-risk

proposition.A

man

or

a

woman

may

appear

to

begood

mate

material,

but

the

only

proof

of

pudding

is

in

the

eating.

Andonceyou

take

taken

abite,

it’s

too

late

to

change

yourmind.譯文1：婚姻這種事具有很到的風險性，男人或女人看上去也許十分般配，然而布丁香不香，要靠嘴來常，而一旦你咬上一口，想要改變主意就來不及了。譯文2：婚姻是一件高度危險的事情，一個男人或女人看上去也許十分般配，但是布丁的唯一證明就在于吃的過程，而一旦你咬上一口，要想改變主意就來不及了。2、施事名詞的翻譯。施事名詞是英語中獨特的語言現(xiàn)象，漢語中無類似表達。轉(zhuǎn)換時容易導致不同程度的翻譯腔。例1：He

is

a

stranger

to

the

operation

of

the

helicopter.譯文1：他在直升機操作方面是個生手或門外漢。譯文2：他對駕駛直升機一無所知。例2：Two

months

ago,

he

got

a

job

as

an

editor

for

the

magazineDesigns

and

Fashions譯文1：兩個月前他得到一份擔任《設(shè)計與時尚》雜志編輯的工作。譯文2：兩個月前他找到一份工作，負責編輯《設(shè)計與時尚》雜志。3.

形容詞、介詞與副詞的翻譯。英語中不少作表語的形容詞，具有動態(tài)意義，，表示知覺、情感、欲望和想法等心理狀態(tài)，如afraid、anxious、careful、glad、delighted、cautious、grateful、envious、embarrassed、confident、certain、angry、ashamed、jealous、aware、sorry、ignorant等，這類形容詞漢譯時，可酌情將其轉(zhuǎn)換位與意義相關(guān)的動詞。例1：This

program

was

not

popular

with

all

of

the

participants.譯文1；并非所有參與者對這個計劃都是喜歡的。譯文1；并非所有參與者都喜歡這個計劃。例2：But

for

your

timely

warning,we

would

have

beenunaware

of

the

danger.譯文1：要不是你及時提醒，我們當時對于危險是不會意識到的。譯文2：要不是你及時提醒，我們當時是不會意識到危險的。介詞大都具有豐富的意義，能與名詞靈活搭配表示潛在的動態(tài)意義，因此，不少狀態(tài)性介詞短語都有必要轉(zhuǎn)化為動作意義。例：

Because

of

bad

government,

the

company

was

in

thered.譯文：由于管理不善，公司出現(xiàn)虧損。由上述介詞專類而來的部分副詞或小品詞也可用來表動態(tài)意義，如：apart,behind，in,off,

out

,over等，在作表語或賓補時，常譯為動詞。例：I

saw

you

out

with

a

boy

yesterday.譯文：昨天我見你和一個男孩一塊出門了。1.To

him

,the

presence

or

absence

of

his

wife

was

a

matter

ofindifference.譯文：他妻子來也好，不來也好，他都無所謂。His

skill

at

games

made

him

the

admiration

of

his

friends.譯文：他善于運動，朋友們羨慕不已。。He

has

been

the

ruler

of

that

region

for

as

long

as

twenty

years.譯文：他統(tǒng)治這一地區(qū)長達20年之久。The

armoured

division

is

now

under

orders

for

the

front.譯文：裝甲師奉命開赴前線。她越來越恨他了。譯文：Her

hatred

for

him

grew

more.購買這種通信裝置，將能大大提高工作效率。Purchase

of

such munication

equipment

will

substantially

improvethe

working

efficiency.漢語句子傾向于多用動詞，因而敘述呈動態(tài)(dynamic)。動詞連用動詞或動詞詞組可以充當漢語句子的各種成分動詞常常重疊或重復對偶復意或?qū)α⒉⒙?lián)的動詞詞組動態(tài)漢語詞類不涉及形態(tài)變化。如動詞不受人稱、數(shù)、時態(tài)、語態(tài)等限制。無形式上限制，漢語傾向使用動詞英語漢語靜態(tài) 動態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換、變通例1：In

