ASurveyoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica

3.EconomySchoolofWesternStudiesHeilongjiangUniversityEconomyIndustrialRevolutionFreeEnterpriseAmericanAgricultureTransportationForeignTradeIndustrialRevolutionThereweretwoerasofindustrialrevolutioninthe19thcentury.Thefirstbeganin1840’swhensteampowercameintouse.TheSecondIndustrialRevolutionbeganintheearly1870’s,whenelectricitycameintouse.TheTwoIndustrialRevolutionsReasonsforIndustrialRevolution

SomeearlydecisionsbyAmericansocialandpoliticalleadersplantedtheseedsofindustrialgrowth.Atariffhighenoughtodiscourageimportsandgivedomesticindustriestimetogrow.OtherHamiltonianmeasuresgavegreatencouragementtobusinessingeneral.TheIndustrialRevolutioninEnglandbroughtmanychangestoAmericanindustrybetween1776and1860.DevelopmentofIndustrialRevolutionOnekeydevelopmentwastheintroductionofthefactorysystem,whichgatheredmanyworkerstogetherinoneworkplaceandproducedgoodsfordistributionoverawidearea.Aseconddevelopmentwasthe“Americansystem”ofmassproductionwhichoriginatedinthefirearmsindustryabout1800.thenewsystemrequiredprecisionengineeringtocreatepartsthatwereinterchangeable.DevelopmentofIndustrialRevolutionAthirddevelopmentwastheapplicationofnewtechnologiestoindustrialtasks.Afourthdevelopmentwastheemergencyofnewformsofbusinessorganization,notablythebankandthecorporation,whichfacilitatedthegrowthofindustry.Finally,theconstructionofrailroadsbeginninginthe1830s,markedthestartofanewerafortheUnitedStates.NationalEconomyUSisthelargestdevelopedcountryandtheonlysuperpowerintheworld.Itleadstheworldinsuchfieldsas:Informationtechnology,computers,space,nuclearenergy,electronicsandmilitaryproducts.Itisthelargestautomobilemakeroftheworld.USdollarisusedasaninternationalcurrency.WesterneconomistsregardtheUSasthedynamicandengineoftheworldeconomy.InternationalMonetary,theWorldBank,Gatt(GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade)WhentheUnitedStatescoughs,therestoftheworldcatchescold.NationalEconomyTheUSforeignpolicy:Sitonthefence(WorldI,II)OpenDoorEconomicsystem:

FreeEnterprise/marketeconomyMostAmericansthinkthattheriseoftheirnationasaleadingproducerofmanufacturedgoods,foodandservicescouldnothaveoccurredwithouttheeconomicfreedomofcapitalism—whichmanyprefertocallfreeenterprise.AmericanEconomy

“TheWealthofNations”AdamSmith

DevelopmentofFreeEnterpriseThestoryofAmericaneconomicgrowthisastoryofpeopleinventingnewdevicesandprocesses,startingnewbusinessandlaunchingnewventures.Foreachoftheseendeavors,moneyisneeded.Thatmoneyisknownascapital.Individualsstartedenterpriseswithmoneyborrowedfromothers.Theysharetheprofitgainedwiththoseinvestors.Whentheywantedtoexpandtheirbusinesses,theyagainborrowmoney.

AmericanEconomy

TypesofBusinesses

Americaneconomyismostlycomposedofprivatebusinesses.PrivatebusinessesinAmericacanbedivideintothreetypes.ProprietorshipPartnershipscorporationsTypesofBusinessesCorporationsareveryimportantorganizationintheUSsociety.Theyarethepillaranddynamicforce.McDonald’sLeviStrauss&Co.AppleComputerInc.Wal-MartsMicrosoftCorporation,BoeingRolesofGovernmentBefore1890,Tenetsoflaissez-faire

Nowitplaysanimportantroleindevelopingnationaleconomy.FederalTradeCommissionTheRootsofAffluenceThevastdimensionsandamplenaturalresourcesoftheUnitedStatesprovedfromthefirsttobeamajoradvantagefornationaleconomicdevelopment.Apopulationofmorethan250millionpeopleprovidesbothworkersandconsumersforAmericanbusiness.RapidgrowthhelpedtopromotearemarkablemobilityintheAmericanpopulation—amobilitythatcontributesausefulflexibilitytobusinesslife.TheRootsofAffluenceTheAmericanpeoplehavepossessedtoanunusualdegreetheentrepreneurialspiritthatfindsitsoutletinsuchbusinessactivitiesasmanufacturing,transporting,buyingandselling.Somehavetracedthisentrepreneurialdrivetoreligioussources.AvarietyofinstitutionalfactorshavefavoredthesuccessofAmericanbusinessandindustry.Oneresultwasarapidaccumulationofcapital,whichcouldthenbeusedtoproducefurthergrowth.MiningTheUSAisrichinmineraldeposits.Itleadstheworldintheproductionofphosphate磷酸鹽

