./國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)<下劃線為重點記憶和理解,無的為一般記憶和了解>Chapterone國際貿(mào)易概念：Internationaltradeisalsoknownasworldtrade,foreigntrade,overseastrade.Itreferstotheprocessoffairanddeliberateexchangeofgoodsorservicesbetweentwoormorecountries,involvingtheuseoftwoormorecurrencies.Besides,internationaltradeconcernstradeoperationsofbothimportandexportandincludesthepurchaseandsaleofbothvisibleandinvisiblegoods.國際貿(mào)易產(chǎn)生的原因：〔了解Resourcereasons<naturalresource,humanresourceandtechnology>Economicreasons<economicbenefits,comparativeadvantageandeconomiesofscale>Otherreasons<politicalreasons,differencesintastes,preferencesandconsumptionpatterns>國際貿(mào)易與國內(nèi)貿(mào)易的不同：Inparticular,internationaltradeismoresubjectto:LanguagehabitsandculturaldifferencesForeignlaws,customsandregulationsorinternationalrulesExchangeratefluctuationsandinterestrateHigherlevelofpolitical,financialandtransportationrisksMorecomplexbusinessproceduresthereforemanagersneedabroaderrangeofmanagementskills國際貿(mào)易的分類：1>從貨物流向〔directionofcargoflow分:exporttrade,importtradeandtransittrade<過境貿(mào)易>2>從參與的貿(mào)易方〔thenumberofparticipants分：directtrade,indirecttradeandentrepottrade<轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易>轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易：entrepottradereferstothetransactionwhichinvolvesimportinggoodsfromoverseasforfurtherprocessingorassemblingandthere-exportingthegoodsabroad.轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易又稱中轉(zhuǎn)貿(mào)易或再輸出貿(mào)易,是指國際貿(mào)易中進(jìn)出口貨物的買賣,不是在生產(chǎn)國和消費國之間直接進(jìn)行,而是通過第三國轉(zhuǎn)手進(jìn)行的貿(mào)易。對于第三國來說,就是轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易,與過境貿(mào)易的最大區(qū)別在于貨物的所有權(quán)會發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移,并且只涉及一個貿(mào)易方。國際上有很多中轉(zhuǎn)地,如新加坡,香港,鹿特丹等3從商品形式〔formofgoods分：有形貿(mào)易〔visible/tangiblegoodstrade和無形貿(mào)易〔invisible/intangiblegoodstrade4>按結(jié)算方式〔thesettlementinstrument分：易貨貿(mào)易〔bartertrade和自由結(jié)匯貿(mào)易〔free-liquidationtrade5.進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易的程序：Exportandimportprocedures:Generalspeaking,fromthebeginningtotheendofatransaction,thewholeoperationundergoesfourstages:1>thepreparationofatransaction2>thenegotiationofthecontract3>theperformanceofthecontract4>thesettlementofdisputes其中第二個環(huán)節(jié)：①Negotiationcanbeconductedintwoforms:Inwords<face-to-facenegotiationornegotiationthroughtelephone>Inwriting<businesscorrespondencewhichincludesletters,faxes,e-mails>②Fourmainsteps:詢盤<enquiry>,發(fā)盤<offer>,還盤<counter-offer>,接受<acceptance>Chaptertwo國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語1.三種貿(mào)易術(shù)語的解釋規(guī)則〔threesetsofrules1>1932年華沙牛津規(guī)則〔Warsaw-OxfordRules19322>美國對外貿(mào)易修正案1941〔RevisedAmericanForeignTradeDefinitions19413>2000年國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則〔InternationalRulesfortheInterpretationofTradeTerms20002.incoterms2000的具體內(nèi)容〔E、F、C、D組的劃分,重點在F、C類〔這個不知道怎么寫,看書本P34-423.裝運合同術(shù)語和到貨合同術(shù)語區(qū)別Shipmentcontract:起運前交付〔thedeliverywillhappenatthetimeorbeforethetimeofshipment如：EFC類Arrivalcontract:到達(dá)目的地后交付〔deliveratthetimeofarrival象征性交接合實際交接Symbolicdelivery:買方并沒有實質(zhì)性的接受到貨物,而是通過一系列運輸單據(jù)證明其交接?！瞭hebuyerdoesnotphysicallyreceivethegoods,thedeliveryisprovedbythesubmissionoftransportdocumentbythesellertothebuyer只意味著買方同意了買方交貨的事實,并不代表買方接受了該批貨物就是與合同一致的貨物。