ThepsychologyNumeracy:animalsAnimalmindsLeaf-CuttingAntsandRightWhalesAWonder TidalPower!inBritainBiologyofBitternessWeholdanopinionon CanWeHoldBackthe GiantsFallin DoesAnIQTestProve Canada BeingLeft-handedinaRight-handed Seed California’sageof Grey Silent CarlillvCarbolicSmokeBall 324 Activatingthe IETS 1主編 管永川主 學專家，計算機及語言測試學，澳洲IDP教育機構(gòu)（雅思三大考試主辦方之一）地區(qū)指定合作方。曾在、加拿大地區(qū)從事雅思、托福、SAT等留學考試的中流合作，長期和雅思、托福領(lǐng)域頂級學校及著名教師進行合作交流、、雅思等雅思機構(gòu)和培訓機構(gòu)、為數(shù)百萬雅思考生排憂解難，指引雅思考試的方向。自2003年開始，每年連續(xù)推出《無憂雅思機經(jīng)》《無憂托福機經(jīng)》各種版本，銷量及量累計超過500萬冊次以上。畢業(yè)于外國語大學，隨后赴澳洲取得MBA，語言學源流，深入鉆研各種考試，參與雅思、托福等考試的測試?；貒笤诒娂覈鴥?nèi)頂級學校任教，從事雅思、托福、SAT等考試的研發(fā)和教學工作。從事教育工作長達十年之久，2011年創(chuàng)造雅思閱讀、11種考點串聯(lián)，開拓閱讀領(lǐng)域教學新篇章。2012年任職外國語大學雅思學院，開辦8小時雅思全日制A+A保分課程，學員保分成功率達到98%，締造業(yè)績又一個。2013年聯(lián)合業(yè)界頂級雅思研發(fā)團隊（無憂雅思網(wǎng)）一同推A類閱讀：三個部分分別為三篇長文章，每篇長度在900－1000個單詞左G類閱讀：第一部分通常有兩篇較短的文章，閱讀的是提供某種產(chǎn)品或服務AG40A類和G類閱讀考試時間均為60分鐘，緊接在雅思考試之后。閱讀考雅思考試按題型形式分為10種題型，但針考生的慣特點，培訓機構(gòu)一般在雅思教學培訓中按解題思路的不同分為下面10種題型分別進行9(AG類10—415—413—18—16—520—520—23—23—625—626—28—28—730—731—33—33—835—836—38—39—99A類文章內(nèi)容主要由選自世界各大重要（相關(guān)如 ）的文章改寫而成。內(nèi)容涉及G類文章內(nèi)容與日常生活關(guān)。文章來自于布告、、文件、小冊子、報紙、說明書、時間表、，以及學校的各種規(guī)章制度等。 ?（Glossary雅思A類閱讀最大特點是閱讀量大。三篇文章，最常見的文章長度為900在10分鐘內(nèi)快速的瀏覽完一篇文章，把握文章結(jié)構(gòu)大意，留出的時間做題readingwithpurpose的能力，山的課后閱讀材料是大有裨益的。而且，我們“有幸”信息時代，每個人都不缺乏信息，相反都是informationoverloaded。那么雅思閱讀其實培養(yǎng)了我們所以，A類閱讀考試的考核重點是：閱讀文章時能正確理解文章，把握文章雅思G類考到的題目涉及考生在英語國家必備的生存技能，即是否具備獲取、理解并處理基本信息的能力。就考核技能而言，雅思G類閱讀主要涉及抓六級水平的考生，其單詞量（5500左右）和語法程度達到雅思閱讀的基本要求，再通過對雅思閱讀特點和方法的掌握，可望在短期內(nèi)達到6分以上的水雅思的語法掌握側(cè)重對句子的理解，應學會從句子的主干成分主謂結(jié)構(gòu)入手，對并列句、比較句、指代句、復合句和雙重否定句有充分的把握，注意人稱、語態(tài)在句子中的變化，并結(jié)合句子上下文，正確地掌握其要表達的意思。要逐漸培養(yǎng)將一個長句子讀成一個相對短的句子，即長句短讀的能力。讀完一個長句后自己能總結(jié)歸納，提煉其陳述的要點。種雅思閱讀材料有的是過去讀過OE E和T的各類文，有的是因為工作需要每上網(wǎng)快閱讀英參考文獻?以，積累擴大自己的英語閱讀量邁向高的必由。G類考試閱讀前兩部分常是實性強的功能性短，如菜、產(chǎn)品明、通、住宿排等，常貼近方的實際生活，但對國內(nèi)絕大多數(shù)考生而言很陌生。建議爭取每天閱讀一定量的原版英文報書籍，如e、ae’sDest，尤注意其中各類。而A類閱讀則意多閱篇幅較的科普章或?qū)W性議，建每天堅半小時以上瀏覽 、 ai 、 m等。它們的文風、常用詞匯和句子結(jié)構(gòu)都和雅思A雅思考試的閱讀部分，無論是A類還是G類都是同時測試考生的閱讀速度過，至少閱讀到3－5個單詞把握長文章結(jié)構(gòu)（Understandingframeworkofapassage）快速瀏覽長文章（Skimming）掃描特定信息（Scanning）理解復雜句子結(jié)構(gòu)（Understandingcomplexstructures）通過上下文猜測詞義（Understandingmeaningfromcontext）形成概念（Formingamentalimage）雅思閱讀題庫分 歐洲和漁語言的發(fā)展和古代一些人類文明及產(chǎn)品與模畫與講鄉(xiāng)村小型交

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空通堵塞water航航的蘇梅克-型的蘇梅克-型收

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市家婦女文化水平健業(yè)余自然月日 科 月日 月日 月19 雅思雅思4月24月9科4 水 6116 月日 史月23和的8月68 月日移 月17塔101510221029111211 亞洲去歐月日10況1217FindingOur“Drive200yards,andthenturnright,”saysthecar’scomputervoice.Yourelaxinthedriver’sseat,followthedirectionsandreachyourdestinationwithouterror.It’scertainlynicetohavetheGlobalPositioningSystem(GPS)todirectyoutowithinafewyardsofyourgoal.Yetifthesaliteservice’sdigitalmaps eevenslightlyoutdated,youcan