Integrationoflocalandindigenousknowledgeintoclimate-resilientruralwatermanagement

Lessonslearnedfrom

theBolivianAltiplano

PrintedinFrance

Publishedin2023bytheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization,

7,placedeFontenoy,75352Paris07SP,France

?UNESCO2023

SC-2023/HYD/PI/3

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Theideasandopinionsexpressedinthispublicationarethoseoftheauthors;theyarenotnecessarilythoseofUNESCOanddonotcommittheOrganization.

Authors:MagaliGarciaCárdenas,AnilMishra,KoenVerbist

Reviewer:WouterBuytaert

Editor:RitaMarteleira

Acknowledgements:PaulinaMarcelaRamírezQuevedo,BarbaraKavuma,HongHuynh,NataliaTolochko,JereGilles,EdwinYucra,AymaraPoma,GaviAlavi,KatherineRojas

ThispublicationhasbeendevelopedundertheframeworkoftheCliMWaRproject(EnhancingClimateServicesforImprovedWaterResourcesManagementinVulnerableRegionstoClimateChange:CaseStudiesfromAfricaandLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean),madepossiblewiththesupportofUNESCO/FlandersFund-in-TrustforthesupportofUNESCO’sactivitiesinthefieldofscience(FUST).TheauthorswouldliketoacknowledgethesupportoftheMcKnightFoundationfortherealizationofthiswork.

Coverphoto:@sunsinger,Shutterstock(Bolivianwomanintraditionalcostumeonahigh-altitudelagoonontheplateauAltiplano,Bolivia)

DesignedandprintedbyUNESCO

liveincloserelationtotheagroecosystem

ongroundwater-sourcedirrigation.Severalresearchers

SHORTSUMMARY

LearningfromBolivianAltiplano

localfarmersonhowtoadapt

toclimateuncertainty

IntheBolivianAltiplano,warmingtrendsinthenorthernandcentralareasandadrier,earlierrainyseasonareaffectingagriculturalpracticesandforcingfarmerstoadaptbychangingtheircropspeciesorrelying

Several

researchersreport

Andeanclimates

warmingatratesof

0.060Cperyear

reportthattheAndeanclimatehasbeenwarming

atratesof0.06oCperyearsince1990,withthe

strongestwarmingbeingregisteredathigher

elevations.

Inadata-scarceenvironment,farmers’

localindigenousknowledge(LIK)of

theirecosystemsupportstheiradaptive

since1990,

withthestrongestwarming

beingregisteredat

higherelevations.

behaviour.Thispublicationreflectson

theimportanceofLIKtocomplement

andco?createscience?basedclimate

adaptationinareaswherecommunities

andmayhaveaccesstolimitedweather

observations.

UNESCO-IHPninthphase(IHP-IX2022-2029)supportsthefurther

developmentofcitizenscienceandtheimportanceofcombining

ancestral,indigenousandlocalknowledgewithmodernsciencefor

sounddecisionmaking.

“Sincewarsbegininthemindsofmenand

womenitisinthemindsofmenandwomen

thatthedefencesofpeacemustbeconstructed”

TABLEOFCONTENTS

EXECUTIVESUMMARY 6

FOREWORD 8

INTRODUCTION 10

TheemergenceofLocalIndigenousKnowledgeinclimatechangediscussions 11

Participatoryapproachesappliedtodatacollectionforhydrology

andclimatechangeanalysis 14

LinkagesbetweenLIKandclimateandhydrologicalmodelling 15

CASESTUDY:

VALIDITYOFHYDROCLIMATICINDICATORS

ANDOBSERVATIONSPERFORMEDBYFARMERS

INBOLIVIANALTIPLANO 18

Characterizationofthestudyarea 19

Geographyandclimate 19

ClimatechangeprojectionsintheBolivianAndes 20

Agriculturalpracticesinthehighlands 21

Methodologyanddatacollection 22

Participatorymethods 22

Meteorologicaldatasets 23

Satellitedata 25

Resultsanddiscussion 25

Participatoryworkforthecollectionofindicatorsandperceptions

ofclimatetrendsandhazards 25

Participatoryworktoacquireknowledgeonlanduseandallocation 29

Hydro-climaticanalysisofthestudyarea 31

Relationoflocalindicatorsandactualmeteorologicalbehaviour 35

Relationofobservedindicatorsandtechnologicalforecasts 37

Changesinlanduseandvegetation 38

LessonslearnedfromtheBolivianAndes 40

CONCLUSIONS 42

REFERENCES 44

@UMSA

EXECUTIVESUMMARY

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Integrationoflocalandindigenousknowledgeintoclimate-resilientruralwatermanagement:

LessonslearnedfromtheBolivianAltiplano

Thereisawidespreadinterestinintegratinglocalindigenousknowledge(LIK)asasourceofinformationtoimproveecosystemandwaterresourcesmanagementthroughweather,climateandlandobservation.Localpeople,especiallypopulationslivingandproducingunderlong-lastingagriculturalzones,holdagroecologicalknowledgeproductoftheprolongedcontactwiththeirecosystem,whichnormallyistheresultofexperiencestakenthroughgenerations.Inparallel,scientistsandecosystemrelatedprofessionalsalsohaveadvancedecosystemknowledge,productofsystematicanalysisandstudy.ManyexpertsseeLIKasawaytoimproveaccesstoforecasts,tobettermanagelocalwaterresourcesandtoinformmoresustainableagriculturalsystems,particularlyindatascarceenvironments.ThereisarisingtrendtoincludeLIKwithinseveraltypesofmodels,includinghydro-meteorological,asitcanprovidemodelerswithdatahardlyavailableorwhosecollectionwouldmeanexpensiveexperimentaldesigns.

MostresearchersandagencieshaverecognizedtheneedtocollectinformationfromLIK,which,incomplementaritywithscientificknowledge,couldsupportabetterunderstandingoflocalmicro-scaleconditionsthatarepoorlyresolvedbylargescalemodels.Despitebeingpromotedbyseveralinternationalbodiesandagreements,relativelylittlequantifiedresearchhasevaluatedtheuseoflocalknowledgeinclimateadaptationforagricultureanditspotentialuseinhydrologicalandclimateimpactsmodels.

Climatechangehasstronglyinfluencedfoodproductionglobally.IntheBoliviantropicalHighlands,theerraticonsetoftherainyseasonandfrostdaysduringthesummergrowingseasonhavetraditionallybeenthegreatestthreattocropproductionandfoodsecurity–globalwarminghasworsenedsuchimpactsonthelocalproductionlevel.

Inthispublication,Bolivianfarmersperceptionsanddecisionsinthefaceoftemperatureandprecipitationpatterns,frostriskandlandusewereevaluated.Localfarmerswereinterviewedtoidentifythemostcommonindicatorstoforecastthenextrainyseason.Datafrommeteorologicalstationswasusedtoevaluatetheperformanceofobservedindicators.Seasonalforecastbylocalindicatorssuchashoarfrostandtheexpressionofspringwildplantsblossomingweremostlyusedtopredicttheonsetoftherainyseasoninaparticularlyconstrainingandunreliablerainyyear(2020-2021).Theperformanceofsuchindicatorswascorrelatedwithfutureweatherconditionsanddescribedwelltheerraticfollowingrainyseason,forecastingaseveredelayofitsonset.Additionally,repeatedreportsaboutsingularclimatepatternswereassessed.Anexamplewasthepersistentfrostriskdespitetheaveragelocalwarmingandtherainfallconcentrationandlateonset,confirmingstatisticallymostoftheperceptions.

Themaingoalofthisworkwastopresentthepotentialthatlocalcommunities’knowledgecanhavetocomplementandguideresearchinareaswheretheyarepartoftheagroecosystem.Italsoreflectsonthebenefitsofincludingindigenousknowledgewithinhydrologicalmodellingtoimprovethequalityofitsinputs,anddiscussesthechallengesofintegratingscientificandlocalknowledge.

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Integrationoflocalandindigenousknowledgeintoclimate-resilientruralwatermanagement:

LessonslearnedfromtheBolivianAltiplano

FOREWORD

YoungfemaletravellerisusingbinocularstoseeflamingosintheBolivianAltiplano.

@MaksymGorpenyuk

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Integrationoflocalandindigenousknowledgeintoclimate-resilientruralwatermanagement:

LessonslearnedfromtheBolivianAltiplano

Climatechangeisbringingunprecedentedchallengesforamongotherspolicymakersandwaterresourcemanagersworldwide.Expectedchangeofclimatepatterns,particularlydistributionandfrequencyofrainfallandtemperatures,isaffectingthewatercycle,causingextremeeventssuchasfloodsanddroughtandlong-termimpactsonenergyproductionandfoodsecurity.