Actualdelivery:thebuyer<orhisagent>physicallyreceivesthegoodsuponthetimeofdeliveryChapterthree出口商品的價格1.出口商品價格的表達(dá)〔expressionofexportpriceThestandardformatofapriceininternationaltradehasfourcomponents通常一個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)出口價格包括四個部分：貨幣〔acodeofcurrency金額〔anumberindicatingtheprice數(shù)量單位〔aunitformeasuringquantity貿(mào)易術(shù)語〔acertaintradeterm例如：USD22.5/PieceCIFNewYork這是一種出口價格的表現(xiàn)形式,在紐約市用CIF貿(mào)易術(shù)語進(jìn)行交易,每件貨為22.5美元2.價格的計算FOB價格：以出口國貨幣計算FOB=totalcost+profit以外國貨幣計算FOB=<Totalcost+profit>/ExchangerateCFR價格：CFR=FOB+OceanfreightCIF價格：CIF=FOB+Oceanfreight+InsurancePremiumInsurancepremium=CIF*<1+markup>*Premiumrate<R>CIF=CFR/<1-markup*R>包含傭金〔commission的價格：①Commission<C>=contractvalue*commissionrate②PriceincludingC=netprice/<1–Crates>Netprice=priceincludingC<1-Crates>PriceincludingC指的是FOB或FCA條件下的價格折扣價：Discount=contractprice*discountrateActualprice=contractprice–discount=contractprice*<1-discountrate>3.價格評估的兩個指標(biāo)：出口利潤率〔Exportprofitmargin:Exportprofitmargin=exportrevenue<FOB>–exportcost<FOB>Exportrevenue<FOB>公式中用的是FOB價格,即不包含運費保險費的價格,并且使用的是出口國貨幣。反映的是一單位的銷售額能賺取多少的利潤,越大越好出口換匯成本〔ExportCostforForeignExchange:Exportcostforforeignexchange=exportcostinlocalcurrencyExportrevenueinforeigncurrency該指標(biāo)反映的是要賺取一單位的外國貨幣需要花費的本國貨幣成本,越小越好4.定價的四個步驟：〔要求能夠知道概念和判斷詢盤：Apotentialclientasksforinformationfromthecounterparttohisintentioninbuyingorsellingofacertaincommodity.發(fā)盤：Asufficientlydefiniteproposaladdressedtooneormorespecificpersonsforconcludingacontract,necessarilyindicatingtheintentionoftheofferortobeboundincaseofacceptance.還盤：Areplytoanofferwhichcontainsadditions,limitationsofothermodifications.接受：Anunconditionalstatementmadeformallybyoranactionconductedbytheoffereeindicatingassenttoanofferorcounter-offer.參考書上67-72頁的幾個exampleChapterfour商品條款1.品質(zhì)條款：注：CISG規(guī)定,如果一項商品交易既憑描述性買賣又憑樣品實物買賣,那么賣方必須使交貨的商品同時符合這兩個條件1商品質(zhì)量用文字說明表示〔salebydescription憑規(guī)格買賣〔salebyspecification:用商品質(zhì)量的若干指標(biāo),如大小、容量、成分等憑等級買賣〔salebygrade:如一級二級,大中小號等憑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)買賣〔salebystandard:采用一些組織如ISO制定公布的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。有兩種主要的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：良好平均品質(zhì)F.A.Q〔多適用于農(nóng)產(chǎn)品銷售和上好可銷品質(zhì)G.M.Q〔多適用于木材,冷凍類產(chǎn)品憑品牌和商標(biāo)買賣〔salebybrandnameortrademark憑產(chǎn)地買賣〔salebyorigin憑說明書和圖樣買賣〔salebydescriptionsorillustrations2商品質(zhì)量用實物樣品表示〔salebysample①憑賣方樣品買賣〔salebyseller’ssample:賣方提供原樣,買方選擇,賣方需留樣〔duplicate②憑買方樣品買賣：又叫來樣制作,但容易產(chǎn)生工業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)糾紛③憑對等樣品買賣〔salebycountersample:對等樣品又叫回樣areturnedsample或確認(rèn)樣aconfirmedsample,是賣方根據(jù)買方來樣仿制的樣品。為避免糾紛,需由第三方或公證機(jī)關(guān)進(jìn)行"封樣"〔sealedsampleAcountersampleisareplicamadebythesellerofthesampleprovided,normallybythebuyer.Itisalsocalledareturnedsampleoraconfirmedsample.2.品質(zhì)條款的注意事項〔必須在合同中注明1品質(zhì)機(jī)動〔Qualitylatitude:meansthepermissiblerangewithinwhichthequalityofthegoodsdeliveredbythesellermaybeflexiblycontrolled.是指對特定質(zhì)量指標(biāo)在一定幅度內(nèi)可以機(jī)動。2品質(zhì)公差〔Qualitytolerance:referstothequalitydeviationrecognized,whichallowsthequalityofthegoodsdeliveredtohavecertaindifferencewithinarange.是指允許交付貨物的特定質(zhì)量指標(biāo)在公認(rèn)的一定范圍內(nèi)的差異。