TOEFL-iBT

強(qiáng)化閱讀詞匯題明東教育劉東明TOEFL-iBT

強(qiáng)化閱讀明東教育1VocabularyQuestions(OG43)每篇文章后3~5個(gè)題Theword/phraseXinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto___InstatingX,theauthormeansthat___ThephraseXinthepassagerefersto___VocabularyQuestions(OG43)每篇文2詞匯題認(rèn)識(shí)直接解題沾邊就算abandoned-left注意：一詞多義詞性轉(zhuǎn)化詞匯題認(rèn)識(shí)3熟詞僻意注意：1.詞性發(fā)生變化2.一詞多義（從根義出發(fā)）‘fine’Singaporeisa‘fine’country.熟詞僻意注意：4舉例：OG115Itisthoughtthatthesegrooveshelptochannelwaterthroughthemouthandoutthegillslits,therebyreducingwaterresistance.○reduce○remove○direct○provide舉例：OG115Itisthoughtthatthe5單詞詞性轉(zhuǎn)化的規(guī)律規(guī)律：?jiǎn)卧~的拼寫(xiě)不變而詞性發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變時(shí)

單詞語(yǔ)義通常變化

但仍與原來(lái)詞性有某種聯(lián)系單詞詞性轉(zhuǎn)化的規(guī)律規(guī)律：6單詞不認(rèn)識(shí)的做題方法：上下文同義上下文反義其它邏輯關(guān)系詞根詞綴單詞不認(rèn)識(shí)的做題方法：上下文同義71.上下文同義托福強(qiáng)化ppt課件1——詞匯8例1：TPO3-3-1Plantcommunitiesassemblethemselvesflexibly,andtheirparticularstructuredependsonthespecifichistoryofthearea.○natural○final○specific○complex例1：TPO3-3-1Plantcommunitiesa9例2：TPO1-2-1Themostwidelyacceptedtheory,championedbyanthropologistsinthelatenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturies,envisionstheaterasemergingoutofmythandritual.○changed○debated○created○supported例2：TPO1-2-1Themostwidelyacc10例3：官方?？碱}-6TheexplosionisalsocalculatedtohaveproducedvastquantitiesofnitricacidandmeltedrockthatsprayedoutovermuchofEarth,startingwidespreadfiresthatmusthaveconsumedmostterrestrialforestsandgrassland.○changed○exposed○destroyed○covered例3：官方?？碱}-6Theexplosionisals11技巧：解釋說(shuō)明破折號(hào)，冒號(hào)，括號(hào)同位語(yǔ)，從句舉例，類(lèi)比技巧：解釋說(shuō)明破折號(hào)，冒號(hào)，括號(hào)12例1：TPO7-2-10TheRomangeniuswasprojectedintonewspheres–especiallyintothoseoflaw,militaryorganization,administration,andengineering.○abilities○areas○combinations○models例1：TPO7-2-10TheRomangeniusw13例2：TPO4-2-5Thesubjectsofthepaintingsaremostlyanimals.Thepaintingsrestonbarewalls,withnobackdropsorenvironmentaltrappings.○conditions○problems○influences○decorations例2：TPO4-2-5Thesubjectsofthe14例3：TPO10-2-5Whattheproxyrecordsmakeabundantlyclearisthattherehavebeensignificantnaturalchangesintheclimateovertimescaleslongerthanafewthousandyears.Equallystriking,however,istherelativestabilityoftheclimateinthepast10,000years(theHoloceneperiod).○noticeable○confusing○true○unlikely例3：TPO10-2-5Whattheproxyrec15平行排比平行16同義關(guān)系Theconsistencyoftheclaywascrucial;itwaspoundedmeticulouslyandmixedwithwatertomakeitentirelyevenintexture.Bycarefulkneading,thepotterremovedtheairbubblesandmadetheclayasplasticaspossible.(A)heavily(B)initially(C)carefully(D)completely同義關(guān)系Theconsistencyofthecla17例1：TPO6-2-5In1815hepublishedthefirstmoderngeologicalmap‘AMapoftheStrataofEnglandandWaleswithaPartofScotland’,mapsometiculouslyresearchedthatitcanstillbeusedtoday．○carefully○quickly○frequently○obviously例1：TPO6-2-5In1815hepublishe18例2：OG44Intheanimalworldthetaskofmovingaboutisfulfilledinmanyways.Forsomeanimalslocomotionisaccomplishedbychangesinbodyshape.○evolution○movement○survival○escape例2：OG44Intheanimalworldthe19Absenteeismandlatenesshurtproductivityand,sinceworkwasspecialized,disruptedtheregularfactoryroutine.○prolonged○established○followed○upset例3：OG103.3Absenteeismandlatenesshurt20例4：TPO3-1-2Buildingscontributetohumanlifewhentheyprovideshelter,enrichspace,complementtheirsite,suittheclimate,andareeconomicallyfeasible.○inexistence○withoutquestion○achievable○mostlikely例4：TPO3-1-2Buildingscontribut21例5：TPO4-1-10Thecausesofthispopulationreboundareconsequencesofotherhumanactions.○decline○recovery○exchange○movement例5：TPO4-1-10Thecausesofthis22WildlifezoologistHulmutBuechner(1953),inreviewingthenatureofbioticchangesinWashingtonthroughrecordedtime,saysthat‘sincetheearly1940s,thestatehashadmoredeerthanatanyothertimeinitshistory,thewinterpopulationfluctuatingaroundapproximately320,000deer(muleandblack-taileddeer),whichwillyieldabout65,000ofeithersexandanyageannuallyforanindefiniteperiod.’WildlifezoologistHulmutBue232.上下文反義2.上下文反義24反義關(guān)系A(chǔ)nasazihouseswereoriginallybuiltinpitsandwereenteredfromtheroof.But