elost.Thenyouhavetorelyontheancienthumanskillofnavigatinginthree-dimensionalspace.Luckily,yourbiologicalfinderhasanimportantadvantageoverGPS:itdoesnotgoawryifonlyonepartoftheguidancesystemgoeswrong,becauseitworksinvariousways.Youcanaskquestionsofpeopleonthesidewalk.Orfollowastreetthatlooksfamiliar.Orrelyonanavigationalrubric:“IfIkeeptheEastRiveronmyleft,Iwilleventuallycross34thStreet.”Thehumanpositioningsystemis?exibleandcapableoflearning.AnyonewhoknowsthewayfrompointAtopointB~andfromAtoC—canprobablyfigureouthowtogetfromBtoC,too.Buthowdoesthiscomplexcognitivesystemreallywork?Researchersarelookingatseveralstrategiespeopleusetoorientthemselvesinspace:guidance,pathintegrationandroutefollowing.Wemayuseallthreeorcombinationsthereof.Andasexpertslearnmoreaboutthesenavigationalskills,theyaremakingthecasethatourabilitiesmayunderlieourpowersofmemoryandlogicalthinking.GrandCentral,PleaseImaginethatyouhavearrivedinaceyouhavenevervisited—NewYorkCity.YougetoffthetrainatGrandCentralTerminalinmidtownManhattan.Youhaveafewtoexplorebeforeyoumustreturnforyourridehome.Youheaduptowntoseepopularspotsyouhavebeentoldabout:RockefellerCenter,CentralPark,theMetropolitanMuseumofArt.Youmeanderinandoutofshopsalongtheway.Suddenly,itistimetogetbacktothestation.Buthow?Ifyouaskpassersbyforhelp,mostlikelyyouwillreceiveinformationinmanydifferentforms.A whoorientsherselfbyaprominentlandmarkwouldgesturesouthward:“Lookdownthere.Seethetall,broadMetLifeBuilding?Headforthat—thestationisrightbelowit.”Neurologistscallthisapproach“guidance,”meaningthatalandmarkvisiblefromadistanceservesasthemarkerforone’sdestination.Anothercitydwellermightsay:“Whatcesdoyourememberpassing?...Okay.GotowardtheendofCentralPark,thenwalkdowntoSt.Patrick’sCathedral.Afewmoreblocks,andGrandCentralwillbeofftoyourleft.”Inthiscase,youarepointedtowardthemostrecentceyourecall,andyouaimforit.Oncethereyouheadforthenextnotableceandsoon,retracingyourpath.Yourbrainisaddingtogethertheindividuallegsofyourtrekintoacumulativeprogressreport.Researcherscallthisstrategy“pathintegration.”Manyanimalsrelyprimarilyonpathintegrationtogetaround,includinginsects,spiders,crabsandrodents.ThedesertantsofthegenusCataglyphis(沙蟻）employthismethodtoreturnfromforagingasfaras100yardsaway.Theynotethegeneraldirectiontheycamefromandretracetheirsteps,thepolarizationofsunlighttoorientthemselvesevenunderovercastskies.Ontheirwaybacktheyarefaithfultothisinnerhomingvector.Evenwhenascientistpicksupanantandputsitinatotallydifferentspot,theinsectstubbornlyproceedsintheoriginallydetermineddirectionuntilithasgone“back”allofthedistanceitwanderedfromitsnest.Onlythendoestheantrealizeithasnotsucceeded,anditbeginstowalkinsuccessivelylargerloopstofinditswayhome.Whetheritistryingtogetbacktotheanthillorthetrainstation,anyanimalusingpathintegrationmustkeeptrackofitsownmovementssoitknows,whilereturning,whichsegmentsithasalreadycompleted.Asyoumove,yourbraingathersdatafromyourenvironment—sights,sounds,smells,lighting,musclecontractions,asenseoftimepassing—todeterminewhichwaybodyhasgone.Thechurchspire,thesizzlingsausagesonthatvendor’sgrill,theopencourtyard,andthetrainstation-allrepresentsnapshotsofmemorablejuncturesduringyourjourney.Inadditiontoguidanceandpathintegration,weuseathirdmethodforfindingourway.AnofficeworkeryouapproachforhelponaManhattanstreetcornermightsay:“WalkstraightdownFifth,turnlefton47th,turnrightonPark,gothroughthewalkwayundertheHeleyBuilding,thencrossthestreettotheMetLifeBuildingintoGrandCentral.”Thisstrategy,calledrouteuseslandmarkssuchasbuildingsandstreetnames,plusdirections-straight,turn,gothrough—forreachingintermediatepoints.Routefollowingismoreprecisethanguidanceorpathintegration,butifyouforgetthedetailstakeawrongturn,theonlywaytorecoveristobacktrackuntilyoureachafamiliarspot,becauseyoudonotknowthegeneraldirectionorhaveareferencelandmarkforyourgoal.Theroute-followingnavigationstrategytrulychallengesthebrain.Wehavetokeepallthelandmarksandintermediatedirectionsinourhead.Itisthemostdetailedandthereforemostreliablemethod,butitcanbeundonebyroutinememorylapses.Withpathintegration,ourcognitivememoryislessburdened;ithastodealwithonlyafewgeneralinstructionsandthehomingvector.Pathintegrationworksbecauseitreliesmostfundamentallyonourknowledgeofourbody’sgeneraldirectionofmovement,andwealwayshaveaccesstotheseinputs.Nevertheless,peopleoftenchoosetogiveroute-followingdirections,inpartbecausesaying“Gostraightthatway!”justdoesnotworkinourcomplex,man-madesurroundings. orMetaphor?OnyournextvisittoManhattanyouwillrelyonyourmemorytogetaround.Mostlikelyyouwilluseguidance,pathintegrationandroutefollowinginvariouscombinations.Buthowexactlydotheseconstructsdeliverconcretedirections?Dowehumanshave,asanimageoftherealworld,akindofinourheads—withsymbolsforcities,trainstationsandchurches;thicklinesforhighways;narrowlinesforlocalstreets?Neurobiologistsandcognitivepsychologistsdocalltheportionofourmemorythatcontrolsnavigationa“cognitivemap.”Themapmetaphorisobviouslyseductive:mapsaretheeasiestwaytopresentgeographicinformationforconvenientvisualinspection.Inmanycultures,mapsweredevelopedbeforewriting,andtodaytheyareusedinalmosteverysociety.Itisevenpossiblethatmapsderivefromauniversalwayinwhichourspatial-memorynetworksare Yetthenotionofali lmapinourheadsmaybemisleading;agrowingbodyofresearchimpliesthatthecognitivemapismostlyametaphor.Itmaybelikeahierarchicalstructureofrelationships.TogetbacktoGrandCentral,youfirstenvision(想象）thelargescale—thatis,youvisualizethegeneraldirectionofthestation.Withinthatsystemyouthenimaginetheroutetothelastceyouremember.Afterthat,youobserveyournearbysurroundingstopickoutarecognizablestorefrontorstreetcornerthatwillsendyoutowardthatce.Inthishierarchical,ornested,scheme,positionsanddistancesarerelative,incontrastwitha,wherethesameinformationisshowninageometricallyprecisescale.20132013年提供新版考 重點補丁#都知道 ，查一查.......