飲食記憶力訓練練習Manynon-ItaliansidentifyItaliancookingwithafewofitsmostpopulardishes,likepizzaandspaghetti.PeopleoftenexpresstheopinionthatItaliancookingisallprettymuchalike.However,thosewhotravelthroughItalynoticedifferencesineatinghabitsbetweencities,eventhoseonlyafewmilesapart.Notonlydoeseachregionhaveitsownstyle,buteachcommunityandeachvalleyhasadifferentwayofcookingaswell.世界的飲食由于地理位置、風俗習慣、物產(chǎn)等的不同，形成了各異的風格。有人把世界菜系分為三大類，是指：中國菜系，包括中國、朝鮮、日本、東南亞若干國家及南亞一些國家，以中餐為代表，這是世界人口最多的一個菜系。法國菜系：包括歐洲、美洲、大洋洲等許多國家，占地面積最大，以西餐為主體。土耳其菜系：又稱清真菜系，包括中亞、西亞、南亞及非洲一些國家。筆記訓練Foodisoneofthethingsweneedforsurvival,butitisalsosomethingthathasbecomeapartofmanyAmericantraditions.Wehavethosecertainfoodsweeatonholidaysandmanygeographicallocationsareknownforcertainfoods.Notonlythat,butfastfoodwasstartedinAmerica.Americaisameltingpotofculturesandtheirfoods.粵菜的形成和發(fā)展有著悠久的歷史。由于廣州地處珠江三角洲，水陸交通四通八達，所以很早便是嶺南政治、經(jīng)濟、文化中心，飲食文化比較發(fā)達。并且由于廣東是我國最早對外通商的口岸之一，在長期與西方國家經(jīng)濟往來和文化交流中，吸收了一些西菜的烹調(diào)方法，促進了粵菜的形成和發(fā)展?？谧g練習中餐大多是先上冷盤、飲料及酒，后上熱菜，然后上主食，最后上甜點和水果。AtypicalChinesebanquetstartswithcolddishes,andbeveragesanddrinks,followedbyhotdishesandmaincourses.Dessertsandfruitsareservedasthelastcourse.四川菜的辣是世界有名的，辣椒、胡椒、姜是川菜烹調(diào)中不可缺少的原料。Sichuancuisineisworld-famousforitshot,spicydishes.Hotchili,pepperandgingeraretheever-presentingredients.北京菜種類繁多，它要求刀功好、香味濃、配料精。Beijingcuisinehasagreatdealofvarietyandemphasizesfineslicingtechniques,richaromaandsophisticatedseasonings.中國的素菜起源于佛教寺廟，主要以豆類和豆制品為主．VegetarianfoodinChinaoriginatedinBuddhisttemplesandconsistsmainlyofbeans,andbeanproducts.在做菜時，一定要注意火候，這樣，一道菜才能夠色、香、味、形懼全。Greatattentionispaidtotheexactdegreeofheatwhilecookingsothatcolor,taste,smellandappearanceofthedishareallattheirbest.我國悠久的歷史、廣袤的國土、與世界各國和海外文化的廣泛接觸，孕育了中餐烹飪的獨特藝術(shù)。China’slonghistory,vastterritoryandextensivecontactwithothernationsandcultureshavegivenbirthtothedistinctiveChineseculinaryart.白酒一般是由高粱和小麥釀成，酒精度數(shù)較高。在眾多中國產(chǎn)的白酒里，茅臺酒是首屈一指的。Liquorisusuallybrewedfromsorghumandwheat,andhasahighdegreeofalcohol.AmongthegreatnumberoffamousspiritsproducedinChina,Maotainranksfirst.宮保雞丁、鐵板牛柳和魚香肉絲是最受外國人歡迎的三道中國菜。中國的烹調(diào)主要分四大菜系，它們是：黃河流域的魯菜，長江上游的川菜，長江中下游和華東沿海一帶的江浙菜以及珠江流域、南方沿海一帶的粵菜。Chinesecuisinefallsintofourmajorcategories,ShangdongcuisinealongtheYellowRivervalley,SichuancuisinealongtheupperreachesoftheYnagtzeRiver,Jiangsu-ZhejiangcuisinealongthemiddleandlowerreachesoftheYangtzeRiverandChina’ssouth-eastcoast;andGuangdibgcuisinealongthePearlRivervalleyandChina’ssouthcoast.在中國，南方人的主食是米飯，北方人的主食是面或饅頭。ThestaplefoodisriceforsouthernersandnoodleorsteamedbreadfornorthernersinChina.Caviar,artichokes,snailsandasparagusareconsideredhigh-classfoodinFrenchcooking.魚子醬、朝鮮薊、蝸牛和蘆筍在法國菜中被公認為是高檔食物。AtThanksgivingandChristmas,manyofuslookforwardtoturkey,ham,stuffing,mashedpotatoes,cranberrysauce,collardgreens,cornbreadandcasserolesgalore.在感恩節(jié)和圣誕節(jié)，我們許多人期待吃到火雞、火腿、餡餅、土豆泥、紅梅醬、羽衣甘藍、玉米砂鍋。Almosteverythingthatisservedatacocktailpartyorduringapre-mealcocktailhourisintendedtobeeatenwiththefingers.Thisincludesolives,pickles,nuts,deviledeggs,andchips.在雞尾酒會上或正餐前的雞尾會上提供的食物幾乎都可以用手取著吃。這些食物有橄欖、醬菜、堅果、魔蛋和薯片。