3保障條款〔SafeguardClause:保護(hù)賣方避免受到因工業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)和知識產(chǎn)權(quán)而受到不應(yīng)該的控告3.計量方法〔measuringquantity國際貿(mào)易中主要使用的度量衡制度有四種：公制<metricsystem>,美制<U.S.system>,英制<Britishsystem>和國際單位制<Internationalsystemofunits>.主要單位有：重量〔weight:ton,gram,kilogram,pound,ounce.注意：ton有metricton<1000KG>,longton<1016KG>和shortton<907KG>之分,合同中如果未注明,很容易產(chǎn)生糾紛。容積〔capacity:gallon,liter,bushel….個數(shù)〔number:piece,package,pair,set,gross,dozen,head,case,barrel,drum,bag….長度〔length:yard,meter,foot,centimeter…..面積〔area:squareyard,squaremeter,squarefoot,squareinch….體積〔volume:cubicyard,cubitmeter…..4.重量的計算方法：1>毛重Grossweight:商品連同包裝的重量2>凈重Netweight:商品本身重量3>條件重量Conditionedweight：Thedryweightofcommodityplusthestandardmoisturecontent涉及含水分問題標(biāo)準(zhǔn)回潮率〔standardregainrate:theratiobetweenthewatercontentandthedryweightofthegoods,whichisacceptedintheworldmarketoragreeduponbythesellerandthebuyer實際回潮率〔actualregainrate:theratiobetweentheactualregainingwatercontentinthegoodsandtheactualdryweightConditionedweight=driednetweight*<1+standardregainrate>actualweight*〔1+standardregainweightactualweight*〔1+standardregainweight1+actualregainweight4>理論重量<Theoreticalweight>：whenthetotalweightoftheproductiscalculatedbymultiplyingthetotalquantityandtheunitweight,ratherthanmeasuredactually.適用于固定規(guī)格和體積的商品。5>法定重量<Legalweight>：Theweightofgoodsincludingtheimmediate,inner,ordirectpackingofthegoods.通常法定重量是征收關(guān)稅的依據(jù)。5.包裝的類型1>包括裸裝貨〔nudecargo,散裝貨<bulkcargo>,包裝貨<packedcargo>2>運輸包裝〔transportpacking又稱shippingpacking,outerpacking,bigpacking,ismainlyadoptedtofacilitatecargotransportation.包裝容器<container>:case,drums,bags,bales,crate…..包裝方法〔methodofpacking:單位包裝〔unitpacking和集中包裝<collectivepacking>.其中集中包裝主要由托盤<pallet>,集裝包<flexiblecontainer>和集裝箱<container>.Chapterfive國際貨物運輸1.班輪和租船運輸1班輪運輸〔linertransportation:是在一定航線上,在一定的停靠港口,定期開航的船舶運輸。⑴班輪運輸?shù)奶攸c：班輪四固定船期固定〔regularscheduleddeparture,航線固定〔specifiedroute,停靠港口固定〔routeswithfixedbaseports和運費率相對固定〔comparativelyfixedfreightrates⑵班輪的種類：工會同盟班輪〔conferenceliners和非工會同盟班輪〔non-conferenceliners⑶貨物由承運人負(fù)責(zé)配載裝卸并承擔(dān)費用〔包括如速遣費和滯期費等額外費用⑷運費的構(gòu)成〔compositionoflinerfreight:基本運費〔basicfreight和附加費〔surchargesandadditionalsTotalFreight=TotalQuantityxBasicRatex<1+Surcharge/AdditionalRates>⑸基本運費的計算標(biāo)準(zhǔn)①重量噸W<weightton>②體積噸M<measurementton>③W/M–重量和體積,取高者<Note:1WT=1MT>④基于商品價值A(chǔ).V.–根據(jù)商品FOB價值的百分比收費⑤W/MorA.V.–重量、體積、價值比較,取最高費率者,要先將W、M換算成basicrate再比較。注意單位⑥Unit/Head⑦最低費率MinimumRate–對于數(shù)量太小的貨物設(shè)定最低費率⑧臨時議定運價OpenRate–對于大宗價值低無包裝的貨物參考書本P121頁例題⑹附加費和附屬費〔了解Surcharge附加費–beyondourcontrolBunkerSurcharge<bunkeradjustmentfactor/BAF>燃油附加費<15%ofthecost>CurrencySurcharge<currencyadjustmentfactor/CAF>貨幣貶值附加費PortCongestionSurcharge港口擁擠附加費TransshipmentSurcharge轉(zhuǎn)船附加費DeviationSurcharge繞道附加費PortSurcharge港口附加費Additionals附屬費–underourcontrolHeavyliftadditional/Extrachargesonheavylifts超重費<over5M/T>Lengthycargoadditional/Extrachargesonoverlengths超長費<over9m>Bulkycargoadditional超大費<over6cbm>Additionalondirect直行附屬費Notatbasicport,volumeover1000M/TAdditionalonoptionaldischargingport選卸港附屬費Additionalforalternationofdestination變更卸港附屬費2租船運輸〔chartertransportation:定程租船〔voyagecharter定期租船〔timecharter光船租船〔bareboatcharter/demisecharter定程和定期租船的區(qū)別〔了解p121F.I.O<freeinandout>:theship-ownerdoesnotbearloadingandunloadingcost2.