(正版淘寶店 Questions14-18Usetheinformationinthepassagetomatchthecategoryofeachnavigationmethod(listedA-C)withcorrectstatement.WritetheappropriaettersA-Cinboxes14-18onyouranswersheet,NByoumayuseanylettermorethanABPathCRouteUsingbasicdirectionfromstartingpointandlightintensitytomoveUsingcombinationofceanddirectionheadingforUsinganiconicbuildingnearyourdestinationasUsingaretracemethodfromaknownceifamistakeUsingapassedspotasreferenceforanew Questions19-21Choosethecorrectletter,A，B，CorWriteyouranswersinboxes19-21onyouranswerWhatdosetheantofCataglyphisrespondifithasbeentakentoanotherlocationaccordingtothepassage?ChangestheorientationsensorsReleasesbiologicalscentforhelpfromContinuestomovebytheoriginalTotallygetslostonceWhichofthefollowingsistrueabout“cognitivemap”inthisThereisnotobviousdifferencecontrastbyrealItexistsinourheadandisalwaysItonlyexistsundersomeItwasmanagedbybrainWhichoffollowingdescriptionofwayfindingscorrectlyre?ectsthefunctionofcognitivemap?ItvisualisesavirtualrouteinalargeItreproducesanexactdetailsofeveryObservationysamoreimportantStoreorsupermarketisamustinthe Questions22-26DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassageInboxes22-26onyouranswersheet, ifthesataementagreeswiththeinformation ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthisBiologicalnavigationhasastateofYouwillalwaysreceivegoodreactionwhenyouaskWhensomeonefollowsaroute,heorshecollectscomprehensiveperceptionalinformationinmindontheway.Pathintegrationrequiresmorethoughtfrombraincomparedwithroute-Inafamiliarsurrounding,anexactmapofwhereyouarewillautomaticallyemergeinyourhead. TheHistoryofThestoryofteabeganinancient over5,000yearsago.Accordingtothelegend,ShenNung,anearlyemperorwasaskilledruler,creativescientistandpatronofthearts.Hisfar-sightededictsrequired,amongotherthings,thatalldrinkingwaterbeboiledasahygienicprecaution.Onesummerdaywhilevisitingadistantregionofhisrealm,heandthecourtstoppedtorest.Inaccordancewithhisruling,theservantsbegantoboilwaterforthecourttodrink.Driedleavesfromthenearbybushfellintotheboilingwater,andabrownliquidwasinfusedintothewater.Asascientist,theemperorwasinterestedinthenewliquid,dranksome,andfounditveryrefreshing.Andso,accordingtolegend,teawascreated.Teaconsumptionspreadthroughoutthe culturereachingintoeveryaspectofthesociety.In800A.D.LuYuwrotethefirstdefinitivebookontea,theCh’aChing.ThisamazingmanwasorphanedasachildandraisedbyscholarlyBuddhistmonksinoneof ’sfinestmonasteries.PatronizedbytheEmperorhimself,hisworkclearlyshowedtheZenBuddhistphilosophytowhichhewaposedasachild.ItwasthisformofteaservicethatZenBuddhistmissionarieswouldlaterintroducetoimperialJapan.ThefirstteaseedswerebroughttoJapanbythereturningBuddhistpriestYeisei,whohadseenthevalueofteain inenhancingreligiousmediation.Asaresult,heisknownasthe“FatherofTea”inJapan.Becauseofthisearlyassociation,teainJapanhasalwaysbeenassociatedwithZenBuddhism.TeareceivedalmostinstantimperialsponsorshipandspreadrapidlyfromtheroyalcourtandmonasteriestotheothersectionsofJapanesesociety.TeawaselevatedtoanartformresultinginthecreationoftheJapaneseTeaCeremony(“Cha-no-yu”or“thehotwaterfortea”).ThebestdescriptionofthiscomplexartformwasprobablywrittenbytheIrish-Greekjournalist-historianLafcadioHearn,oneofthefewforeignersevertobegrantedJapanesecitizenshipduringthisera.Hewrotefrom