IntheBolivianAltiplano,warmingtrendsinthenorthernandcentralareasandadrier,earlierrainyseasonareaffectingagriculturalpracticesandforcingfarmerstoadaptbychangingtheircropspeciesorrelyingongroundwater-sourcedirrigation.DespiteclimateprojectionslackingdetailfortheAltiplanoandthesparsemeteorologicalnetworkbeingunderdeveloped,farmers’localindigenousknowledge(LIK)oftheirecosystemsupportstheiradaptivebehaviour.

ThispublicationreflectsontheimportanceofLIKtocomplementandguidescienceinareaswherecommunitiesarecloselyrelatedtotheagroecosystem.Bolivianfarmers’perceptionsofclimatechangewereevaluated,indicatorsusedwereidentified,andtheirscientificrelevancewasconfirmedthroughtheanalysisofdatafrommeteorologicalstationsandsatellitedata.ResultsevidencedtheimportantroleofLIKasatoolforreducingweather-relatedrisksandfavourlocalclimatechangeadaptation,particularlyindata-scarceregions.

Theroleofindigenousgroups,consideringtheirancestralknowledgeonwaterissues,isstatedasessentialinUNESCO-IHPninthphasestrategicplan(IHP-IX2022-2029)“Scienceforawatersecureworldinachangingenvironment”.Acknowledgingtheemergenceofcitizenscience,IHP-IXwillseektopromotestrategiesandactivitiesthatencouragethecontributionofcitizensciencetohydrologicalresearch,includingdecision-makers’abilitytointegratemodernsciencewithancestral,indigenousandlocalknowledge.Furthermore,theUNESCORecommendationonOpenScience,adoptedatthe41stGeneralConferenceofUNESCOinNovember2021,includesseveralreferencestocitizenparticipation.Alignedwiththeoutcomesofthispublication,UNESCOrecommendsbuildinglinkswithindigenousknowledgesystems,statingthat“fortheeffectivereuseoftheoutputsofcitizenandparticipatorysciencebyotheractors,includingscientists,theseproductsshouldbesubjecttothecuration,standardisationandpreservationmethodsnecessarytoensurethemaximumbenefittoall”.

ThispublicationwasdevelopedwithinthebroadercontextofUNESCO’sprojectCliMWaR,inwhichpromotingcitizenscienceandindigenousknowledgefiguresisacriticalobjective.CliMWaR(2018-2023)issupportedbytheFlanders-UNESCOScienceTrustFund(FUST)andaimsatenhancingclimateservicesinsupportofscience-basedadaptationtoclimatechange.

AbouAmani

Director,DivisionofWaterSciences,UNESCO

10

Integrationoflocalandindigenousknowledgeintoclimate-resilientruralwatermanagement:

LessonslearnedfromtheBolivianAltiplano

@dani3315

INTRODUCTION

11

Integrationoflocalandindigenousknowledgeintoclimate-resilientruralwatermanagement:

LessonslearnedfromtheBolivianAltiplano

?TheemergenceofLocalIndigenousKnowledgeinclimatechangediscussions

Inpresentdays,themorethan476millionindigenouspeoplespreadacross90countriesrelyonancestralbodiesofknowledgeinterweavedwiththeuniqueecosystemswheretheylive(FAO,2021).Theseknowledgesystemsaremainlyoralandincludeaseriesofancestralterritorialmanagementpractices,cosmogony,andritesthat,together,haveallowedthemtothrivewithoutdepletingnaturalresources.

LocalIndigenousKnowledge(LIK)isdefinedasatypeofintegratedinformationsystempassedorallybetweengenerationsthatcanbesystematic,updatedandhighlyaccurate(Ellen,etal.,2000).Thetermlocalsuggestsbeingspecificofagivengeographyandreferstoancient,locallydevelopedand/oradaptedknowledgethatfitswellunderthelocalsocio-economicalcontext,hereespeciallyreferringtoproductivesystems.Meanwhile,conventionalknowledgeisobjectiveandaimstoestablishgeneraltruths,basedonpositivistanalyticalmethods,organizedaroundvariablesandgeneralisablerelationshipslargelyindependentoftimeandplace,withthetransmissionofknowledgebeingwrittenratherthanoral.Therefore,thedifferencesinthewayofobtainingLIKandconventionalknowledgeshowpotentialforcomplementaryusesratherthanantagonisms(Haverkort,B.,&Rist,S.,2004).