the

cities,

there

were

strict

curfews,empty

hotels,abandonedstreets

and

office

buildings,looters,trigger-happy

patrols,and

all

the

rest.各城市都嚴格實行宵禁，飯店旅社都已人去樓空，大街小巷行人絕跡，辦公大樓門可羅雀，歹徒趁火打劫，巡邏隊動輒開槍殺人，完全是一片兵荒馬亂的景象。例2：Studies

serve

for

delight,for

ornament,and

for

ability.讀書可以怡情養(yǎng)性，可以摭拾文采，可以增長才干。例3：火箭已經(jīng)用來探索宇宙。Rockets

have

found

application

for

the

exploration

of

the

universe.例4：他帶學生到工廠去參觀。Hetook

his

students

to

the

factory

for

avisit.英語動態(tài)3.英語“物稱表達法”和漢語“人稱表達法”英語：句子常用物稱表達法，讓事物以客觀的口氣呈現(xiàn)出來，使敘述顯得客觀公正，語氣委婉間接。這類非人稱句的主語多是無靈的（inanimatedsubject),表示抽象概念、心理感覺、事物名稱或時間地點，其謂語又常常是有靈動詞（animatedverb),表示人或社會團體的動作和行為，如：see,find,give,escape,surround,kill,deprive,seize,know…等等。英語中“無靈主語+有靈動詞”搭配的句式比漢語多，使用場合也比漢語廣。因此，英漢互譯常需要在物稱主語和人稱主語之間相互轉(zhuǎn)換。必須指出：英語重物稱，不過是一種相對的說法，。事實上，就數(shù)量和使用頻率而言，人稱主語句在英語中仍占絕對優(yōu)勢。人稱表達也是英語主要的表述手段，只是比漢語多了物稱或非人稱表達這種獨特的常規(guī)語言現(xiàn)象。不少情況下，英語可以再人稱和物稱之間選擇，但漢語則只能選擇人稱主語結(jié)構(gòu)。（1）使用抽象名詞或無生命的事物名稱做主語，同時使用表示人的動作或行為的動詞作謂語，此句式常常帶有擬人化的修辭色彩。如：Excitement

deprived

me

of

all

power

of

utterance.我興奮得什么話也說不出來。The

thick

carpet

killed

the

sound

ofmy

footsteps.我走在厚厚的地毯上，一點聲音也沒有。(2)使用“it”、“there

be”和不定代詞”one”做主語。

It

never

occurred

to

me

that

she

was

sodishonest.我從來也沒有想到她這么不老實。Therebroke

out

awarbetweenEngland

andFrancein

1066.1066年，英國和法國爆發(fā)了一場戰(zhàn)爭。One

must

make

painstaking

effort

before

one

couldsucceedin

mastering

aforeign

language.要掌握一門外語，非下苦功不可。（3）英語常用被動態(tài)，表示物稱表達法。英語物稱表達法分三大類：漢人的思維重“事在人為”，人的動作和行為必然是由人做的，事或物不可能自己去完成這些動作和行為，因而表達時常常說

出施動者，采用人稱表達法；如無人稱，則采用泛稱，如“有

人”、“人們”、“大家”、“人家”等；當主語不言自喻時，漢語又常常采用無主語句，即在句中常常隱含人稱或省略人稱。例1：又要馬兒跑的快，又要馬兒不吃草，簡直可笑！You

want

the

horse

to

run

fast

and

yet

you

don’t

let

it

graze.