alobservation,“TheTeaceremonyrequiresyearsoftrainingandpracticetograduateinart...yetthewholeofthisart,astoitsdetail,signifiesnomorethanthemakingandservingofacupoftea.Thesupremelyimportantmatteristhattheactbeperformedinthemostperfect,mostpolite,mostgraceful,mostcharmingmannerpossible”.Suchapurityofform,ofexpressionpromptedthecreationofsupportiveartsandservices.Aspecialformofarchitecture(chaseki)developedfor“teahouses”,basedontheduplication()ofthesimplicityof Thecultural/ichostessesofJapan,theGeishi,begantospecializeinthepresentationoftheteaceremony.Asmoreandmorepeoplebecameinvolvedintheexcitementsurroundingtea,thepurityoftheoriginalZenconceptwaslost.Theteaceremonybecamecorrupted,boisterousandhighlyembellished.“TeaTournament”wereheldamongthewealthywherenoblescompetedamongeachotherforrichprizesinnamingvariousteablends.Rewardingwinnerswithgiftsofsilk,armor,andjewelrywastotallyalientotheoriginalZenattitudeoftheceremony.ThreegreatZenpriestsrestoredteatoitsoriginalceinJapanesesociety.OneofthemisSen-noRikkyu(1521-1591)-priestwhosettherigidstandardsfortheceremony,largelyusedintacttoday.Rikyowassuccessfulinin?uencingtheShogunToyotomiHideyoshi,whobecameJapan’sgreatestpatronofthe“artoftea”.Abrilliantgeneral,strategist,poet,and thisuniqueleaderfacilitatedthefinalandcompleteintegrationofteaintothepatternofJapaneselife.Socompletewasthisacceptance,thatteawasviewedastheultimategift,andwarlordspausedforteabeforebattles.WhileteawasatthishighlevelofdevelopmentinbothJapanand informationconcerningthisthenunknownbeveragebegantofilterbackEurope.Earliercaravan旅行隊)leadershadmentionedit,butwereunclearastoitsserviceformatorappearance.(Onereferencesuggeststheleavesboiled,salted,buttered,andeaten)ThefirstEuropeantoallyencounterteaandwriteaboutitwasthePortugueseJesuitFatherJasperdeCruzin1560.Portugal,withhertechnologicallyadvancednavy,hadbeensuccessfulingainingthefirstrightoftradewith.ItwasasamissionaryonthatfirstcommercialmissionthatFatherdeCruzhadtastedteafouryearsbefore.ThePortuguesedevelopedatraderoutebywhichtheyshippedtheirteatoLisbon,andthenDutchshipstransportedittoFrance,Holland,andtheBalticcountries.(AtthattimeHollandwaspoliticallyaffiliatedwithPortugal.Whenthisalliancewasalteredin1602,Holland,withherexcellentnavy,enteredintofullPacifictradeinherownright.)BecauseofthesuccessoftheDutchnavyinthePacific,teabecameveryfashionableintheDutchcapital,theHague.Thiswasdueinparttothehighcostofthetea(over$100perpound)whichimmediaymadeittheoftheSlowly,astheamountofteaimportedincreased,thepricefellasthevolumeofsaleexpanded.Initiallyitwasavailabletothepublicinapothecariesalongwithsuchrareandnewspicesasgingerandsugar,andby1675itwasavailableincommonfoodshopsthroughoutHolland.AstheconsumptionofteaincreaseddramaticallyinDutchsociety,doctorsanduniversity arguedbackandforthastothenegativeand/orpositivebenefitsoftea.Knownas“teaheretics”,thepubliclargelyignoredthescholarlydebateand