aroundtheyear700A.D.,theAnasazibegantobuildtheirhomesabovegroundandjointhemtogetherintoramblingmultistoriedcomplexes,whichtheSpanishcalledpueblosorvillages.(A)stages(B)scars(C)seeds(D)holes反義關(guān)系A(chǔ)nasazihouseswereorigin25例1：OG243Joyandsadnessareexperiencedbypeopleinallculturesaroundtheworld,buthowcanwetellwhenotherpeoplearehappyordespondent?○curious○unhappy○thoughtful○uncertain例1：OG243Joyandsadnessareex26例2：TPO4-2Wemightexpectthatearlyartisticeffortswouldbecrude,butthecavepaintingsofSpainandsouthernFranceshowamarkeddegreeofskill.considerablesurprisinglimitedadequate例2：TPO4-2Wemightexpectthat27例3：OG347Theyareallherbivores(plant-eatinganimals),andtheyallappeartobelivingonthesamedietofgrasses,herbs,andsmallbushes.Thisappearance,however,isillusory.○definite○illuminating○misleading○exceptional例3：OG347Theyareallherbivore28例4：TPO6-3-2Howmightthisinabilitytorecallearlyexperiencesbeexplained?Thesheerpassageoftimedoesnotaccountforit;adultshaveexcellentrecognitionofpicturesofpeoplewhoattendedhighschoolwiththem35yearsearlier.Anotherseeminglyplausibleexplanation–thatinfantsdonotformenduringmemoriesatthispointindevelopment–alsoisincorrect.○flexible○believable○debatable○predictable例4：TPO6-3-229例5：TPO8-3-1Theseflowfeaturesareextensivesystems—sometimeshundredsofkilometersintotallength—ofinterconnecting,twistingchannelsthatseemtomergeintolarger,widerchannels.○expand○separate○straightenout○combine例5：TPO8-3-1Theseflowfeature303.其它邏輯關(guān)系3.其它邏輯關(guān)系31技巧：