Italiancookingisfamoustheworldover.Everyonehasheardofspaghetti,pizza,macaroniandthenthereareItalianwinessuchasChianti.PastaisthemostcommonItalianfood.Therearemanydifferentvarietiesservedwithmanykindsofsauces.意大利菜聞名世界。人人都聽說過意大利面、比薩、通心粉，還有意大利葡萄酒如基安蒂紅葡萄酒。面食是意大利主食，有各種用料不同的種類。Italy'sclimateisverysuitableforgrowingtomatoesquicklyandcheaply,sotomatoesareacommoningredientofeverydaymealscookedbyItalians.TomatosauceisacommonbaseforItalianrecipes.意大利的氣候非常適合西紅柿的種植，生長快且成本低，因此西紅柿是意大利菜中常用的佐料。西紅柿醬是意大利菜譜中的常用配料。OtherstaplesofItaliancuisine-especiallyoliveoilandwine-areveryMediterranean.OlivegrovesandvineyardshavebeencommoninItalyandelsewhereinsouthernEuropeforthousandsofyears.意大利菜中的其他主食，特別是橄欖油和葡萄酒，非常具有地中海風味。在意大利以及歐洲南部的其他地方，橄欖林和葡萄園數(shù)千年來一直非常普遍。NewYorkCityhasalotofcheapplacestoeat.Therearepizzaplaces,delis,diners,taquerias,andbagelshopswhereonecangetagoodmealforunder5USdollars.Ifyoudon’twanttobothertogoinsidetofindsomethingtoeat,youcanlooknofurtherthantheneareststreetcornerforfoodstandswhichprovideasurprisinglyvarietyoffoods.在紐約有很多很便宜的吃飯的地方，包括比薩店、熟食店、小餐館、墨西哥快餐店和貝果面包店等，在這些地方花不到五美元就可以吃得很好。如果你不樂意到這些店里面去找吃的，你還可以在就近街區(qū)角落的食品攤吃到各種各樣的食物。Themeatsmostcommonlyusedinmaincoursesarechicken,veal(calf)andpork,whichareoftenpan-friedorcasseroled.Beefisusedassteaks,whilelambisroastedonspecialoccasions,suchasEasterandChristmas.Fishandotherseafoodareoftenusedasmaincourses.Commonvegetablesarebeans(greensandpulses),potatoes(oftensautéed),carrotsandsalads.主菜中常吃的肉食有雞肉，牛肉和豬肉，通常是煎制或燉制的。牛肉常用作牛排，而在萬圣節(jié)和圣誕節(jié)等特殊場合，羊肉則用來烤著吃。魚類和其他海鮮也常用在主菜中。常吃的蔬菜有豆類（綠色的豆苗和干豆）、土豆（通常燉制）、胡蘿卜和色拉。ThegreatBritishbreakfastisfamousthroughouttheworld.ThetypicalEnglishbreakfastisa19thcenturyinvention,whenthemajorityofEnglishpeopleadoptedthelargemealofporridge,fish,baconandeggs,toastandmarmalade.TodaymanyBritishpeoplearemorelikelytohaveabowlofcornflakesoracupofcoffeewithacigarettethantoindulgeinthewondersofthisfeast!英式早餐全球聞名。最典型的英式早餐創(chuàng)制于19世紀，那時大多數(shù)英國人把麥片粥、魚類、培根荷包蛋和果醬面包作為早餐。而今天很多英國人早餐時更喜歡喝一碗玉米片或一杯咖啡外加一直香煙，而不是繼續(xù)沉浸在過去的“豐盛”早餐中。AlthoughsometraditionaldishessuchasroastbeefandYorkshirepudding,steakandkidneypie,orfishandchips,remainpopular,therehasbeenasignificantshiftineatinghabitsinBritain.Riceandpastahaveaccountedforthedecreaseinpotatoconsumptionandtheconsumptionofmeathasalsofallen.Vegetableandsaladoilshavelargelyreplacedtheuseofbutter.盡管一些傳統(tǒng)菜，如烤牛肉、約克郡布丁、牛排腰子派和烤魚薯片仍很流行，但英國人的飲食習慣已發(fā)生了很大的轉(zhuǎn)變。米飯和面食的普及引起了馬鈴薯消耗量的下降，同時肉食的消耗量也在下降。植物油和色拉油也已大大取代了黃油。常用詞匯烹調(diào)方式：炒；煸stir-fry；sauté爆quick-fry炸deep-fry煎pan-fry蒸steam燉；煲；燜；煨stew；braise；simmer白灼，燙scald烤；roastbroil熏smoke鐵扒grill氽quick-boil腌pickle,salt鹵制marinate切菜方式：絲shred片slice丁dice,cube柳fillet菜名冷盤：Horsd’Oeuvres,coldplates,appetizer,starter熱盤：hotdishes點心：pastry,refreshment海鮮：海蜇：jellyfish墨魚：cuttlefish魷魚：squid龍蝦：lobster鮑魚：ablone海參：seacucumber魚翅：shark’sfin生蠔：oyster蔬菜：芹菜：celery西蘭花：broccoli花菜：cauliflower菠菜：spinach蘆筍：asparagus刀豆：bean豆苗：空心菜：hollow-stemgreenvegetable水果：火龍果thedragonfruit木瓜papaya石榴pomegranate柿子persimmon荔枝lychee點心：餃子：Chineseravioli餛飩：wanton湯圓：sweetdumplinginsoup小籠包子：steameddumplingswithporkfilling生煎：pan-frieddumplingswithporkfilling酒釀圓子：dumplingsoupwithfermentedglutinousrice春卷：springroll酒白酒、烈酒strongspirit/liquor黃酒yellowricewine生啤draftbeer黑啤darkbeer（酒）加冰的ontherocks（酒）不加冰的straightup干杯Bottomsup飲料礦泉水