Isn’t

itridiculous!例2：沒有調(diào)查，就沒有發(fā)言權(quán)。He

who

makes

no

investigation

has

no

right

to

speak.漢語：常用主動式，采用人稱、泛稱或隱稱表達法。例3；宗教不得干預政治和教育。譯文1:Religion

must

not

interfere

with

politics

and

education.譯文2:No

one

should

interfere

with

politics

and

education

in

thename

ofreligion.譯文3:Religion

should

never

to

used

to

interfere

with

politics

andeducation.譯文4:Noone

is

allowed

tointerfere

with

politics

and

educationin

thenameofreligion.譯文5:It

is

impermissible

for

one

interfere

with

politics

andeducation

in

the

name

of

religion.例4；我們的事業(yè)贏得了一個又一個的勝利。譯文1:Our

cause

haswon

victory

one

after

another.譯文2:We

has

won

victory

one

after

another

for

our

cause.譯文1:Victory

has

been

achieved

one

after

another

in

our

cause.受英語的影響，某些物稱表達在漢語中已經(jīng)被接受，主要見于新聞文體。如one

reliable

source

said…漢語中可譯為：據(jù)可靠消息……，可靠消息表明……，(據(jù)）可靠消息說……，（據(jù)）可靠消息稱……此外，某些以地點、時間作主語的物稱表達也成為漢語常規(guī)表述形式。New

York

has

witnessed

many

historic

events.譯文1：紐約發(fā)生過許多偉大的歷史事件。譯文2：紐約目睹了許多偉大的歷史事件。上述兩類是漢語中極個別現(xiàn)象，通常狀態(tài)下，英語中的物稱主語結(jié)構(gòu)大都需要譯為漢語人稱主語結(jié)構(gòu)。例1；The

fresh

sunlit

January

morning

filled

the

young

teacherwith

happy

thought.譯文1：一月早晨清新的陽光使年輕教師的心中充滿了愉快的思緒。譯文2：一月的早晨，天氣清新晴朗，年輕教師心中充滿了愉快的思緒。例2：One

step

brought

us

into

the

family

sitting-room,without

anyintroductory

lobby

and

passage.譯文1：不經(jīng)任何穿堂和過道，一步便把我們帶進了這家人的客廳。譯文2：未經(jīng)任何穿堂、過道，我們一步便邁進了這家人的客廳。例3：Nauseating

fear,like

some

dirty

chemical,

spurted

againthrough

the

veins

of

both

women.譯文1：令人作嘔的恐懼仿佛骯臟的藥物一樣在兩個婦人周身的血管里再一次迸發(fā)而出。譯文2：兩個婦人血管里再次迸發(fā)出令人作嘔的恐懼，仿佛吞下了骯臟的藥劑。英語漢語轉(zhuǎn)換、添加主語，結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整物稱表達 人稱表達例1：His

passion

carried

him

astray.他因感情沖動而誤入歧途。例2：Anidea

suddenlystruck

me.

我突然想到了一個注意。例3

：Neither

sorrow

nor

regret

followed

my

passionate

outburst.我發(fā)一陣怒之后，并不難過，也不后悔。例4：我一時記不起他的名字。His

name

escapes

me

for

the

moment.例5：他們違反國際法，侵犯基本人權(quán)，受到世界人民廣泛的譴責。

Their

violation

of

internationallaws

and

abuse

of

basic

human

rightsearned

them

the

broad

condemnation

of

the

people

in

the

world.例6：生了兒子，吃啥有啥；生了女兒，有啥吃啥。If

a

woman

gives

birth

to

a

boy,

she

eats

what

she

wants；if

to

a

girl,

she

just

eats

what

there

is.4.英語呈“主語突顯”結(jié)構(gòu)，漢語呈“話題突顯”結(jié)構(gòu)主語突顯結(jié)構(gòu)：指主語和謂語這兩個語法成分是句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)，句子中通常要有主語—謂語的。英語句子有嚴謹?shù)闹髦^結(jié)構(gòu)。主語不可缺少，謂語動詞是句子的中心，兩者強調(diào)協(xié)調(diào)

一致。因此，英語句子主次分明，層次清楚，嚴密規(guī)范。英語句子的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)可歸納為五

種基本句型。英語主語一般由名詞性成分：名詞、代詞、非謂語動詞、名詞性從句等構(gòu)成。英語的基本句型及其變體1．基本句型2．變體2.1

變式2.2

擴展2.3

組合2.4

省略2.5

倒裝Five

Types

of

Basic

Sentence

Patterns1.

S+VThetelephoneringsThebaby

cried.2. S+V+PShe

is

astudent.The

desk

feelssmooth.3.

S+V+OThenewssurprised

me.We

study

English.4.

S+V+Oi+OdJohngave

Mary

a

mobile

phone.I

sent

him

a

letter.5.