其他運輸方式1航空運輸Airtransportation:運費計算與海洋運輸中的一樣,只是單位不同<Note:6000cm3=1kg>2鐵路和公路運輸Rail<way>transportationandRoadtransportation3國際多式聯(lián)運I.M.T<Internationalmultimodaltransportation>:meansthecarriageofcargofromtheplaceofsellersinonecountrytothesiteofthebuyer’sinanothercountrybyatleasttwomodesoftransportationonthebasisofamulti-modaltransportationcontract.①Onlyonemulti-modaltransportationoperator②Onlyonemulti-modaltransportationcontract③Onlyonefreightrate4集裝箱運輸:Containerizationisamethodofdistributingmerchandiseinaunitizedformadoptinganinter-modalsystemwhichprovidesapossiblecombinationofsea,roadandothermodesoftransportation.⑴特點：高效率,安全,節(jié)約成本VarietyinserviceInvolvingoneoperatorUseofspecialequipmentLowriskofdamageandpilferageSubstantialcostsavings⑵集裝箱種類Drycargocontainer干貨集裝箱Refrigerated/reefercontainer冷凍集裝箱Tankercontainer油罐集裝箱Carcontainer車輛集裝箱⑶集裝箱運輸服務(wù)整箱裝〔FCL和拼箱裝〔LCL服務(wù)CYtoCYservice,CFStoCFSservice,DRtoDRservice,DRtoCFSserviceandCFStoDRservice〔集裝箱場CY,集裝箱貨站CFS,自有集裝箱DR P127⑷運費計算FCL:bythecapacity〔根據(jù)集裝箱容積LCL:similartolinerservice〔與班輪運輸相似3.海運提單Billoflading1>提單的作用和功能functions①Areceiptofthegoods承運人簽發(fā)給托運人的貨物收據(jù)②Evidenceofthecontractofcarriage貨物運輸合同的證明③Adocumenttitletothegoods貨物所有權(quán)憑證2提單的種類⑴裝運提單<shippedB/L>和備運提單〔receivedB/L:兩者之間的區(qū)別可能考簡答裝運提單是指承運人在貨物已經(jīng)裝上指定船舶后所簽發(fā)的提單。必須注明裝船日期和具體船只名稱。①Issuedbytheshippingcompanyaftergoodsshippedonboardthedesignatedvessel.②Indicatingdateofshipmentandnameofthevessel備運提單是指承運人已收到托運貨物等待裝運期間所簽發(fā)的提單。沒有具體的裝船時間和船舶名稱。①Goodsbeingreceivedbutnotyetloaded,isaconfirmationofgoodshandedovertoshipowner②Absenceofdateofshipmentandnameofthevessel,difficulttoanticipatedateofarrival,hencenotfavorablebybuyer聯(lián)系：③WhenWordssuchas"GoodsshippedonboardS/SRedStaronMay10,2008"addedandsignedbythecarrierortheagentonthereceivedB/L,itbecomesashippedB/L⑵清潔提單〔cleanB/L和不清潔提單〔uncleanB/L清潔提單是指貨物在裝船時表面狀況良好,承運人在提單上不帶有明顯宣稱貨物或包裝有缺陷狀況的文字或批注的提單。AcleanB/Lreferstoonewhichdoesnotdeclareadefectiveconditionoftheexteriorpackingofgoods.不清潔提單是指承運人在簽發(fā)的提單上帶有明顯宣稱貨物或包裝有缺陷狀況的文字或批注的提單。AnuncleanB/Listheonethatcontainsunfavorablenotationabouttheapparentconditionofthecargo.⑶記名提單〔straightB/L,不記名提單〔bearerB/L,指示提單〔orderB/L記名提單是指提單上的收貨人欄內(nèi)填明特定收貨人名稱的提單。①Madeouttoadesignatedconsignee②Onlythenamedconsigneeisentitledtothecargo③Nottransferable不記名提單〔openorblankB/L:指提單上的收貨人欄內(nèi)不寫明特定收貨人名稱的提單。①Theconsigneeboxleftblankoropen,orbearingthewording"Tobearer"<至持有人>②Canbetransferredwithoutendorsementthereforewithhighrisk,unfavorableininternationaltrade指示提單是指提單上的收貨人欄內(nèi)填寫"憑指示"或"憑某某人指示"字樣的提單。①Madeouttotheorderofanamedperson,Nodefiniteconsignee,"Toorder""Toorderoftheshipper"or"Toorderoftheconsignee"instead②Negotiableandtransferable,butneedendorsement,Widelyusedininternationaltrade⑷直運提單〔directB/L和轉(zhuǎn)船提單<transshipmentB/L>直運提單是指貨物裝上船后,中途不再換船而直接駛往目的港卸貨所簽發(fā)的提單。轉(zhuǎn)船提單①Involvingadditionalcharges,longertimeandhigherrisksintransit,thereforeunfavorabletothebuyer②Acceptableonlywhenthereisnodirectservice⑸正本提單〔originalB/L和副本提單〔copyB/L正本提單是指提單上有承運人或其代理人簽名蓋章并注明簽發(fā)日期的提單ValidonlyafterbeingsingedbytheshippingcompanyoritsagentShowing"Original"andthenumberofthesignedoriginalsNormallymadeoutinasetofthreeoriginalsAnevidenceshowingtheownershipofgoodsPresentedfortakingthedeliveryofthegoodsatdestination,oneisused,theothersbecomesvoidautomatically副本提單僅供參考和記錄之用,注明副本字樣。Normallyonlyusedforreferenceorforrecords.