toenjoytheirnewbeveragethoughthecontroversylastedfrom1635toroughly1657.ThroughoutthisperiodFranceandHollandledEuropeintheuseoftea.AsthecrazeforthingsorientalsweptEurope,teabecamepartofthewayoflife.ThesocialcriticMariedeRabutin-Chantal,theMarquisedeStevenmakesthefirstmentionin16800faddingmilktotea.Duringthesameperiod,Dutchinnsprovidedthefirstrestaurantserviceoftea.Tavernownerswouldfurnishguestswithaportableteasetcompletewithaheatingunit.TheindependentDutanwouldthenprepareteaforhimselfandhisfriendsoutsideinthetavern’sgarden.TearemainedpopularinFranceforonlyaboutfiftyyears,beingrecedbyastrongerpreferenceforwine,chocolate,andexoticcoffees.GreatBritainwasthelastofthethreegreatsea-faringnationstobreakintotheandEastntraderoutes.ThiswasdueinparttotheunsteadyascensiontothethroneoftheStuartsandtheCromwellianCivilWar.ThefirstsamplesofteareachedEnglandbetween1652and1654.TeaquicklyprovedpopularenoughtorecealeasthenationaldrinkofEngland.AsinHolland,itwasthenobilitythatprovidedthenecessarystampofapprovalandsoinsureditsacceptance.KingCharlesIIhadmarried,whileinexile,thePortugueseInfantaCatherinedeBraganza(1662).CharleshimselfhadgrownupintheDutchcapital.Asaresult,bothheandhisPortuguesebridewereconfirmedteadrinkers.Whenthemonarchywasre-established,thetworulersbroughtthisforeignteatraditiontoEnglandwiththem.ImperialRussiawasattemptingtoengage andJapanintradeatthesametimeastheEastn.TheRussianinterestinteabeganasearlyas1618whenthe embassyinMoscowpresentedseveralchestsofteatoCzarAlexis.By1689theTradeTreatyofNewchinskestablishedacommonborderbetweenRussiaand ,allowingcaravanstothencrossbackandforthly.Still,thejourneywasnoteasy.Thetripwas11,000 longandtookoversixteenmonthstocomplete.Theaveragecaravanconsistedof200t0300camels.Asaresultofsuchfactors,thecostofteawasinitiallyprohibitiveandavailableonlytothewealthy.BythetimeCatherinetheGreatdied(1796),thepricehaddroppedsome,andteawasspreadingthroughoutRussiansociety.Question1-8Readingpassagelhaseightparagraphs,A-ChoosethecorrectheadingforparagraphsA–Hfromthelistofheadingsbelow.Writethecorrectnumber,i-x,inboxes1-80nyouranswersheet.Listof Goodorbadof iii.Difficultiesof Religiousobjectionof Achance Inandoutofvii.Aluxuryviii.Aconnectionbetweenteaand Shortageof NewsofteagoingtonewParagraphParagraphParagraphParagraphParagraphParagraphParagraphQuestions9-13Usetheinformationinthepassagetomatchthecountry(listedA-G)withstatementsbelow.WritetheappropriaettersA-Ginboxes9-130nyouranswersheet.ABCJapanEFGhousedesignedparticularlyforteateabeingsubstituted shortusinganimalsforteapopularityofteadespiteofsomefavorofteaforruler’sspecialised