外文翻譯對(duì)普通硅酸鹽水泥和粉煤灰的物理性能和力學(xué)性能的研究摘要對(duì)高摻量粉煤灰硅酸鹽水泥做了一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)，來(lái)對(duì)它的物理和力學(xué)性能進(jìn)行研究。普通硅酸鹽水泥分以0,20、30、40、50、60、70%幾個(gè)等級(jí)分別被粉煤灰取代（按重量計(jì)算）。在所有的混合物中，水膠比恒定為0.3。試塊在振動(dòng)臺(tái)上被振實(shí)。預(yù)期的體積密度會(huì)隨著粉煤灰摻量的增加而減少。氣孔率和吸水率會(huì)隨著水泥被粉煤灰取代而增大。添加了粉煤灰試塊的3d、7d，28d的抗壓強(qiáng)度降低了，這一點(diǎn)在假設(shè)粉煤灰摻量在30%以上的實(shí)驗(yàn)中更加明顯。超聲波脈沖速度測(cè)試結(jié)果表明，漿體的性能會(huì)隨著混合物中粉煤灰摻量的增加而降低。關(guān)鍵詞：粉煤灰，抗壓強(qiáng)度，超聲波脈沖檢測(cè)技術(shù)，水泥1介紹每年印度的火力發(fā)電產(chǎn)能生產(chǎn)超過(guò)1.6億噸的粉煤灰。對(duì)于火力發(fā)電廠來(lái)說(shuō)，處理粉煤灰是一個(gè)很重要的問(wèn)題。通常的，現(xiàn)在大量的飛灰和底灰在土地里會(huì)被用來(lái)阻塞和填充，以最小化的成本處理。在1985年，加拿大的自然資源部首先調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)：大量的粉煤灰具有許多優(yōu)異的性能，各種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范規(guī)定在水泥行業(yè)粉煤灰的摻量不能超多35%。在印度,水泥和混凝土行業(yè)每年消耗4000萬(wàn)噸粉煤灰。另一個(gè)方面，水泥需求的不斷上升可以進(jìn)一步解決高摻量粉煤灰（超過(guò)50%）在混凝土上面的應(yīng)用。這個(gè)過(guò)程顯然可以經(jīng)濟(jì)化，以及減少溫室氣體(GHG)的排放,減少?gòu)U物處置和減少健康的危害。因此在混凝土中使用高摻量粉煤灰開(kāi)始興起，對(duì)普通硅酸鹽水泥(OPC)混凝土應(yīng)用程序，是一個(gè)資源節(jié)約型、耐用、成本效益的、可持續(xù)的選擇(克勞奇,l·K理論研究。2007)。這項(xiàng)工作的目的是研究一些物理和機(jī)械屬性，如容重、孔隙率、吸水率和超聲波脈沖速度和抗壓強(qiáng)度的粉煤灰硅酸鹽水泥。2材料和方法2.1材料普通硅酸鹽水泥(OPC)28天抗壓強(qiáng)度使用54MPa。普通硅酸鹽水泥的主要性質(zhì)見(jiàn)表1。粉煤灰來(lái)自西孟加拉、印度的火力發(fā)電廠。水泥和粉煤灰的化學(xué)成分見(jiàn)表2.粉煤灰包含非常少碳含量，正如所指出的那樣,低價(jià)值的損失在點(diǎn)火(LOI)。粉煤灰的硅鋁比(SiO2/Al2O3)為2.5，二氧化硅,氧化鋁和Fe2O3的總和等于95.74%。氧化鈣含量小于1%。因此,按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)ASTMC618–08，它可以分為類F粉煤灰。按照國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，3182-2003，它可分為硅質(zhì)粉煤灰。粉煤灰的粒子大小分布為圖一，粉煤灰為深灰色的顏色，混合物的用水為正常的飲用水。表1:普通硅酸鹽水泥的主要性質(zhì)細(xì)度比表面(m2/kg)312凝結(jié)時(shí)間(minutes)初凝180終凝290標(biāo)準(zhǔn)稠度(%)31.5表二：普通硅酸鹽水泥和粉煤灰的化學(xué)性質(zhì)SiO2Al2O3Fe2O3CaOMgOK2ONa2OSO4LOI*OPC（%）18.624.753.0261.423.211.421.512.293.55FlyAsh（%）64.5825.895.270.590.260.0410.0270.312.40圖三和圖四分別表示樣品的氣孔率和吸水率，很明顯孔隙率和吸水率在隨著粉煤灰摻量的增加而增大。這個(gè)結(jié)果表明粉煤灰對(duì)粉煤灰的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)的研究比較缺乏。圖三不同粉煤灰摻量下樣品的孔隙率圖四不同粉煤灰摻量下樣品的吸水率通過(guò)采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)13311(Part1)–1992中提到的方法完成了超聲波脈沖速度測(cè)試，通過(guò)這個(gè)測(cè)試來(lái)評(píng)定樣品的質(zhì)量。這個(gè)測(cè)試結(jié)果顯示,所有UPV試樣落在“好”的類別。結(jié)果證實(shí)了粉煤灰增加，而UPV質(zhì)量則下降。表4:樣品的超聲波脈沖速度試驗(yàn)結(jié)果(公里/秒)粉煤灰含量(%)0203040506070UPV3.783.743.733.683.643.583.55抗壓強(qiáng)度是使用壓力試驗(yàn)機(jī)來(lái)進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)。我們看到實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果是平均抗壓強(qiáng)度的值是在反抗粉煤灰摻量的增加。結(jié)果證明樣品的3d、7d、28d抗壓強(qiáng)度隨著粉煤灰摻量的增加而降低（圖五）。