S+V+O+CShepainted

thedoor

green.Wecall

a

computer

anelectronic

brain.英語句子變體Variation

ofBasic

English

Sentences（變體）

Interrogative

sentence

changed

from

the

narrative

sentence.

Forexample:

Negative

sentence

from

positive

sentence.

For

example:

Passive

sentence

from

active

sentence.

For

example:

“There+be”

Structure. For

example:Extension

of

Basic

English

Sentences（擴展）：Adding

modifiedwords

or phrases

or

clauses

as

attributive

or

adverbial.Theother

key

to

controlling

stress

is

to

realize

that

there

areothertroublesome

parts

of

your

life

over

which

you

can

have

little

or

no

control.Combination

of

Basic

English

Sentences（組合）It

is

acommon

way

to

put

all

kinds

of

basic

English

sentences

together

interms

of

connectives

and

punctuation.Omission

ofBasic

English

Sentences

（省略）Generally

speaking,

some

elements

or

words

or

phrases

of

basic

Englishsentences

could

be

omitted.No

Admittance

Except

on

Business.

Inversion

of

basic

English

sentence.

（倒裝）The

windowopened

and

in

came

agentlebreeze.On

the

top

of

the

hill

stands

an

oldtemple.漢語呈“話題突顯”結(jié)構(gòu)話題突顯指句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是信息單位話題和評說的語言。漢語常常將話題，即說話人想要說明的對象，放在句子的開頭處，如果語言環(huán)境或上下文能暗示話題，話題也可省略，而將說明部分置于話題之后，對其

進行說明或解釋。新聞只看國際新聞。水果我最喜歡蘋果。五元錢的硬糖，我買了十斤；十元錢的軟糖，買了五斤?；橐龅氖挛易约鹤鲋?。電腦呢，我還是外行。漢語的句子可以有許多板塊組成，每一個板塊,不一定是名詞或名詞短語，都有可能成為話題。決定話題的是其在說話人心目中的重要性。哪一個板塊在說話人心中最重要是隨具體情景變化的，因此漢語句子的組織跟語用的關(guān)系密切。這把刀我用來切肉。With

the

knife

I

slice

meat.我用這把刀切肉。I

use

this

knife

to

slice

meat.切肉我用這把刀。To

slice

meat

I

use

this

knife.這把刀我切肉用。This

knife

is

use

to

slice

meat

by

me.我這把刀切肉用。I

slice

meat

with

the

knife.這把刀我用它切肉。As

for

this

knife,

I

slice

meat

with

it.刀我切肉用這把。As

for

this

knife,I

slice

meat

with

this

one.肉我用這把刀切。Meat

is

sliced

with

this

knife

by

me.漢語主語的特點：主語并非必要成分。句子可以沒有主語，可能是省略、隱含或說不出。在說不出時，也不會像英語那樣使用形式主語。如：只要勤奮就能取得好成績。（隱含）把書拿來。（省略）有你受的。（說不出）漢語缺乏形態(tài)變化，主謂語的構(gòu)架靠意合，沒有形態(tài)形式上的一致關(guān)系，特別是謂語中沒有動詞時，主謂結(jié)構(gòu)主要靠語義和語序標示。由于沒有主謂一致關(guān)系，就不能形成以定式動詞為核心的主謂主軸。因此，漢語句子主語的伸縮性較大，可能沒有主語，也可能有多個看似平列、實質(zhì)不在一個層次的主語（或稱大主語和小主語）。如：這座橋我們造了三年。一百米他跑第一。我們這座橋造了三年。他一百米跑第一4）漢語的主語不像英語只有名詞性的詞和短語充當，除了名詞外，動詞、形容詞、數(shù)量詞以及它們構(gòu)成的短語都可以充當。干凈得一塵不染是她的習慣。（形容詞短語）唱歌要有天賦。（動詞）天天慢跑，很有必要（狀動短語）要孩子們在課堂上保持安靜最難最難。（兼語短語）他考上四川理工學院不假。（句子）漢譯英中主語的翻譯漢語中的實詞以及由它們構(gòu)成的短語都可充當主語，放在句首就成為主語。主語呈現(xiàn)多樣化。歸納起來有以下四大塊：第一，施實主語：他在洗衣服。He