ThepsychologyinInthelate1990s,psychologistMartinSeligmanoftheUniversityofPennsylvaniaurgedcolleaguestoobserveoptimalmoodswiththesamekindoffocuswithwhichtheyhadforsolongstudiedillnesses:wewouldneverlearnaboutthefullrangeofhumanfunctionsunlessweknewasmuchaboutmentalwellnessaswedoaboutmentalillness.Anewgenerationofpsychologistsbuiltuparespectablebodyofresearchonpositivecharactertraitsandhappiness-boostingpractices.Atthesametime,developmentsinneuroscienceprovidednewcluestowhatmakesushappyandwhatthatlookslikeinthebrain.Self-appointedexpertstookadvantageofthetrendwithguaranteestoeliminateworry,stress,dejectionandevenboredom.Thishappinessmovementhasprovokedagreatdealofoppositionamongpsychologistswhoobservethatthereoccupationwithhappinesshascomeatthecostofsadness,animportanteelingthatpeoplehavetriedtobanishfromtheiremotionalrepertoire.AllanHorwitzofRutgerslaments哀悼）thatyoungpeoplewhoarenaturallyweepyafterbreakupsareoftenurgedtomedicatethemselvesinsteadofthroughtheirsadness.Wake University’sEricWilsonfumesthattheobsessionwithhappinessamountstoa“craven(懦夫）disregard”formelancholic(憂郁的）thathasgivenrisetothegreatestworksart.“Thehappyman”hewrites,“isahollowAfterallpeopleareremarkablyadaptable.Followingavariableperiodofadjustment,webouncebacktoourpreviouslevelofhappiness,nomatterwhathappenstous.(Therearesomescientificallyprovenexceptions,notablysufferingtheunexpectedlossofajoborthelossofaspouse.Botheventstendtopermanentlyknockpeoplebackastep.)Ouradaptabilityworksintwodirections.Becausewearesoadaptable,pointsoutProfessorSonjaLyubomirskyoftheUniversityofCalifornia,wequicklygetusedtomanyof plishmentswestriveforinlife,suchaslandingthebigjoborgettingmarried.Soonafterwereachatone,westarttofeelthatsomethingismissing.Webegincovetinganotherworldlypossessionoreyeingasocialadvancement.Butsuchanapproachkeepsustetheredtoatreadmillwherehappinessisalwaysjustoutofreach,onetoyoronestepaway.It’spossibletogetoffthetreadmillentirelybyfocusingonactivitiesthataredynamicsurprising,andattention-absorbing,andthuslesslikelytoboreusthan,say,acquiringshinynewtoys.Moreover,happinessisnotarewardforescapain.RussHarris,theauthorofTheHappinessTrap,callspopularconceptionsofhappinessdangerousbecausetheysetpeopleupfora“struggleagainstreality”.Theydon’tacknowledgethatreallifeisfullofdisappointments,loss,andinconveniences.“Ifyou’regoingtolivearichandmeaningfullife,”Harrissays,“you’regoingtofeelafullrangeofemotions.”Actiontowardgoalsotherthanhappinessmakespeoplehappy.Itisnotcrossingthefinishlinethatismostrewarding,itisanticipatingachievingthegoal.UniversityofWisconsinneuroscientistRichardDavidsonhasfoundthatworkinghardtowardagoal,andmakingprogresstothepointofexpectingagoaltoberealised,notonlyactivatespositivefeelingsbutalsosuppressesnegativeemotionssuchasfearanddepression.Weareconstantlymakingdecisions,rangingfromwhatclothestoputon,towhomweshouldmarry,nottomentionallthoseflavorsoficecream.Webasemanyofourdecisionsonwhetherwethinkaparticularpreferencewillincreaseourwell-being.Intuitively,weseemconvincedthatthemorechoiceswehave,thebetteroffwewillultimaybe.Butourworldofunlimitedopportunityimprisonsusmorethanitmakesushappy.InwhatSwarthmorepsychologistBarrySchwartzcalls“theparadoxofchoice/facingmanypossibilitiesleavesusstressedout—andlesssatisfiedwhateverwedodecide.Havingtoomanychoiceskeepsuswonderingaboutalltheopportunitiesmissed.Besides,noteveryonecanputonahappyface.BarbaraHeld,aprofessorofpsychologyatBownCollege,railsagainst“thetyrannyofthepositiveattitude”.