動(dòng)賓搭配答案代入技巧：動(dòng)賓搭配答案代入32例1：在線測(cè)試3-2Largewindfarmscanbebuiltinsixmonthstoayearandtheneasilyexpandedasneeded.Withamoderatetofairlyhighnetenergyyield,thesesystemsemitnoheat-trappingcarbondioxideorotherairpollutantsandneednowaterforcooling;manufacturingthemproduceslittlewaterpollution.○use○require○release○destroy例1：在線測(cè)試3-2Largewindfarmscan33例2：OG92-4Childrennormallydesiretoventaggressiveimpulsesonotherpeople,includingtheirparents,becauseeventhemostattentiveparentscannotgratifyalloftheirdemandsimmediately.○identify○modify○satisfy○simplify例2：OG92-4Childrennormallydes34技巧：?jiǎn)卧~的感情色彩TPO4-3-11Offshoreplatformsmayalsoloseoil,creatingoilslicksthatdriftashoreandfoulthebeaches,harmingtheenvironment.Sometimes,thegroundatanoilfieldmaysubsideasoilisremoved.○reach○flood○pollute○alter技巧：?jiǎn)卧~的感情色彩TPO4-3-11354.詞根詞綴4.詞根詞綴36技巧.詞根詞綴例1：TPO1-1Atfirstthoughtitseemsincrediblethattherecanbeenoughspaceinthe“solid”groundunderfoottoholdallthiswater.○confusing○comforting○unbelievable○interesting技巧.詞根詞綴例1：TPO1-137incrediblein-+<cred>+-iblein-:否定前綴<cred>:相信，信用creditcard-ible,-able:能夠……的，可以……的不可思議的，不可信的unbelievableincrediblein-+<cred>+-ible38TPO1-1-7Inlowlandcountryalmostanyspotonthegroundmayoverliewhatwasoncethebedofariverthathassincebecomeburiedbysoil;○cover○change○separate○surroundTPO1-1-7Inlowlandcountryalm39Believe 有個(gè) lieFriend 免不了 endLover 最后都會(huì) overForget 都要 getWife 心里也夾雜著 ifBelieve 有個(gè) lie40例2：TPO6-2-1 In1769inalittletowninOxfordshire,England,achildwiththeveryordinarynameofWilliamSmithwasbornintothepoorfamilyofavillageblacksmith.Hereceivedrudimentaryvillageschoolingbutmostlyheroamedhisuncle'sfarmcollectingthefossilsthatweresoabundantintherocksoftheCotswoldhills．例2：TPO6-2-1 In1769inalitt41TPO6-2Theword“rudimentary”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtothoroughstrictbasicoccasionalTPO6-2Theword“rudimentary42rudimentary<rudi>=rudementary:adj.rudimentary粗淺的，基本的rudimentary<rudi>=rude43TPO3-2Thisunprecedenteddevelopmentofafinitegroundwaterresourcewithanalmostnegligible

naturalrechargerate—thatis,virtuallynonaturalwatersourcetoreplenishthewatersupply—hascausedwatertablesintheregiontofalldrastically.TPO3-2Thisunprecedenteddevel44TPO3-2Theword“unprecedented”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtodifficulttocontrolwithoutanyrestrictionunlikeanythinginthepastrapidlyexpandingTPO3-2Theword“unprecedented”45unprecedentedun-pre-<cede>:goprecedent先例，范例unprecedented沒(méi)有先例的，前所未有的unprecedentedun-46TPO1-2Whenthisoccurs,thefirststephasbeentakentowardtheaterasan

autonomousactivity,andthereafterentertainmentandaestheticvaluesmaygraduallyreplacetheformermysticalandsociallyefficaciousconcerns.提示：autobiography;autographTPO1-2Whenthisoccurs,thefi47TPO1-24Theword“autonomous”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoartisticimportantindependentestablishedTPO1-24Theword“autonomous”48autonomousauto-:self<nomos>:name,lawautonomous自治的，自主的autonomousauto-:self49考查短語(yǔ)核心：考查單詞考查短語(yǔ)50OG44“Somepoisonoussnakebitesneedtobetreatedimmediatelyorthevictimwillsufferparalysis…”

Instatingthatthevictimwillsufferparalysisthe

authormeansthatthevictimwill

A.

losetheabilitytomove

B.

becomeunconscious

C.

undergoshock

D.

feelgreatpain

OG44“Somepoisonoussnakebit51小結(jié)詞匯題解法1認(rèn)識(shí)——注意詞性變化+熟詞僻義2不認(rèn)識(shí)——同義+反義+邏輯關(guān)系+詞根詞綴小結(jié)詞匯題解法52托福強(qiáng)化ppt課件1——詞匯53托福強(qiáng)化ppt課件1——詞匯54方向性前綴總結(jié)：（不講了）下上前后里外方向性前綴總結(jié)：（不講了）下55方向---下1De—down;downwardDescend:向下爬Degrade:tocausepeopletofeelthattheyorotherpeopleareworthlessanddonothavetherespectorgoodopinionofothersPornographydegradeswomen.Decapitate:head方向---下1De—down;downward562De–awayDeform:formTransformer:(across,beyond)Decriminalize2De–away57OG71.7Sincetheraisingofmostcropsnecessitatesthepriorremovalofthenaturalvegetation,cropfailuresleaveextensivetractsoflanddevoidofaplantcoverandsusceptibletowindandwatererosion.○consistingof○hiddenby○exceptfor○lackinginOG71.7Sincetheraisingofmos58Sub,suc,suf,sug,sum,sup,sur,sus在下面Subway(美),submarine,subconscious,subtitlesustain（uninterrupted）

Evenafifteen-minuteburstoflightinotherwisesustaineddarknesscanresetananimal'scircadianrhythm.Sub,suc,suf,sug,sum,sup,s59方向---上Over

在上面，在外部，向上Overlook,俯瞰；overcome克服，方向---上Over在上面，在外部，向上60例題

Inlowlandcountryalmostanyspotonthegroundmayoverliewhatwasoncethebedofariverthathassincebecomeburiedbysoil;例題Inlowlandcountryalmosta61前表示方向的前綴Pro=before;for;forth;forwardProgress;前表示方向的前綴621OG43.11(63)propulsion---向前1OG43.11(63)propulsion---向前632OG50.5(71)---progressive–向前走2OG50.5(71)---progressive–向前64Theword“profound”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto○fascinating○far-reaching○necessary○temporaryTheword“profound”inthepas65

ThistechnologicalshiftcauseprofoundchangesinthecomplexityofAfricansocieties.Ironrepresentedpower.InWestAfricatheblacksmithwhomadetoolsandfunctions.Ironhoes,whichmadethelandmoreproductive,andironweapons,whichmadethewarriormorepowerful,hadsymbolicmeaninginanumberofWestAfricasocieties.Thistechnologicalshiftcaus66Pro—forwardFound—bottom深入的Ifyoudescribeactions,events,orchangesasfar-reaching,youmeanthattheyhaveaverygreatinfluenceandaffectagreatnumberofthings.Pro—forward67Pre在前面prediction預(yù)測(cè)Prematurepreface(speak)序言pregnant(bear)Preside(sit):

tobeinchargeofaformalmeetingorceremonyPre在前面68后Post

向后，在后邊Postpone(put)

推遲，post-graduate研究生后Post向后，在后邊69

Re-1again,reactivate;2backrecede(back+go)Re-1again,reactivate;70例句：Theextremeseriousnessofdesertificationresultsfromthevastareasoflandandthetremendousnumbersofpeopleaffected,aswellasfromthegreatdifficultyofreversingorevenslowingtheprocess.例句：Theextremeseriousnessof71Retro—backwardretrogress,retrospectRetro—backwardretrogress,re72內(nèi)外In,il,im,ir向內(nèi)，在內(nèi)Inland,invade(go),inside,import內(nèi)外In,il,im,ir向內(nèi)，在內(nèi)730G104.6(236)inclination(bend)（toward）朝著什么彎曲---傾向---tendencyAnotherexample0G104.6(236)74托福強(qiáng)化ppt課件1——詞匯75Theword“penchant”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto○Compromise○Inclination○Tradition○RespectTheword“penchant”inthepas76原文Butneitherthehumanimitativeinstinctnorapenchantforfantasybyitselfleadstoanautonomoustheater.Therefore,additionalexplanationsareneeded.Onenecessaryconditionseemstobeasomewhatdetachedviewofhumanproblems.原文Butneitherthehumanimitat77內(nèi)Intro,intra向內(nèi)，在內(nèi)Introduce,（lead）introspection,自省內(nèi)Intro,intra向內(nèi)，在內(nèi)78外Out在外面,Outside,outgoingExtroverted;introverted(turn)外Out在外面,79ThewordexcavatinginthepassageisclosestinthemeaningtoDiggingoutExtendingDestroyingCoveringupThewordexcavatinginthepas80

Thisimpactreleasedanenormousamountofenergy,excavatingacraterabouttwiceas

largeasthelunarcraterTycho.Theexplosionliftedabout100trilliontonsofdustintotheatmosphere,ascanbedeterminedbymeasuringthethicknessofthesedimentlayerformedwhenthisdustsettledtothesurface.

81

否定前綴

A,an–apathy,anonymousAnti–against,oppositeantifreeze,antiterroristDis---disown,disconnect

否定前綴

A,an–apathy,anonymou82In(im—bmp,il-l,ir-r)---inactive,immature,illegal,illegible,irrelevantirresponsible,OG71.3(92)inevitable---evitare(avoid)In(im—bmp,il-l,ir-r)---ina83托福強(qiáng)化ppt課件1——詞匯84托福強(qiáng)化ppt課件1——詞匯85TPOTheword“inevitable”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto○Unfortunate○Predictable○Unavoidable○FinalTPOTheword“inevitable”inth86ThereactionoffarmerstotheinevitabledepletionoftheOgallalavaries.Manyhavebeenattemptingtoconservewaterbyirrigatinglessfrequentlyorbyswitchingtocropsthatrequirelesswater.Other,however,haveadoptedthephilosophythatitisbesttousethewaterwhileitisstilleconomicallyprofitabletodosoandtoconcentrateonhigh-valuecropssuchascotton.Thereactionoffarmerstothe87Mis–misnomer,misuse,Non–nonessential,noneventUn---unavailable,uncover,untie,unwiseMis–misnomer,misuse,88OG112(244)concur—一起流動(dòng)Consent(feel)Com,con,co,col,一起Combat(beat);corrupt(break)