⑹全式提單〔LongformB/L和略式提單〔shortformB/L⑺運費付訖提單〔freightprepaid和運費托收提單<freighttobecollected>⑻其他不規(guī)范提單到付提單〔staleB/L:指提單簽發(fā)后超過信用證規(guī)定期限才交到銀行的提單,或者收貨人不能在船到目的港前收到的提單。倒簽提單〔ante-datedB/L:提單上簽發(fā)的日期早于實際起運時間的提單?！餐砥疬\預(yù)簽提單〔advancedB/L:在貨物還未實際裝載前簽發(fā)的提單?！膊恢螘r起運甲板提單〔on-deckB/L:承運人簽發(fā)的表明貨物裝于船舶甲板上的提單。3其他運輸單證海上運單〔seawaybill：附于提單后,詳細(xì)解釋提單內(nèi)容,與運輸合同一致,不具有所有權(quán)作用航空運單〔airwaybill:與海運提單作用幾乎一致,理論上不是貨物所有權(quán)證書鐵路運輸單據(jù)Consignmentnote<railwaybill>公路承運貨物收據(jù)Roadconsignmentnote多式聯(lián)運單據(jù)Multimodaltransportationdocument<MTD>4.裝船期<timeofshipment>和交貨期的區(qū)別<timeofdelivery>1>Undershipmentcontracts,thesymbolicdeliverytakesplace,sotimeofshipmentisequaltotimeofdelivery.Thetimeistheonelimitedforloadingthegoodsonboardvesselorinthehandofthecarrierattheportorplaceofshipment.2>Underarrivalcontracts,theactualdeliverytakesplace,thus,timeofshipmentisdifferentfromtimeofdelivery.Timeofshipmentreferstothetimelimitforloadingthegoodsonboardvesselattheportorplaceofshipment;timeofdeliveryreferstothetimelimitduringwhichthesellershalldeliverthegoodstothebuyerattheagreedplace.5.分批運〔partialshipment和轉(zhuǎn)運<transshipment>的區(qū)別Partialshipmentmeansthegoodsunderacontractaretobeshippedinmorethanonelot.分批裝運是指一個合同下的貨物先后分若干批裝運。Transshipmentmeansunloadingandreloadingfromonevesseltoanotherduringthecourseofoceancarriagefromtheportofloadingtotheportofdischargestipulated.轉(zhuǎn)運是指從裝運港至卸貨港過程中,進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)裝或重裝,包括從一運輸工具移至另一運輸工具的行為。滯期費〔demurrage和速遣費<dispatch>滯期費是指在規(guī)定的裝卸期限內(nèi),如果租船人未能完成裝卸作業(yè),為了彌補(bǔ)船方的損失,對超過的實踐租船人應(yīng)向船方支付一定的罰款。Demurrageistheamountofmoneypaidasapenaltyatanagreedratebycharterertocompensatetheship-ownerforhislossesincasethechartererfailstohaveloadingandunloadingcompletedwithinthelaytime.速遣費是指租船人在規(guī)定的期限呢,提前完成裝卸作業(yè),則所節(jié)省的時間船方要向租船人支付一定的獎金。Dispatchistheamountofmoneypaidasabonusbytheship-ownertothechartereriftheygetloadingandunloadingdoneaheadofschedule.Chaptersix貨物運輸保險1.保險的四大基本原則〔fundamentalprinciplesofcargoinsurance：1>可保利益原則〔theinsurableinterestprinciple可保利益指的是投保人對保險標(biāo)的具有法律上承認(rèn)的利益。Insurableinterestistheinterestoninsurancesubjectmatterheldbytheinsurantandrecognizedbylaw,indicatingthattheinsurantwillsuffersomefinanciallossesifanymaritimerisksmaterialize.投保人對保險標(biāo)的不具有可保利益的,保險合同無效,這就是可保利益原則。通常的可保利益形式有貨物的所有權(quán)、保費、運費等2>最大誠信原則〔theutmostgoodfaithprinciple是指投保人和保險人在簽訂保險合同以及在合同有效期內(nèi),必須保持最大限度的誠意。Bothpartiesbefaithfulandhonestinenteringintotheinsurancecontract.Insurantshallexposeallimportantfactsinfluencingthejudgmentandevaluationbytheinsurertotheperils.補(bǔ)償原則〔theindemnityprinciple是指當(dāng)保險標(biāo)的遭受保險責(zé)任范圍內(nèi)的損失時,保險人應(yīng)當(dāng)依照保險合同的約定履行賠償義務(wù)。Intheeventoflossofordamagetothesubjectmatterresultingfromaninsuredperil,theinsurershallcompensatetheclaimantexactlywhatthelatterhaslostintheoccurrenceoftheperil.補(bǔ)償?shù)姆秶荒艹^:〔totalindemnificationbelimitedto：保險金額Theinsuranceamount:110%oftheinsuredvalue實際損失Theactuallosssuffered可保利益Theinsurableinterestoftheclaimant4近因原則〔theproximatecauseprinciple:指保險人只對承保風(fēng)險和保險標(biāo)的損失之間有直接因果關(guān)系的損失負(fù)賠償責(zé)任。Theinsurershallonlyresponsibleforthelosswhichhasadirectlinktotheriskscovered.如果有兩個以上原因造成損失,則①如果前因在保險范圍內(nèi),后因不在,前因?qū)е潞笠?保險人要賠付；②如果前因不在保險范圍內(nèi),后因在,前因?qū)е潞笠?保險人不賠2.