is

washing

clothes.那個老人打死了老虎。（謂語為及物動詞）

Theold

man

killed

thetiger.第二，受事主語：老虎被那個老人給打死了。Thetiger

was

killedby

the

oldman.文章譯完了。（主動句表被動）The

article

has

been

translated.第三，類別屬主語：主謂之間的關(guān)系是說明類別、性質(zhì)、領(lǐng)屬和全偏的關(guān)系。這類話題主語可以譯為英語定語，將小主語譯為英語主語。家里最辛苦的是媽媽。（句中有動詞“是”）Themost

laborious

in

ourfamily

isMama.我們班一半是自貢人。Halfof

our

class

is

from

Zigong.我們這些孩子，書包一天比一天重。The

school

bags

of

our

children e

heavier

and

heavier

day

by

day.如果作謂語的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)中的小謂語是形容詞性的，話題主語仍譯為英語主語，主謂結(jié)構(gòu)譯為形容詞、形容詞短語或名詞短語。這些新型汽車速度快，效率高，行動靈活。These

cars

of

new

types

are

fast,

efficient

and

handy.(形容詞)新疆生產(chǎn)的地毯圖案新穎，色調(diào)雅致，人見人愛。The

carpets

made

in

Xinjiang

are

famous

for

their

novel

design,elegantcolors

and

are

loved

by

all

the

people

whosee

them

.話題主語：主謂結(jié)構(gòu)與謂語的關(guān)系為表示與事、受事、工具、材料、時間、地點、方式等關(guān)系，翻譯時譯為英語的狀語或賓語。與事主語：與事主語占句首，但不與句中某個具體成分發(fā)生關(guān)系，只在總體意義上與句子有關(guān)，具有某種參與意義。與事主語前大多有話題提示語如“關(guān)于”、“至于”、“說到”、“講到”等，翻譯時，可加about

,as

for,

asfar

as…concerned。如：這套衣服媽媽有個故事。About

the

suit

of

clothes

Mother

has

astory.打老虎我有經(jīng)驗。I

am

much

experienced

in

killing

the

tiger.這本小說我讀過一半。Asfor

this

novel,

I

have

read

half

of

it.教高年級的翻譯課，他還不是很有經(jīng)驗。Asfar

as

teaching

translation

tothe

senior

students

is

concerned,

he

is

not

experienced

yet.婚姻的事，年輕人都自己做主了。As

for

the

marriage,

the

youngpeoplewould

make

their

own

decision.有些與事話題主語可以處理為句子：寶地，這就是寶地，這幾年越來越多的人搬到這里來干什么？What

is

the

lucky

place?

Here

it

is,

you

see,

whymore

and

more

people

move

tolive

here

these

years?洋派作風，你只要看看他，說洋話，信洋教，吃洋飯。What

is

the

foreign

style?

Just

look

at

him.

He

speaks

foreign

language,

followsforeign

religion

and

eats

foreign

meal.受事主語：話題主語是小謂語的受事，句子處理方法有三類直接按英語的語序，將漢語的大主語譯為英語的主位化前置的賓語。說話的天賦，只有人類才有。The

gift

of

speech

man

only

has.對外貿(mào)易，我們一定要采取有力措施進一步搞活。The

foreign

trade,

we

should

adopt

effective

measure

to

further

enliven.將話題主語移到后面作賓語，選小主語作為英語主語。老虎獵人打死了。The

hunter

has

killedthetiger.交通規(guī)則人人要遵守。Everyone

should

observe

the

rules

of

the

road.別人家里雞零狗碎的事情你都知道，真是個順風耳呀！You

know

all

the

bits

and

pieces

of

trifles

of

other

families.