“Lookingonthebrightsideisn’tpossibleforsomepeopleandisevencounterproductive”sheinsists.“Whenyouputpressureonpeopletocopeinawaythatdoesn’tfitthem,itnotonlydoesn’twork,itmakesthemfeellikeafailureontopofalreadyfeelingbad.”Theone-size-fits-allapproachtomanagingemotionallifeismisguided,agreesProfessorJulieNorem,authorofThePositivePowerofNegativeThinking.Inherresearch,shehasshownthatthedefensivepessimismthatanxiouspeoplefeelcanbeharnessedtohelpthemgetthingsdone,whichinturnmakesthemhappier.Anaturallypessimisticarchitect,forexample,cansetlowexpectationsforan presentationandreviewallofthebad esthatshe’simagining,sothatshecanpreparecarefullyandincreaseherchancesofsuccess.Bycontrast,anindividualwhoisnotlivingaccordingtotheirvalues,willnotbehappy,nomatterhowmuchtheyachieve.Somepeople,however,arenotsurewhattheirvaluesare.InthatcaseHarrishasagreatquestion:“ImagineIcouldwaveamagicwandtoensurethatyouwouldhavetheapprovalandadmirationofeveryoneonthenet,forever.What,inthatcase,wouldyouchoosetodowithyourlife?”O(jiān)ncethishasbeenansweredhonestly,youcanstarttakingstepstowardyouridealvisionofyourself.Theactualanswerisunimportant,aslongasyou’relivingconsciously.Thestateofhappinessisnotreallyastateatall.It’sanongoing alexperiment.Questions1-6ReadingPassage1hassixparagraphs,A-F.Whichparagraphmentionsthefollowing?Writethecorrectletter,A-F,inboxes1-6onyouranswerNBYoumayuseanylettermorethantheneedforindividualstounderstandwhatreallymatterstotensionresultingfromawidevarietyofthehopeofsuccessasameans ingunhappypeoplewhocallthemselveshumanbeings’capacityforcowithngthingswhichareinterestinginQuestions7-8ChooseTWOletters,A-Writethecorrectlettersinboxes7and8onyouranswerWhichTWOofthefollowingpeopleargueagainstaimingforconstantEMartinSeligmanEricWilsonRussHarrisBarryQuestions9-10ChooseTWOletters,A-E.Writethecorrectlettersinboxes9andWhichTWOofthefollowingbeliefsareidentifiedasmistakenintheInheritedwealthbringslesshappinessthanearnedSocialstatusaffectsourperceptionofhowhappyweAnoptimisticoutlookensuresUnhappinesscanandshouldbeExtremesofemotionarenormalintheCompletethesentencesChooseNOMORETHANONEWORDfromthepassageforeachWriteyouranswersinboxes11-13onyouranswerInordertohaveacompleteunderstandingofhowpeople’smindswork,MartinSeligmansuggestedthatresearchshouldexamineourmost ascloselyasitdoesourpsychologicalproblems.Soonafrrivingata intheirlives,people eaccustomedtowhattheyhaveachievedandhaveasensethattheyarelackingsomething.Peoplewhoare bynaturearemorelikelytosucceediftheymakethoroughpreparationforapresentation.Numeracy:can lnumbersPrimeamongbasicnumericalfacultiesistheabilitytodistinguishbetweenalargerandasmallernumber,sayspsychologistElizabethBrannon.Humanscandothiswithease-providingtheratioisbigenough-butdootheranimalssharethisability?Inoneexperiment,rhesusmonkeysanduniversitystudentsexaminedtwosetsofgeometricalobject