(34%oftheworld’stotal)Itrankssecondingold,silver,copper,lead,naturalgas,andcoal,Itranksthethirdinpetroleumproductionintheworld,afterRussiaandSaudiArabia.miningThenation’sthreechiefmineralproducts:NaturalgasThecoastofGulfofMexico(Texas,Oklahoma,Louisiana)PetroleumThecoastofGulfofMexico(Texas,Oklahoma,Louisiana),AlaskaCoalWyoming,WestVirginia,KentuckyMetalresources(westernstate)

IronoreLakeSuperiorregionmanufacturingTheUSAranksfirstintheworld.Pillarindustries:Steel-making,construction,automobile,militaryindustries.ManufacturingAmerican’sFivetopmanufacturingstates:AroundtheGreatLakes:NewYork,Ohio,Illinois,Pennsylvania,MichiganTextileindustries:InthesouthPrincipalProductsTheUSAisthelargesteconomyintheworldanditproducesalargevarietyofgoods.Themajorcategoriesare:Chemicals,industrialmachinery,electronicequipment,processedfoods,transportationequipment,militaryproductsandcomputerengineering.PrincipalProductsHigh-techresearchSiliconValleyCalifornia,Boston,NorthCarolina,Texas,SeattleServiceIndustryThelargestsectoroftheUSintermsofoutputandemploymentistheserviceortertiaryindustry.Italmostrangesfromhospitalstoresortsandautomobilerepairshops.BankingandfinancialbusinessChaseManhattanCorporation,Citibank,BankofAmerica,NationsBank,TheAmericanStockExchange,InsuranceindustryTourismtransportationTransportation—AutomobileTheautomobileisthemostpopularmeansoftransportationintheUS.Oneinsevenofallworkersmakescarsorservesthem.Fourhouseholdsoutoffiveownatleastonecar,andmorethanaquarterowntwo.Americansareknownas“anationonthemove,anationonwheels”.AutomobileBroughtManyChangesTheremarkablegrowthofthesuburbs.Thecreationofoutdoormovietheatersandmotelswithparkingspaces.Transportation—AirplaneThelargestairtransportsystemintheworld.Thefastestmeansoftravel.Severalcompaniescompetingwithoneanotherinqualityofservice.Therearemorethan12,700civilairports,dozensofscheduledairlinesandcontrolcenters.MajorAmericanAirlinesTransportation—RailwaysTheUSAhasalargerailroadnetworkownedbyprivatecorporations.

Amtrak(theNationalRailroadPassengerCorporation)isafederallycreatedandsubsidizedorganization.InterstateHighwaySystemItenablesmotoriststodriveacrosstheUnitedStatewithoutencounteringanintersectionortrafficsignal.AmtrakServiceIndustryWatertransportationEntertainmentbusiness

Hollywood,TheBroadwayofNewYorkCityCommunicationsSystemAnIntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCultureMassMediaNewspapersUSAToday

TheNewYorkTimes

TheWashingtonPost

TheWallStreetJournalLosAngelesTimesTheNewYorkDailyNewsTheChicagoTribuneAnIntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCultureMassMediaTelevisionABC(AmericanBroadcastingCompany)

NBC(NationalBroadcastingCompany)CBS(ColumbiaBroadcastingSystem)FOX(FoxBroadcastingCorporation)WB(WarnerBrothersTelevision)AmericanAgricultureTheUSisblessedwithfertilesoil,andagoodclimateforitsagriculture.Aboutone-fifthofthelandareaisfarmed.Itistheworld’srichestagriculturalnation.Americanagricultureishighlymechanizedandoperatedonalargescale.BenefitsBothAmericanandforeignconsumersbenefitfromtheAmericanfarmers,low-costoutput.ThestandardoflivingofAmericanfarmersisgenerallyhigh.ThereadinessofmanyfarmerstoadoptnewtechnologyhasbeenoneofthestrengthsofAmericanagriculture.TheCornBeltItisthelargestproducerofcornintheworld.AregionoftheMidwesternUnitedStateswherecornhastraditionallybeenthepredominantcrop.Geographicdefinitionsof