You

are

reallywell

informed.將漢語話題主語置于句首作英語的主語，即譯為英語的被動句。我軍的素質(zhì)、軍政都要提高。Both

the

military

and

political

quality

of

our

army

must

be

raised.這筆錢，在收據(jù)沒有簽字前你們絕對不能付。The

money

absolutely

must

not

be

paid

before

the

receipt

has

been

signed.責任制度，我們在條件成熟時就實行，條件不成熟時就不實行。The

system

of

job

reasonability

can

be

adopted

where

the

conditions

are

ripeand

not

otherwise.時間主語：根據(jù)具體語境靈活處理，可譯為時間狀語、定語。僅僅1個小時就洗好了衣服。Only

for

an

hour

were

all

family

members’

clothes

washed.從前海邊的一個村子里住著個老漁民。Once

there

livedan

oldfisherman

ina

villageby

the

sea.北宋時，蘇東坡在詠湖的詩篇中，首次把西湖比作古代美女西施。Su

Dongpo,

a

poet

of

the

Northern

Song

Dynasty,

in

his

poemcomparedthe

West

Lake

to

an

ancient

Chinese

Beauty

named

Xishi.地點主語：可處理為地點狀語或主語洗衣盆里堆著一大堆臟衣服。There

were

heaped

dirty

clothes

in

the

washing

tub.全市到處都在興建新工廠。New

factories

are

being

built

all

over

the

city.門口站著兩個衛(wèi)兵，嚴峻冷漠。Two

guards

,cold

and

aloof,

stand

beside

in

front

of

the

gate.天上掛著一輪明月。A

bright

round

moon

hangs

in

the

sky.自貢近五年發(fā)生了巨大變化。Zigong

city

has

experienced

great

changes

these

years.方式主語：一般處理為方式狀語一步一步，慢慢地，他們終于登上了山頂。Gradually

,step

bystep,

they

climbed

to

the

top

of

mountain

atlast.這么快媽媽就洗好了衣服。Mama

finished

washing

at

admirable

speed.工具主語：一般處理介詞賓語。這把刀我切肉。With

the

knife

I

slice

meat.三條長繩，他們把個小伙子捆得像只粽子。With

the

three

long

ropesthey

trussed

the

young

man

up

like

afowl.一塊洗衣板養(yǎng)活一家人。The

wholefamily

was

kept

alive

witha

washing

board.這把槍他打死五只老虎了。He

killed

five

tigers

with

this

gun.材料主語：一般處理為介詞賓語這些磚頭，他們可以蓋一座房。With

these

bricks

they

can

builda

house.零位主語的翻譯無主語的句子的翻譯應(yīng)根據(jù)具體語境，仔細分析句子意義，確定英語句子的主語，以保證英語句子的完整性。1）表示自然現(xiàn)象和人類自身感受的句子,常常增補it。看樣子要變天了。Itseems

the

weatherischanging.刮風了，下雨了。It’s

blowing,

it’s

raining.出太陽了。The

sun

isrising.熱得他們?nèi)砻昂?。It’s

so

hot

that

they

aresweating

like

a

pig.Theheat

makes

them

sweat

like

apig.2)

人身體上或心理上的感受在“把”字句和“得”字句中用無主句。it

或其他詞餓得他話都說不出來了。把他餓得說不出話來了。It

makes

him

so

hungry

that

hecan’tspeak.He

is

too

hungry

tospeak.嚇得小女孩哭起來。把小女孩嚇得哭起來了。It

scared

the

little

girl

totears. Or:

The

little

girl

was

scared

to

tears.搞得我心亂如麻。把我搞得心亂如麻。It

made

me

completely

upset.

/I

wasmade

completely

upset.3)類似于祈使句的泛指人稱句。好像是說話人對讀者或聽著發(fā)出的一種勸告、警告、命令、行為指示，或是對一種社會現(xiàn)象的描述和評論。這類無主句英譯時，需補充出具有泛指意義的人稱代詞或名詞只有慎之又慎，才能避免犯不必要的錯誤。Being

very

careful,

you(we)

can

avoid

making

unnecessary

mistakes.不能做官當老爺，脫離群眾，脫離下面的干部。You(we)

should

not

act

like

overlords,

nor

divorce

yourselves(ourselves)

