托福閱讀指代題四大類代詞關(guān)系梳理托福閱讀指代題雖然考的是代詞，卻暗含著對指代關(guān)系、語篇邏輯的深層考察，并非單純詞匯層面的考察。根據(jù)代詞的不同類別，我們把托福閱讀指代題分成四大類型：人稱代詞類、指示代詞類、關(guān)系代詞類和不定代詞類。具體請看下文！托福閱讀指代題四大類代詞關(guān)系梳理托福閱讀考試中指代題是不可忽視的一大題型，雖然考的是代詞，卻暗含著對指代關(guān)系、語篇邏輯的深層考察，并非單純詞匯層面的考察。通常的提問形式體現(xiàn)為“Thewordthey/their/it/its/someinthepassagerefersto"，然后給出四個選項，這四個詞通常都是原文中出現(xiàn)過的生詞，并且往往都是在they/their/it/its/some這幾個詞的附近，需要考生經(jīng)過嚴(yán)密思考推測，選出一個既符合行文邏輯又符合上下文意思的選項。那么我們?nèi)绾蚊鞔_判斷代詞所指代的對應(yīng)內(nèi)容呢?我們可以根據(jù)代詞的不同類別，把指代題分成四大類型：人稱代詞類、指示代詞類、關(guān)系代詞類和不定代詞類。然后就可以根據(jù)不同類別的代詞特征 解答了。下面我們來具體看一下四大類代詞的特征及輔助解答托福閱讀指代題的策略。第一類，人稱代詞人稱代詞主要包括：I，you，he，she，it，we，they，me，him，them，yours，his，her，its，their等。此類題型應(yīng)在做題時根據(jù)代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)及其所能指代的名詞來判斷，通常是往前找最近的核心名詞。例如：“Anauctionisapopularwayofbuyingandselling.Itisausefulwayofdecidingthevalueofthings。"ThewordItinthepassagerefersto 。A.theoryB.priceC.processD.auction往前追溯單數(shù)形式的核心名詞，并且能用在第二句的主語位置的詞，就只能是第一句中出現(xiàn)的auction一詞了，所以正確答案選D。第二類，指示代詞指示代詞主要包括this,that,these,those等。在這種句子中，this和that通常指代某個觀點事物或現(xiàn)象，而these和those通常指復(fù)數(shù)形式下的某些觀點事物或意見，并且該類題也遵循往前找的原則。例如：“Thedragonalsohaslargeclawsthatareusedwhenitisyounger.Itusesthesetoclimbtreestoescapefromthejawsofolderdragons.Butwhentheygetolder,theseclawsareusedmainlyasweapons。"Thewordtheseinthepassagerefersto 。A.clawsB.treesC.jawsD.weapons該題中的these—定是指之前已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過的名詞，所以現(xiàn)在才能用代詞進(jìn)行指示，因此我們首先可通過往前追溯的原則進(jìn)行排出，B、C、D瞬間就都被排除了。再將A選項帶入原句驗證，看邏輯和意思是否與句意相符，最終驗證表明，答案正是A選項。第三類，關(guān)系代詞主要包括which,that,who,whom等。在這種句子中，通常采用就近原則。尤其是由，which"格式弓I導(dǎo)的從句，一般都是非限制性定語從句，通常就是指該詞前面緊挨著的名詞。但需要注意的是，當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞前有插入語時，需要先去掉插入語，再使用就近原則。例如：“Scientistshavebeenlookingforenergysourcestoreplaceoil.Theyhavestudiedwind,ethanol,andnuclearenergy.Theyhavealsostartedtolookatcoalagain.Coal,whichisthecheapestenergysource,isfoundinmanypartsoftheworld.However,itisdangeroustomine.Italsopollutestheenvironment。"Thewordwhichinthepassagerefersto 。A.nuclearenergyB.ethanolC.windD.coal一看詞句考察的是由which弓I導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句，則毫不猶豫得把答案定位到which前的名詞"coal”上，所以一眼就能選出該題的正確答案D選項。第四類，不定代詞主要包括some,any,every,each,none,some...others...,one...,another等。這類代詞通常指的都是該詞前后與其關(guān)系最緊密的名詞主語，并且注意詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如："Somestudiesshowthatoneineightplantspeciesisthreatenedwithextinction.Itisestimatedthat140000speciesofplantsarelosteachyear.Manyoftheselostplantscouldhavebeenveryusefulincreatingnewdrugstocombatdisease。"ThewordManyinthepassagerefersto 。A.studiesB.plantspeciesC.lostplantsD.newdrugs首先確定該題的"Many"所在句主語應(yīng)該是指"lostplants",并且“of"是表示所屬的關(guān)系，所以“Many"應(yīng)該是屬于“theselostplants”中的一部分，所以很顯然“Many”指的就應(yīng)該是“l(fā)ostplants"，因此答案選C。需要注意的是這四大類代詞只能大致涵蓋托福閱讀指代題中所涉及的大致類型，要想全面把握托福閱讀指代題，我們還是需要把握好真題，結(jié)合解題技巧與策略進(jìn)行有針對性的練習(xí)與總結(jié)，循序漸進(jìn)提高托福閱讀水平與分?jǐn)?shù)。托福閱讀指代題解題思路及步驟一、問題形式被考的文章中有一個詞或詞組被加亮，這個詞通常是一個代詞或名詞。