海上運輸風(fēng)險自然災(zāi)害Naturalcalamities:Causedbyforcemajeureeventssuchasheavyweather,lightening,Tsunami,earthquake,volcaniceruption,thunderbolt<雷劈>,etc.意外事故Unexpectedaccidents/fortuitousaccidents:Causedbyaccidentssuchasfire,explosion,vesselstranding〔擱淺,grounded〔觸礁,sunkorcapsized〔傾覆,collision〔碰撞,missing,etc.一般外來風(fēng)險Generalrisks:Causedbycommonfactorssuchastheft,freshwaterrain雨淋,shortage短量,leakage滲漏,clashandbreakage破損,odor串味,heatingandsweating受潮和受熱,hookdamage鉤損,rust銹損,breakageofpacking,etc.特殊外來風(fēng)險Specialrisks:Causedbymilitaryfactors,politicalfactors,governmentregulationssuchaswar,striking罷工,confiscation<沒收>,etc.3.海上損失1實際全損和推定全損的區(qū)別實際全損是指該批被保險的貨物在運輸途中完全滅失,或者受到嚴(yán)重?fù)p壞完全失去原有的形體、效用。Actualtotallossmeanscargohasbeentotallylostorhasbeendamagedtotheextentthatithaslostitsoriginalusage.推定全損是指被保險貨物在運輸途中受損后,實際全損已經(jīng)不可避免,或者恢復(fù)、修復(fù)受損貨物并將其運送到原定目的地的費用超過貨物到達(dá)目的地所原有的價值。Constructivetotallossmeanscargoisnottotallylost,buttheactualtotallossshallbeunavoidableortherestorationfeestogetherwithothermiscellaneousexpenseswillexceedtheanticipatedamountofprofitwhencargoisdeliveredtothedestinationasarrangedoriginally.2部分損失⑴指整批貨物的部分損失或者部分貨物的全部損失apartialdamagetoorthetotallossofpartoftheinsuredcargo⑵單獨海損和共同海損的區(qū)別共同海損是指在同一海上航程中,船舶、貨物和其他財產(chǎn)遭遇共同危險,為了共同安全,有意的合理的采取措施所直接造成的特殊犧牲、支付的特殊費用。Apartial&deliberatesacrificeoftheship,freight,orcargo,oradditionalexpensesincurredtorescueashipanditscargofromimpedingdangerorforthecommonsafetyoftheadventureunderaperiloftheseaorsomeotherhazards.①共同海損的條件：a.導(dǎo)致共同海損的危險必須是真實存在的或不可避免的；b.船方所采取的措施必須是為了解除船、貨的共同危險,有意識而且是合理的；c.所做的犧牲具有特殊性,支出的費用是額外的；d.犧牲和費用的支出最終必須是有效的②共同海損分擔(dān)〔generalaveragecontribution:由承運人、船方和貨主按獲益比例分擔(dān)計算：a.算出共同海損totalGAloss；b.算出共同海損分?jǐn)們r值〔得救價值totalGAcontributoryvalue；c.算出共同海損比率GApercentage=totalGAloss/TotalGAcontributoryvalue*100%d.算出各受益方應(yīng)該分擔(dān)的共同海損:GAcontribution=contributoryvalue*GApercentage參考課本P165例題單獨海損是指除共同海損意外的部分損失,由受損方單獨承擔(dān)。兩者的主要區(qū)別為：單獨海損是由海上風(fēng)險直接造成的貨物損失,沒有人為因素在內(nèi),而共同海損則是因采取人為的故意的措施而導(dǎo)致的損失；單獨海損的損失由受損方自行承擔(dān),而共同海損的損失由各受益方按獲救財產(chǎn)價值的多少,按比例共同分?jǐn)偂?.費用：為了營救被保險貨物所支出的費用施救費用〔sueandlaborexpense和救助費用<salvagecharges>的區(qū)別:施救費用是指保險標(biāo)的在遭遇保險責(zé)任范圍內(nèi)的災(zāi)害事故時,被保險人或其代理人、雇傭人員和保險單受讓人對保險標(biāo)的所采取的各種搶救、防止或減少貨損的措施而支出的合理費用。保險人對這種施救費用負(fù)責(zé)賠償,這是一種自救行為。救助費用是指保險標(biāo)的遭受保險責(zé)任范圍內(nèi)的災(zāi)害事故時,由保險人和被保險人以外的第三者采取了救助措施并獲得成功而向其支付的報酬。如果是發(fā)生在單獨海損期間由保險人賠償,如果發(fā)生在共同海損期間,則由受益方分?jǐn)偂＿@是一種他救行為。5.中國海上運輸保險條款范圍CoverageofmarinecargoinsuranceofCIC1基本險BasiccoverageFPA<FreefromParticularAverage>平安險：主要有：a.全損b.一部分自然災(zāi)害和意外事故造成的部損c.全部意外事故造成的部損d.共同海損WPA<WithParticularAverage>水漬險：平安險+自然災(zāi)害直接造成的部損A.R.<AllRisks>一切險：水漬險+一般外來風(fēng)險2附加險Additionalcoverage一般附加險：Generaladditionalcoverage如：淡水雨淋險、碰損破碎險、勾損險、偷竊提貨不著險等特殊附加險：如戰(zhàn)爭險、罷工民變險、交貨不到險、艙面風(fēng)險、拒收險、進(jìn)口關(guān)稅險、黃曲霉素險〔aflatoxinrisk等除外責(zé)任〔exclusions:不包括在中國海運保險條款的基本險和附加險中l(wèi)ossordamagecausedbytheintentionalactorfaultoftheinsured;〔被保險人故意行為或過失所造成的損失lossordamagefallingundertheliabilityoftheconsignor;〔屬于發(fā)貨人責(zé)任所引起的損失lossordamagearisingfromtheinferiorqualityorshortageoftheinsuredgoodspriortotheattachmentofthisinsurance;〔在保險責(zé)任開始前,被保險貨物已存在的品質(zhì)不良或數(shù)量短差所造成的損失lossordamagearisingfromnormalloss,inherentviceornatureoftheinsuredgoods,lossofmarketand/ordelayintransitandanyexpensesarisingtherefrom;〔被保險貨物的自然損耗、本質(zhì)缺陷、特性以及市價跌落、運輸延遲所引起的損失或費用Risksandliabilitiesexcludedbytheoceanmarinecargowarrisksclausesandstrike,riotandcivilcommotionclausesofC.I.C.