Cohere(stick):

Ifanargument,setofideasoraplaniscoherent,itisclearandcarefullyconsidered,andeachpartofitconnectsorfollowsinanaturalorsensiblewayOG112(244)concur—89托福強(qiáng)化ppt課件1——詞匯90托福強(qiáng)化ppt課件1——詞匯91例二2Paragraph3：Attheuppertimberlinethetreesbegintobecometwistedanddeformed.Thisisparticularlytruefortreesinthemiddleandupperlatitudes,whichtendtoattaingreaterheightsonridges,whereasinthetropicsthetreesreachtheirgreaterheightsinthevalleys.例二2Paragraph3：Attheupperti92Thewordattaininthepassageisclosestinmeaningto○require○resist○achieve○endure

Thewordattaininthepassage93例三Withamoderatetofairlyhighnetenergyyield,thesesystemsemitnoheat-trappingcarbondioxideorotherairpollutantsandneednowaterforcooling例三Withamoderatetofairlyhi94Theword"emit"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto○Use○Require○Release○DestroyTheword"emit"inthepassage95

例題：Smog

1Theoxidationofexhaustgasesisoneoftheprimarysourcesoftheworld'spollution.Thebrownhazethatispoisedoversomeoftheworld'slargestcitiesisproperlycalledphotochemicalsmog;itresultsfromchemicalreactionsthattakeplaceintheair,usingtheenergyofsunlight.

例題：Smog

1Theoxidation961.Thewordpoisedinparagraph1isclosestinmeaningto(A)interacting(B)sitting(C)blowing(D)poisoning1.Thewordpoisedinparagrap972.Thephrasetakeplaceinparagraph1isclosestinmeaningto(A)positionthemselves(B)put(C)areseated(D)occur2.Thephrasetakeplaceinpa98Theproductionofsmogbeginswhengasesarecreatedinthecylindersofvehicleengines.Itistherethatoxygenandnitrogengascombineasthefuelburnstoformnitricoxide(NO),acolorlessgas.Thenitricoxideisforcedoutintotheairthroughthevehicletailpipealongwithothergases.Theproductionofsmogbegins993.Thewordforcedinparagraph1couldbestbereplacedby(A)obliged(B)required(C)pushed(D)commandedOblige:compelorrequire(sb)bylaw,agreementormoralpressuretodosth3.Thewordforcedinparagrap1002Whenthegasreachestheair,itcomesintocontactwithavailableoxygenfromtheatmosphereandcombineswiththeoxygentoproducenitrogendioxide(NO--2),whichisagaswithabrownishhue.2Whenthegasreachesthe1014.Thewordhueinparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto(A)color(B)odor(C)thickness(D)smoke4.Thewordhueinparagraph2102Thisnitrogendioxideplaysaroleintheformationofacidraininwetterormorehumidclimatesandtendstodecomposebackintonitricoxideasitreleasesanoxygenatomfromeachmolecule;thereleasedoxygenatomsquicklycombinewithoxygen(O2)moleculestoformozone(O3).Thebrownishcolorednitrogendioxideispartiallyresponsibleforthebrowncolorinsmoggyair;theozoneisthetoxicsubstancethatcausesirritationtoeyesThisnitrogendioxideplaysa1035.Thephraseplaysaroleininparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto(A)makesfunof(B)servesafunctionin(C)actsthepartof(D)movesaboutin5.Thephraseplaysarolein104

Parasiticplants

ParasiticplantsareplantsthatsurvivebyusingfoodproducedbyhostplantsratherthanbyproducingtheirownfoodfromtheSun'senergy.Becausetheydonotneedsunlighttosurvive,parasiticplantsaregenerallyfoundinumbrageousareasratherthaninareasexposedtodirectsunlight.

Parasiticplants

Parasitic105Thewordumbrageousinparagraph1isclosestinmeaningto(A)moist(B)welllit(C)shaded (D)buriedThewordumbrageousinparagra106Parasiticplantsattachthemselvestohostplants,oftentothestemsorroots,bymeansofhaustoria,whichtheparasiteusestomakeitswayintothefoodchannelsofthehostplantandabsorbthenutrientsthatitneedstosurvivefromth