Theaccelerationofclimateandglobalchangeinrecentdecadeshasresultedinunprecedentedchangesinthelandscapeandlivelihoodsofruralpopulations.Thefast-pacedclimaticprocessesinfluencetheresilienceofecologicalandproductivesystems.Traditionalrurallivelihoodpracticesarenegativelyimpactedbyclimatechange(mostlyasvaryingtemperatureandprecipitationpatterns),causinganincreaseinpestsandcropdiseases,vegetationandsoildegradation,andglobalsocio-economicprocesses,includingmarketsandmigration.Suchchangesdemandtherapidresponseofthosecommunitieswhichneedtoinnovateinresponsetothenewconditions.Toaddressnewchallengesandtoenhanceadaptiveresponses,itisimportanttoproducetoolsthatallowtorapidlyidentifytherelationshipsbetweenmulti-scaleprocessesofchangeinruralcommunitiesandglobalatmosphericandeco-systemicprocessesandrelations.

Severalinitiativessurgedfromthe1990stoevaluateandprojectfutureclimatecharacteristicsallovertheworld,withthedevelopmentofGlobalandRegionalCirculationModels(GCMsandRCMs,respectively)andtheirapplicationworldwide.IPCC’ssetofreportsstronglyhavebeenadvisingcountriesandagenciestoproduceplans,programsandactionsorientedtosupportvulnerablepopulations,especiallyinrelationtokeysectorssuchaswaterresourcesandfoodproductionandtovaluatelocalinitiativesandknowledge.TheLima-ParisActionAgendaspecificallyprioritizes“thebuildingofthebestavailablescientificandlocalknowledgetosustainfarmerresilience”,andtherecentlyreleasedIPCCSixthAssessmentReportplacesLIKasnecessarytounderstandingandactingeffectivelyonclimaterisk,inthesensethatitwill“shapeperceptionsofclimaterisk,vitaltomanageclimateriskinday-to-dayactivities,tolongertermactions”(IPCC,2022).

However,notalllocallyinfluencedactionscanbeupscaledorgeneralized.Inversely,severalgeneralguidelinesdonotfitwellunderlocalconditions,especiallyinecologicallydiversetropicalcountries,wherepopulations

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Integrationoflocalandindigenousknowledgeintoclimate-resilientruralwatermanagement:

LessonslearnedfromtheBolivianAltiplano

faceimpactsofclimatechangeparticulartoeachzone.Thelatterismorenoticeableregardinglocalmanagementofland,waterandsoil,whichhaveproventostronglyinfluencetheclimateadaptationcapacityofmostpopulationsandneedtobeintegratedaskeyfactorswithinplanningtools.ThisiswhereLIKcouldprovidevaluablespecificinformationonthebestactionstosupportlocaladaptation.

Mostresearchlookingatlocalknowledgeandclimatechangehasfocusedonthelocalperceptionsofchange,sinceresponsestoclimatevariationsandchangearelikelytobenon-linear,duetothegeographicheterogeneity(Valdivia,etal.,2013).Perceptionsandreactionstoclimatechange,inmanycasescombinedwithexternalmodeloutputs,couldimprovetheunderstandingofthedynamicsofasingulartypeofenvironment.However,localindigenousknowledgeandpracticesthatcontributetoadaptationtothepermanentlychangingconditionsareoftenoverlookedbyresearchersandplanners(Gilles,etal.,2013;Walshe&Argumedo,2016).Forinstance,Reyesetal.(2016)identified83articlespublishedbetween1996and2014whichlookatlocalperceptionsofclimatechangeandonly30ofthesecompareperceptionswithprimaryclimatedata.Themajorityofresearchonforecastknowledgehasconcentratedondocumentingtheindicatorsobservedtomakeforecastsandthesmallfarmersperceptionoftheirreliability(Zuma-Netshiukhwi,etal.,2013;Galagac&Balisacan,2009),theconfidencethatpeoplehaveinthem,and/orthefactorsrelatedtothedeclineintheiruse.Whilethesestudiesfoundthatfarmershaveoftenmoreconfidenceandaccessibilitytoforecastsbasedonlocalknowledgethaninthetechnologicallygeneratedones(Gilles&Valdivia,2009),authorsalsoreportthatconfidenceinlocalindicatorsappearstobedeclining(Gilles,etal.,2013;Roncoli,etal.,2002).Ingeneral,farlessresearchhasbeendoneonquantitativelyevaluatinglocalforecastingmethodsusedtoguideagriculturalandirrigationdecisions.