〔海洋貨物運輸戰(zhàn)爭險條款和貨物運輸罷工險條款的責(zé)任范圍和除外責(zé)任承保責(zé)任期〔durationofbasicinsurance倉至倉條款〔warehousetowarehouseclause即W/WClause:Theinsurancecompanyundertakesaninsuranceliabilityovertheinsuredcargofromthewarehouseorplaceofstorageoftheshippernamedinthepolicyuntilthecargofromthewarehouseorplaceofstorageofthereceivernamedinthepolicy.在不同運輸方式下的倉至倉條款：在貨物到達(dá)目的港完成卸載與進(jìn)入最終倉庫期間,海運條件下60天,空運條件下30天。3>戰(zhàn)爭險期限和W/W條款期限區(qū)別：倉至倉條款不適用于戰(zhàn)爭險,在戰(zhàn)爭險中,即使貨物沒有卸載,保險責(zé)任期是在從貨物到達(dá)目的港那天午夜后的第15天為止8.其他運輸方式險別1基本險：陸運/航空險=水漬險陸運/航空一切險附加險：陸運/航空貨物戰(zhàn)爭險2郵包險〔parcelpostrisks=海運中的水漬險郵包一切險〔parcelpostallrisks郵包戰(zhàn)爭險倉至倉條款同樣適用,但承保期限到郵包通知單到達(dá)目的地15天后貨物保險程序〔proceduresofcargoinsurance了解計算保險金額tocalculatetheinsuranceamountInsuranceamount=CIF<CIP>×<1+markuprate>Markuprateisnormally110%2>決定保險范圍TodeterminetheinsurancecoverageUnderCIF&CIP,min.FPA；3獲取保險費率Toobtaintheinsurancepremiumrate4投保并支付保費ToapplyformarineinsuranceandpaytheinsurancepremiumInsurancePremium<I>=insurancevalue×premiumrate<R>=CIF<CIP>×<1+markuprate>×premiumrate<R>5獲取保單Toobtainaninsurancedocument大保單〔insurancepolicy和小保單<insurancecertificate>6>發(fā)生損失時進(jìn)行索賠Tolodgeaninsuranceclaimatthetimeoflossordamage9.保費計算1InsurancePremium<I>=insurancevalue×premiumrate<R>=CIF<CIP>×<1+markuprate>×premiumrate<R>2免賠率〔franchise:referstothepracticethatthelossordamagebelowacertainspecifiedpercentagevalueisnon-recoverable.Twokindsoffranchise①不可減除的Non-deductible:只有當(dāng)損失超過某個程度時按照全部損失比例進(jìn)行賠償②可減除的Deductible:只對超過某個程度的部分進(jìn)行補(bǔ)償3I.O.P〔irrespectiveofpercentage:不考慮免賠率而對損失進(jìn)行全部賠償例如：SupposetheinsuredamountisUSD10,000Damage/LossCompensationNon-deductiblefranchise3%Deductiblefranchise3%I.O.P.USD100=1%NilNilUSD100USD300=3%USD300NilUSD300USD500=5%USD500USD200USD500ChapterSevenInternationalPayments國際貨款支付一、支付工具1、匯票Draft/BillofExchange〔含義、基本內(nèi)容、分類1Definition: Adraftisanunconditionalwrittenorderaddressedbyonepersontoanother,singedbythepersongivingit,requiringtheaddressedpersontopayatsightoratafixedfuturetimethesumofmoneyclearlyspecified,tothepayeeortohisorder.匯票是由一人向另一人簽發(fā)的書面無條件支付命令,是由出票人簽發(fā)的,委托付款人在見票時或者在指定日期無條件支付確定的金額給收款人或其指定的人的票據(jù)。關(guān)系主體2基本內(nèi)容：Thecontent可參考課本加深理解P237-238Thewordsof"BillofExchange"or"Draft"ThedateandplaceofissuanceofdraftAspecificsumwhichshallbeexactlythesamewiththatindicatedonexportinvoiceThetenor,thatis,theperiodofcredit<Ifnotstipulated,regardedasSightdraft>ThenameofthedraweeThenameandsignatureofthedrawerThenameofthepayeeororderorbearerTheendorsementofthepayeewhenapplicable3TypesofdraftCleandraftvs.documentarydraft光票和跟單匯票Banker’sDraftvs.Commercialdraft銀行匯票和商業(yè)匯票Sightdraftvs.timedraft即期匯票和遠(yuǎn)期匯票簡單了解：本票Promissorynote支票Check二、ThreeTypesofremittance匯付方式：信匯Mailtransfer<M/T>：bymail；lowercharges,butslow電匯Telegraphictransfer<T/T>：bytelecommunicationsystem<telexortelegraphorswift>.；Faster,safer,butmoreexpensive票匯Banker’sDemandDraft<D/D>：Import.buysacheckfromabankinimportcountryandsendstotheexport.；Lowestcharge,slowest；Transferable表格倆個基本流程課本P205M/T、T/T與D/T的流程三、托收Collection流程種類：光票托收VS跟單托收CleancollectionVSDocumentscollectionCleanCollection光票托收–withoutthecompanyofcommercialdocumentsDocumentaryCollection對雙方都更有益DocumentsagainstPayment<D/P>付款交單即期DocumentsagainstAcceptance<D/A>承兌交單遠(yuǎn)期LetterofCredit信用證基礎(chǔ)知識含義、特點、程序<差異>特別是議付流程Definition Thewrittenpromiseofabank,undertakenonbehalfofabuyer,topayasellertheamountspecifiedinthecreditprovidedthesellercomplieswiththetermsandconditionssetforthinthecredit.