from

the

masses

and

lower-ranking

cadres.過河拆橋，忘恩負義絕沒有好下場。Those

whokick

the

ladder

will

certainly

come

to

no

good

end.熱烈歡迎亞太地區(qū)的客商來上海浦東投資、建立和發(fā)展貿(mào)易關(guān)系。Customers

from

Asian

and

Pacific

regions

are e

to

PudongofShanghai

to

invest,

establish

and

develop

business

contacts.打得贏就打，打不贏就走。Fight

whenyou

can

win,

move

away

whenyoucannot.成語、警句、格言等是人類在生產(chǎn)和社會生活中積累的經(jīng)驗總結(jié)，繁殖性很強，大多不用主語。這些成語除了可用意義相同或相似的英語成語來翻譯，有時也只能意譯，需補上主語?；畹嚼?，學到老。It’s

never

too

old

to

learn.三思而后行。Look

before

you

leap.不到黃河心不死。Don’t

stop

until

you

reach

the

Yellow

River.入鄉(xiāng)隨俗。Do

as

the

local

people.Do

as

the

Roman

do.不經(jīng)一事，不長一智。You

can’t

gain

knowledge

without

practice.Wisdom

comes

from

experience.不入虎穴，焉得虎子。If

one

does

not

enter

the

tiger’s

den,

how

can

he

get

a

tiger’scub.大量的無主句是省略主語。在上下文提到情況下，主語不言自明，不必說出。翻譯時，不出主語即可。我從來沒有忍過？越忍越不得安然！Haven’t

I

been

patient

and

tolerant?

Yet,

the

more

tolerant

I

was,the

more

I

had英語漢語主謂結(jié)構(gòu)話題結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換、調(diào)整例1：He

was

canny,openhanded,brisk,candid,

and

modest.他為人聰明，生氣勃勃，忠厚耿直，謙虛謹慎。例2：I

am

78years

old;I

havebeen

confined

to

my

room

with

aparalyticstroke

for

the

past

14months.我78歲了，由于患了癱瘓性的中風，14個月來一直出不了門。例3：這些新型汽車速度快，效率高，行動靈活。These

cars

of

new

types

are

fast,

efficient

and

handy.例4：你昨天買的水果，一半的味道都不好。Half

of

the

apples

you

bought

yesterday

do

not

taste

well.例5：總共十個人，五個病了干不了活。Five

of

ten

persons

in

all

are

not

able

to

work

because

of

illness.英譯漢主語的選擇英譯漢主語選擇主要涉及兩種情況：一、英語中偶爾也會出現(xiàn)話題凸顯的句子。此類句子可直接轉(zhuǎn)換，但也不排除其他可能的選擇方式。The

mother

I

could

not

avoid;

but

the

son

I

can

get

away

from.譯文1:母親我不能避開，但兒子我卻可以避開。譯文2：我不能避開母親，但卻可以避開兒子。The

two

ships

becalmed

on

a

torpid

sea,

I

believed

to

be

marinephantoms.譯文1:兩艘輪船停泊在水波不興的海面上，我相信定是海中的幽靈。二、原文如為常規(guī)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，漢譯時，可根據(jù)漢語行文習慣選擇話題突出結(jié)構(gòu)，也可嘗試其他表達形式。例1：He

is

inexperienced in

driving.譯文1：

開車他沒經(jīng)驗。譯文2:

他開車沒經(jīng)驗。例2：And

am

I

not

indebted

to

you

for

the

bread

I

eat?譯文1：我眼下有口飯吃，還不都是虧了你嗎？譯文2：還不是多虧了你，我眼下才有口飯吃？例3：I’ll

make

my

own

decision

in

marriage.譯文1：婚姻的事我自己做主。譯文2：我的婚姻我做主。漢譯英過程中主語轉(zhuǎn)換和選擇

1）由主語的詞性而引起的主語轉(zhuǎn)換和選擇采訪這位演員,是在他公成名就得獎以后。The

interview

withtheactor

wasconducted

after

he

hadachieved

agreatsuccess

and

got

aprize. (動詞短語轉(zhuǎn)名詞短語)使用細菌武器意味著違反國際法。The

use

of

bacteriological

weapons

means

the

violation

of

internationallaw.能吃能睡不見得健康。Good

eaters

an