Thebuildingofusefulinformationrequiresthedevelopmentoftrustandopen-mindnessbetweenexpertsinscientificandlocalindigenousknowledgefields,asthepresentglobalenvironmentalsituationurgesforasmuchknowledgeaspossible.Usually,smallholdersarekeentotrustandincludeexternalscientificknowledgewhenproperlytransmitted(Guèye,2003)and,ontheirside,technicallytrainedpeoplecouldevaluateandincludelocalknowledgeintheirparadigms(Meinke,etal.,2006;Sillitoe,2010).Moreover,theinclusionoflocalknowledgefordevelopmentshouldnotberestrictedtotheextractionofinformationorappliedsimplyasacountermodeltoWesternscience(Roué&Nakashima,2018;Hill,etal.,2020),buttopromoteco-createdknowledgethatcouldbecomplementary,andevenpotentiallycontradictory.Thelatterdoesnotimplyanegativeoutcomebutmoreoveraninteractionunderequalconditions,whichcouldhelptodealwithcomplexsystemsanduncertaintyandtoproducebetteradaptativesolutions.

Havinginmindthatoneofthechallengesofworkingatthelocallevelonthemanagementofecosystemicvariabilityisthecollectionofenvironmentaldata,informationcollectedfromcommunities,mayalsoservetofilldatagapsorcovernon-existingenvironmentalinformationandtounderstandandsupportfarmersresponsestoexternalshocks.Participatoryexercisesanddiscussionsprovideopportunitiestolinkcommunityknowledgewithavailablescientificinformation.Inareaswheredataisscarceorsimplydoesnotexist,localknowledgeisausefulsourceofinformationthatcanbecleverlyanalysedandtransformedinquantitativerecordswhichallowformorelocallyadequateevaluations.However,despitecomplementary,indigenousknowledgeisunlikelytototallyreplacescientificknowledgeinmanycontexts.TheoperationalintegrationofLIKandconventionalknowledgeappearsasastrongoptiontoreduceuncertaintiesoftheapplicationofmodelsorotherscientifictools,toproposelocally-ledmanagementoptionstoguideclimateadaptationstrategies.

Inlinewiththepreviousconsiderations,themaingoalofthisworkistopresentthepotentialthatlocalcommunities’knowledgecanhavetocomplementandguideresearchinareaswheretheyarepartoftheagroecosystem.Inpracticalterms,italsoreflectsthepotentialitytoincludeindigenousknowledgeandperceptionswithinhydroclimaticresearchandmodellingtoimprovethequalityofitsinputsandthevalidityofoutputs.AcasestudydevelopedintheBolivianAltiplanoispresented,whereanevaluationoflocalindicatorswasrealizedandtheperformanceoflocalforecastknowledgeamongsmallfarmers,coupledwithactualmeteorologicalinformation.Additionally,thereportpresentsthepotentialcomplementaritybetweensatelliteinformationandlocalvalidation,andthereliabilityofperceptionsonthelong-termbehaviourofimportantclimaticparameters.

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Integrationoflocalandindigenousknowledgeintoclimate-resilientruralwatermanagement:

LessonslearnedfromtheBolivianAltiplano

Ratherthancomparingasystemofknowledgewithothers,inawaydismissingoneofthem(Bohensky&Maru,2011;Teng?,etal.,2017;Hill,etal.,2020),thedocumentpretendstopresentevidencethatqualitativelycollecteddatacouldworkcomplementarilyinframeworksthatenablesynergiesbetweenknowledgesystems.Thisdocumentshouldnotberegardedasamanualtoevaluatelivelihoodsoffarmers,asitdoesnotcoverextensivelyallavailablestrategiesandtechniquestocollectinformation.Instead,itpretendstoshowpotentialsourcesoflocalinformationthatcanbetrustfullyusedandconsiderationsforthecollectionofthatinformation.

ThispublicationwasdevelopedwithinthebroadercontextofUNESCO’sprojectCliMWaR–Enhancingclimateservicesforimprovedwaterresourcesmanagementinvulnerableregionstoclimatechange:casestudiesfromAfricaandLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,supportedbytheFlanders-UNESCOScienceTrustFund(FUST),inwhichthepromotionofcitizenscienceandindigenousknowledgefiguresasakeyobjective.

AfarmerwithwheatattheTiticacaLake,2017(IsladelSol,LaPaz,Bolivia)

@MatthiasKestel

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Integrationoflocalandindigenousknowledgeintoclimate-resilientruralwatermanagement:

LessonslearnedfromtheBolivianAltiplano

?Participatoryapproachesappliedtodatacollectionforhydrologyandclimatechangeanalysis

Indigenousknowledgeoftenreliesonparticipatoryapproaches.Severalparticipatorytechniqueshavebeenextensivelydescribedinmanuals,handbooksandscientificpublications(Anyaegbunam,etal.,2004;DeLuca,etal.,2017;Flower,etal.,2018)andadetaileddescriptionofparticipatorymethodsisbeyondtheintentionofthisdocument.Therefore,onlygeneralconsiderationsfordatacollectionforhydrologicalandclimatemodellingwillbepresented.