信用證是指開證銀行應(yīng)申請人的要求并按其指示向第三方開立的載有一定金額的,在一定的期限內(nèi)憑符合規(guī)定的單據(jù)付款的書面保證文件。Features<1>BankcreditSecurityofpaymenttoexporterEnsureimporterreceivegoodsasordered<paymentreleasedonlyiftitledocumentsarereceived>Careonlyfordocuments,butnotforactualsituationofthegoods結(jié)算種類Settlementbysightpayment即期Settlementbydeferredpayment遠(yuǎn)期Settlementbyacceptance承兌Settlementbynegotiation議付Settlementbynegotiation議付流程重要IssuingBank/Buyer’sBankSeller/BeneficiaryIssuingBank/Buyer’sBankSeller/BeneficiaryL/CApplicationBuyer/ApplicantAdvisingBankLetterofCreditL/CAdviceContract<1><2><3><4>L/C種類1.Revocablevs.IrrevocableCredit可撤銷與不可撤銷信用證根據(jù)UCP600規(guī)定,沒有特別注明的信用證一律視為irrevocable2.Confirmedvs.UnconfirmedCredit保兌與不可保兌信用證Confirmedcreditshouldbeanirrevocablecredit.銀行雙保險3.Sightvs.Usance/termCredit即期與遠(yuǎn)期信用證4.Straightvs.OpenCredit/freenegotiablecredit直接信用證：規(guī)定受益人將信用證項下匯票直接向開證行提示付款的信用證。自由議付信用證：開證行對愿意辦理議付的任何銀行作公開議付邀請和普通付款承諾的信用證,即任何銀行均可按信用證的條款自由議付的信用證。受益人可以自由選定一間對自己有利的銀行來辦理議付。5.Transferablevs.Non-transferablecredit可轉(zhuǎn)讓與不可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證可轉(zhuǎn)讓：Transferor–theprime/firstbeneficiary;transferee–thesecondbeneficiaryAcreditmuststateclearlythatitis"transferable",其他單詞皆不有效revolvingcredit循環(huán)信用證Reciprocalcredit對開信用證指兩張信用證的開證申請人互以對方為受益人而開立的信用證。對開信用證多用于易貨貿(mào)易或來料加工和補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易業(yè)務(wù)五、與L/C相關(guān)的融資L/Crelatedfinancing打包貸款Packingloan指出口地銀行為支持出口商按期履行合同、出運交貨,向收到合格信用證的出口商提供的用于采購、生產(chǎn)和裝運信用證項下貨物的專項貸款。屬于裝船前短期融資出口押匯Negotiationunderdocumentarycredit指出口商〔信用證受益人發(fā)運貨物后按信用證要求制備單據(jù),提交銀行申請議付,銀行審單后提供給出口商的短期資金融通。出口信用證押匯適用于與國外進(jìn)口商按信用證方式結(jié)算并有融資需求的出口企業(yè)。ChapterEight出口單證ExportDocumentation<考選擇題>BasicRequirementsforDocumentation出口單證的五點基本要求4c1p正確性Correctness完整性Completeness簡明性Conciseness整潔性Cleanness靈活性Promptness制單的依據(jù)PrerequisitesofDocumentationThesalescontract出口銷售合同制單的最基本依據(jù)S/CL/Cletterofcredit信用證originaldocumentsprovidedbymanufacturers.制造商的原始單據(jù)出口單證的種類ASummaryofExportDocumentsP262表格table8.1Governmentgranteddocuments,Commercialdocuments,Transportationdocuments,Insurancedocuments,Financialdocuments.1簽約階段DocumentsRequiredbeforeoratContractNegotiationExportLicense出口許可證、Proformainvoice形式發(fā)票2備貨階段DocumentsInvolvedinGoodsPreparationCommercialinvoice商業(yè)發(fā)票、Packinglist裝箱單3法定商檢階段DocumentsConcerningMandatoryInspectionExportcommodityinspectionapplication出口貨物報檢單、Certificateofinspection檢驗證4貨運、租船訂艙階段DocumentsInvolvedinTransportationBookingNote訂艙單、Shippingorder裝貨單5出口報關(guān)階段DocumentsneededforExportCustomsClearanceCustomsdeclarationforexportcommodity出口貨物報關(guān)單、Customsclearanceforexportcommodity出口貨物海關(guān)清關(guān)單〔放行條6〔裝運后貨運期間DocumentsReceivedafterShipmentMate’sreceipt大副單據(jù)〔收貨單,Shippingadvice〔裝船通知、Billoflading海運提單7保險單據(jù)InsuranceDocumentsInsuranceapplicationform投保單〔保險申請單、Insurancepolicy保險單銀行議付〔出口結(jié)匯單據(jù)DocumentsforBankNegotiationBillofexchangeorDraft匯票Certificateoforigin原產(chǎn)地證書Consularinvoice領(lǐng)事館發(fā)票Customsinvoice海關(guān)發(fā)票ChapterNine檢驗、索賠、不可抗力、仲裁Inspection,Claim,ForceMajeureandArbitrationCommodityInspection商品檢驗三種方式Inspectionatthefactoryo