當(dāng)粉煤灰含量在60%以上是抗壓強(qiáng)度下降的趨勢(shì)是最為明顯的。從實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果來(lái)看最優(yōu)的是粉煤灰摻量在60%（最大）。OPC中摻粉煤灰可以用于一些低強(qiáng)度混凝土和砌體工程。這將直接降低建筑成本以及減少溫室氣體的排放。圖五：粉煤灰樣品的抗壓強(qiáng)度4結(jié)論根據(jù)目前的研究,可能得出的結(jié)論是：在普通硅酸鹽水泥中摻入粉煤灰會(huì)降低其28天的抗壓強(qiáng)度。當(dāng)粉煤灰的摻量大于30%時(shí)抗壓輕度會(huì)急劇下降。凝結(jié)反應(yīng)需要時(shí)間，有時(shí)強(qiáng)度可能會(huì)增大，所以長(zhǎng)期的研究是必要的的。粉煤灰的添加會(huì)降低容重，這會(huì)增加土木工程師對(duì)建設(shè)輕重量建筑的興趣。其他的物理性質(zhì)，比如：孔隙率和吸水率的增加會(huì)降低摻加了粉煤灰混凝土的耐久性。UPV的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明高含量的粉煤灰會(huì)降低抗壓強(qiáng)度。5致謝印度新德里科學(xué)技術(shù)部的對(duì)這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究提供了經(jīng)濟(jì)支持。參考文獻(xiàn)1.k.Jain(2011),<<粉煤灰的利用在印度水泥產(chǎn)業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀和未來(lái)前景>>,混凝土可持續(xù)發(fā)展通過(guò)創(chuàng)新材料和技術(shù)全國(guó)巡回研討會(huì)pp46-51。2.ASTMC618-08a,(2008),<<粉煤灰和生或煅燒天然火山灰用于混凝土的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范>>、美國(guó)試驗(yàn)材料學(xué)會(huì)、美國(guó)。Bumjoo金,莫尼卡Prezzi(2008),<<壓實(shí)性和腐蝕性的印第安納F類飛灰和底灰的混合物>>。克勞奇,,休伊特,白阿德(2007),<<高摻量粉煤灰混凝土>>,程序上的煤灰(WOCA),美國(guó)肯塔基州pp1-14。5.規(guī)范:3812(第一部分)。(2003)、粉煤灰-規(guī)范-第1部分:粉煤灰用作火山灰水泥,水泥砂漿和混凝土印度,新德里標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。6.規(guī)范：13311(第1部分)(1992),<<無(wú)損檢測(cè)混凝土>>:第1部分超聲波脈沖速度、印度新德里標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。7.馬爾霍特拉。(1986),<<粉煤灰混凝土在結(jié)構(gòu)混凝土中的應(yīng)用>>,混凝土國(guó)際、8(28),pp28-31。StudyonthephysicalandmechanicalpropertyofordinaryportlandcementandflyashpasteABSTRACTAnexperimentalinvestigationhasbeencarriedouttostudythephysicalandmechanicalpropertyofhighvolumeflyashcementpaste.Ordinaryportlandcementwasreplacedby0,20,30,40,50,60and70%classFflyash(byweight).Water-binderratioinallmixturewaskeptconstantat0.3.Cubespecimenswerecompactedintablevibrator.Asexpectedbulkdensitydecreaseswithflyashincrementinthemixture.Apparentporosityandwaterabsorptionvalueincreaseswithreplacementofcementbyflyash.Resultsconfirmthedecreaseincompressivestrengthat3,7and28daywithflyashadditionanditismoreprominentincaseofmorethan30%flyashcontentmixes.Ultrasonicpulsevelocitytestresultsindicatethatthequalityofthepastedeterioratewithincreaseofflyashcontentinthemixture.Keywords:FlyAsh,OPC,CompressiveStrength,Pastes,UPV.IntroductionMorethan160milliontonnesofflyashisbeingproducedbythermalpowerplantinIndia(A.K.Jain,2011).Thedisposalofflyashisnowasignificantconcernfortheelectricitymanufacturingplants.Commonly,hugevolumeofflyashandbottomasharenowbeingeitherpondedorusedaslandfillingtominimizethedisposalcost(BumjooKimandMonicaPrezzi,2008).Intheyear1985CANMETfirstinvestigateandconfirmedthathighvolumeofflyashhasmanyexcellentproperties(V.M.Malhotra,1986).Variousstandardcodeslimitedtheuseofqualityflyashupto35%incementindustry.InIndia,cementandconcreteindustryconsumesabout40milliontonnesofflyash.Ontheotherhand,therisingofcementdemandcanbefurtherresolvedbyutilizinghighvolume(morethan50%)offlyashintheconcrete.Thisprocessobviouslywillbeeconomicalaswellasreducegreenhousegas(GHG)emission,minimizewastedisposalandhealthhazards.Thustheuseofhighvolumeflyashinconcretehasrecentlygainedpopularityasaresource-efficient,durable,costeffective,sustainableoptionforordinaryportlandcement(OPC)concreteapplications(Crouch,L.Ket.al.2007).Theaimofthisworkistostudysomephysicalandmechanicalpropertiessuchasbulkdensity,apparentporosity,waterabsorptionandultrasonicpulsevelocityandcompressivestrengthofordinaryportlandcement-flyashpastes(withoutanyaggregate).2.MaterialsandMethod2.1MaterialsOrdinaryPortlandCement(OPC)having28daycompressivestrengthof54MPawasused.TypicalpropertiesoftheOPCusedaregivenintable1.TheflyashwascollectedfromNationalThermalPowerPlant,Farakka,WestBengal,India.Chemicalcompositionofbothcementandflyashisshownintable2.Theflyashcontainsverylesscarboncontentasindicatedbythelowvalueoflossonignition(LOI).Silicatoaluminaratio(SiO2/Al2O3)oftheflyashwas~2.5.ThesumtotalofSiO2,Al2O3andFe2O3equalto95.74%.Calciumoxide(CaO)contentwaslessthan1%.Hence,asperASTMC618-08,itcanbeclassifiedasclassFflyash.BasedonIS:3812(PartI)-2003itcanbeclassifiedassiliceouspulverizedfuelash.TheparticlesizedistributionofflyashhasbeengiveninFigure1.Theflyashshowedadarkgraycolour.Normalpotablewaterwasusedinmakingthemixture。2.2MixDesignandSpecimensPreparationTable3representsthemixtureproportionofdifferentflyash-cementpastes.ThecontrolmixturewithoutflyashhasbeenmarkedasF0and20to70%OPChavebeenreplacedbyflyashandmarkedasF20toF70respectively.Thewater-binderratiowaskeptconstantat0.3.Specimensof50mmcubeswerepreparedandproperlycompactedwithhighfrequencyvibratingtable.Eighteencubeswerecastforeachmixture.After24hoursofcasting,thecubeswereremovedfromthemould,andwerecuredinwateratambienttemperatureof25OCtilltesting.Thecompressivestrengthvalueforatypicalmixtureataparticularageisbasedontheaverageofsixcubes.2.3TestprocedureBulkdensity,apparentporosity,waterabsorptionandultrasonicpulsevelocityhasbeenmeasureafter7daywatercuring.Todeterminethebulkdensity,apparentporosityandwaterabsorptionoftheflyash-cementpastespecimens,threecubesfromeachseriesweredriedinhotairovenat110OCfor24hoursanditsweightwastakenasdryweight(DW).Thespecimenswerethenboiledinwaterfor2hoursandkeptforanother24hoursinthesamewarmwatertopenetratewaterinthepores.Specimenswerethensuspendedinwaterwithcopperwireof0.5mmthicknesstotakethesuspendedweight(S1W)aswellassoakedweight(S2W)wasalsorecordedbycarefullyremovingthesurfacewaterandthecopperwire.Thefollowingequationswereusedtofindouttheapparentporosityandwaterabsorptionofthespecimens.ResultsandDiscussionsFigure2representthebulkdensityofdifferentOPCreplacedflyashpastespecimens.Itwasfoundthatthebulkdensityofthecementwasmuchhigher(1.32gm/cc)comparetoflyash(0.96gm/cc).Asexpected,thebulkdensityofthespecimensdecreaseswithincreaseofflyashinthemixture.Figure3andFigure4representtheapparentporosityandwaterabsorptionofthespecimens.Boththeapparentporosityandwaterabsorptionvalueincreasedwithflyashreplacement.Thisresultindicatesthepoormicrostructurewithhighamountofflyashpastes.UltrasonicpulsevelocitytesthasbeendonetoassessthequalityofpastespecimensbymethodmentionedatIS:13311(Part1)–1992.ItisevidentfromtheUPVtestresultsthatallthetestspecimensfallin“GOOD”category.WithflyashincreasetheUPVresultsconfirmsthedeteriorationinquality.Thecompressivestrengthwasdeterminedusingadigitalcompressiontestingmachine.Themaximumloadatfailurereadingwastakenandtheaveragecompressivestrengthhasbeenplottedagainstflyashcontent.Itisevidentthatthecompressivestrengthofthespecimensdecreaseswithincreaseofflyashinthemixtureat3,7and28day(Figure5).Thedropincompressivestrengthisprominentwhenflyashcontentinthemixincreasedabove30%.Fromtheexperimentalresultoptimally60%(max.)flyashcontentOPCcanbeusedforsomelowstrengthconcreteandmasonryworks.Thiswilldirectlyreducethecostofconstructionaswellasreducethegreenhousegasemission.ConclusionOnthebasisofthepresentstudy,itmaybeconcludedthat,ingeneraluseofflyashinordinaryportlandcementdecreasesthecompressivestrengthupto28days.Sharpdropincompressivestrengthisfoundformorethan30%flyashcontentmixes.Asthepozzolanicreactionusuallytakestime,thestrengthmaygetincreasedovertimeandsomelongtermstudyisneeded.Bulkdensitydecreasedwithflyashadditionwhichmaybeofgoodinterestforthecivilengineerforlightweightoftheconstruction.Othersphysicalpropertysuchasapparentporosityandwaterabsorptionbegintoincreasewithflyashincrementwhichmayharmthedurabilityofhighflyashcontentconcrete.UPVresultconfirmsthepoorqualityofpastewithhighflyashcontent.5AcknowledgementThefinancialassistancetothisexperimentalstudyreceivedfromDepartmentofScienceandTechnology(DSTPURSESCHEME),Govt.ofIndia,NewDelhi.6References1.K.Jain(2011),“FlyashutilizationinIndianCementIndustry:currentsta