指代題的形式如下：Theword(orphrase)Xinthepassagerefersto二、 解題步驟根據(jù)解題技巧確定答案代入原文驗證，看語義、邏輯和語法上是否通順三、 基本原則就近指代所謂就近指代，就是被指代對象通常在指代詞前不遠(yuǎn)處，如本句或上一句中。有時也出現(xiàn)在更前面的一句中。例如，Largewindfarmsmightalsointerferewiththeflightpatternsofmigratorybirdsincertainareas,andtheyhavekilledlargebirdsofprey(especiallyhawks,falcons,andeagles)thatprefertohuntalongthesameridgelinesthatareidealforwindturbines.Thekillingofbirdsofpreybywindturbineshaspittedenvironmentalistswhochampionwildlifeprotectionagainstenvironmentalistswhopromoterenewablewindenergy.Researchersareevaluatinghowseriousthisproblemisandhopetofindwaystoeliminateorsharplyreducethisproblem.Thephrasethisprobleminthepassagereferstointerferencewiththeflightpatternsofmigratingbirdsincertainareasbuildingridgelinesthatareidealforwindturbinesthekillingofbirdsofpreybywindturbinesmeetingthedemandsofenvironmentalistswhopromoterenewablewindenergy本題涉及的是一個詞組thisproblem。尋找這一詞組的指代對象時只需向上搜索就行。根據(jù)就近原則，前一句中的主語thekillingofbirdsofpreybywindturbines可以初步確定為答案。將其代入原文，符合語義和邏輯，因此第三個選項為正確答案。第一個選項和第三個選項都和thisproblem相距較遠(yuǎn)，而且代入時語義和邏輯上不通，因此為干擾選項。數(shù)格一致被指代對象通常與指代詞在數(shù)(如單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù))和格(主格或賓格)兩方面相同。如單數(shù)代詞one指代單數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)代詞they指代復(fù)數(shù)名詞。四、主要思路1.主從復(fù)合句中的指代在主從復(fù)合句中，第二句的代詞主語經(jīng)常指代第一句的名詞主語。例如，Thefinsarestiff,smooth,andnarrow,qualitiesthatalsohelpcutdrag.Whennotinuse,thefinsaretuckedintospecialgroovesordepressionssothattheylieflushwiththebodyanddonotbreakupitssmoothcontours.Thewordtheyinthepassagereferstoqualitiesfinsgroovesdepressions在這一例子中，從句sothatthey…中的代詞主語they指代主句的名詞主語thefins，因此第二個選項為正確答案。新托福閱讀背景知識：植物適應(yīng)沙漠Plantadaptationtothedesert(背景材料)Cactusadaptations.Thesecrettothesuperiorenduranceofcactiliesintheiradaptations.Overmillionsofyears,throughnaturalselection,onlythestrongestandbestadaptedspeciessurvived.Asyouknow,itisverydryinthedesert.Plantsthatadapttothisareknownasxerophytes(fromzeros,dryandpython,plant).Thereareplantsthatavoidthedryseasonbysproutingfromseedjustafterthespringrainandgrowingveryfastsothatbythetimethedryseasoncomes,theyhavealreadyproducedalotofseedsanddied.Theseseedslieonthesoilforthedryseasonandsproutagaininspringandthecyclerepeats.Otherxerophytessimplydroptheirleavesandstaydormantforthewinter.Butthereisanotherspecialtypeofxerophyteswhichstoreswaterinitsfleshytissues.Suchplantsarecalledsucculents(fromsuccess,juicy).Thecactusisatypicalexampleofasucculent.Ifyoucutacactusopen,youseeajuicy,slimytissue.Thisiswherethemoistureisstoredforthedryseason.Thepartbetweenthemiddlecircle(andpith)andjustundertheverygreenpartoftheplant(orpalisadeparenchyma)justundertheskinisallocatedforthestorageofwaterandfoodfortheplant.Thisisatypeofspongyparenchymaandcantakeupto85%oftheplant'svolume.Thisisamajoradaptationinthedesert.Becausetheplantremainscompletelyaliveduringthedryseasonandthereisnoneedforittodryupandloseeverything,makesitpossiblefortheplanttogrowtolargesizes.Anotheradvantageisthattheplantretainssupplies(intheformofstarch)forthewintersothatitcanflowerrightawayinspringwithoutaccumulatingmoresupplies(asmostplantsneedtodoinspring).Thewholepurposeofstoringsuppliesforthewinterismostlytoenergizefloweringinspringbutitalsoletsthecactusstartgrowingmuchsooner.Floweringplantsbreatheandtranspire(evaporatewaterfromtheirsurface)throughcloseablemicroscopicporescalledstoatsontheleavesorstems.Todothis,theirporeshavetobeopen.Inmostplantstheseareopenalldayandonwarmnights.Butforcactithisisinconvenientasindaytimeitisveryhotandthustheplantwouldlosealotofwaterthroughevaporation.Sothecactusmustclosetheminthedaytime.Butthenitcannotbreatheorphotosynthesize(theprocesswheresugarsaremadefromcarbondioxideandwaterandreleasingoxygenusingthesun'senergy).Succulentshaveanadaptationtothat.Theirstoatsareclosedduringthedayandareopenatnight,whenitisnotthathotandstorecarbondioxideinitstissuesascrassleanacidandthenturnitbacktocarbondioxideinthedaytime.ThisprocessiscalledcrassleanacidmetabolismorCAManditisaverysmartwayofrespiringinthedesert.Ifwelookattheoutsideoftheplant,wenoticethatthereisatoughleatheryskincoveringtheplant,wecanalsonoticethepresenceofribsandspinesandsometimesfur.Theseareallverysmartadaptations.Theyservemainlyforsurvivingheatbutarealsousedasdefense.Thetoughleatheryskinisveryimpermeabletowater,thusreducingevaporationfromthesurfaceoftheplant.Thisskinoftenhasalayerofplantwaxonitwhichisoftenlightlycolored(Pilosocereusazuresisanexampleofaplantwithsuchwax),whiteorblue.Thisreflectslightandalsoreducesevaporationfromtheinside.Theribsarespecialstructuresthatarealsousedforenduringextremeheat.Theribs(andspines)trapwindsothattheplantisenvelopedinalayerofextremelystillair,andthisisaveryimportantfactorinreducingevaporation.Onverywindydayseventheribsdon'thelpandcactisometimeswiltbecauseofhighwaterloss.Thespineshavedifferentfunctions.Theynotonlyhelpshadetheplantfromthesunbutarealsoknowntohelpthecactusabsorbwater.Theydoitlikethis.Oncoolnights,dewsettlesonthespinesoftheplant.Thespinesareactuallyknowntodrawdropletsofwatertowardstheareole(thepointoutofwhichthespinesgrow)andherethedropletsareabsorbed.Youcantrythisathome.Spraytheplantswithaveryfinemistofwaterandwatchwhathappenstothedropletsthatsettleonthespines.Theyliterallygetattractedtotheareolealongthespine.Thespine'sstructureallowsthemtodothis.Evenspinespointingdownwardsseemtosuckthedropletsupthemselves.AdaptationfeaturesarevisibleinthisPilosocereusglauchochorous.Noticethespines,ribs,furandwax(thebluecoloration).Thetopofatypicallyadaptedplant.Someplantshavefur;sometimesallovertheplant,sometimesonlynearthetop.Thisfurshadestheplantevenfurtherandisalsoknowntoattractwatertowardstheareole.Someplantsonlyhavefurnearthetop.Thisisverybeneficialbecausethetopoftheplantisverysensitivetosunlight,newtissuesgetformedthere.Youngareoles,withtheirspinesnotevenwoodedyetcangetdriedupcompletelyinthesun.Whenanareoleisbornnearthetopoftheplant,itstartsdevelopingspines.Atthistimethefurappearsaswell.Thisfuraccompaniestheareoleasitmovesdowntheplant,shadingthegrowingpointinside.Bythetimetheareoleisabout15cm