Beingahighlyparticipative,butun-quantitativeknowledge,LIKmightbecomecomplextoexternalsusers.Despitetheirexpertise,localactorscouldbemisjudgedormisunderstoodifaninadequatepreparationoftheprocessofdatacollectionhasbeeninplace,especiallyregardingclimateandhydrologyinformation.Itisimportanttobecautiousintheselectionofactors,generallylocalexperts,toreachagoodbalancebetweenrepresentativenessandknowledgeholding,biascontrol,cross-checkofdatacollected,andtoacceptinherentlevelsofuncertainty.ThepreparationphaseofLIKdatacollectionisthenasimportantastheexecutionphase,beingthepreparationsystematic,rigorous,andreproducible,justasanyotherformofdata/knowledgecollection(Davis&Wagner,2003).Asuggestedgeneralstepwisepathfordatacollectionfromlocalandindigenousactorsisdescribedbelow,whichismuchinlinewithampleliteratureonparticipatoryresearch:

1.Itisimportanttofirstlydefinewhattypeofinformationisrequired.Apreliminarydiscussiononthegoalsoftheinterventionisstronglyadvisedtoclarifythefocusoftheanalysisandtheactivitiesthatneedtobeundertaken.Theobjectivescouldrangefromcompletingclimatedatabases,tovalidatesatelliteorhistoricalinformation,tosupportthedownscalingprocessofglobalinformation,ortomeasuretheactualimpactsofclimatestressors,amongothers.Eachwouldneedadifferentstrategyandapproach.Itisalsonecessarytoexplorethedepthoftheinformationthatisrequired(fromthewholecommunityorfromparticularsectorsofthepopulation,bygender,byage,byoccupation,etc.)andtheareaextentandtimeperiod,consideringtimerestrictions(especiallythoseoflocalactors).

2.Ingeneral,itisalsonecessarytohaveageneralknowledgeofthelocalinstitutionalenvironment(formalandinformal),legalframework,aswellastheenvironmentalrestrictionsandlimitations.

3.Theactualcontactwiththecommunitiesmustincludeanexplanationoftheobjectivesofthedatacollectiontothelocalactorsparticipatingoftheactivity.

Table1

summarizessomeparticipatorytoolscommonlyusedforenvironmentaldatacollectionandparticipatorymethodsaresuggestedforeachtool.AccordingtoChambersR.,(2010),inmostdatacollectionmethods,farmers,evenwhenunliterate,cancount,measure,estimate,rankandcompare,andthereforeprovidequantitativeinformation.

TABLE1.Examplesofparticipatorytoolsthatcanbeusedtocollectdataforeco-systemicmodels

Possibleusesfordatabases

andmodelling

Itenablesanalysisofhazard

trendsandchanges.Italso

permitsestimatingtheperiod

whenextrememeteorological

recordsoccurredinthearea.

Itpermitsexternalactorstodefine

theareaswherethecollected

informationisvalid.Forinstance,

adownstreamcommunity

couldincludesomeareasinthe

upstreamparts.

Thisexerciseusesspatialanalysistogatherinformationaboutarangeofissuesandconcernsthatwouldprovideinformationtotheexternalactor.

TheTimelineprovidesaveryusefuldescriptionandoverviewofthehistoricallyimportanteventsthatthecommunityfacedtogether.

FocusGroupDiscussion

CommunalWorkshops

couldbevalidatedwithsurveys.

FocusGroupDiscussion

CommunalWorkshops

Participatorymethod

Participatorymapping

Outputs

Timeline

Tool

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Integrationoflocalandindigenousknowledgeintoclimate-resilientruralwatermanagement:

LessonslearnedfromtheBolivianAltiplano

Tool

Outputs

Possibleusesfordatabasesandmodelling

Participatorymethod

Hazardmap

Amapwithaccurateinformationoftheareaswheredifferenthazardsareprevailing.Revealstheheterogeneousvulnerabilityandthevariationsinclimateandhydrologicaldata.

Thismapcanbeusedtoexplainthedistortionbetweenmeteorologicaldataandactualimpactsofclimateevents.Themap,alongwithatopographic,landuseandsoiltypedescriptionwouldexplain