英語(yǔ)閱讀理解詞的含義

i.控制。Vocabularyteachingandlearningisavitalpartinforeignlanguagelearningandteaching,whileunderstandingthemeaningisthefirststepofit21,soitisveryusefultoteachandlearnsynonym,antonym,andhomonymybecauselearningthemcanenlargestudents’masteryofvocabularyandtheabilitytodiscriminatewords.ThedescriptionofSynonym,Antonym,andHomonymyandtheimportanceofteachingandlearningthemwillbediscussedinthisarticle.Ⅱ.Thedefinitionsofsynonym,antonym,&homonymThewell-knownutterancesorsentencesofalanguagearespecifiedbytwocomponents:thegrammarandthevocabularybecause“weliveinaworldoflanguage”.3Vocabularycanbecategorizedintosynonymy,antonymy,andhomonymyresultingfromthesenserelationshipamongwords.Iwanttolookintothemalsobecauseawordformmaybecombinedwithseveralmeanings.472.1SynonymSynonymmeanstwoormorewordshavethesamemeaning.ManywordsinEnglishappearverycloseinmeaningtoeachother,suchas“begin”and“start”;“sofa”and“settee”;“beneath”,“below”and“under(neath)”.16However,thisdoesn’tmeanthatanytwoitemsareexactsynonymousbecausetherearestylistic,regional,emotional,orotherdifferencestoconsider.105Accordingtohowclosethemeaningofthewordsare,synonymscanbeclassifiedintothreedegreesofcloseness:absolute,partial,andnearsynonyms.61Absolutesynonymshavethesamedistributioninalltheirmeaningsandinalltheircontexts.“Twoormoreexpressionsareabsolutesynonymsif,andonlyif,theysatisfythefollowingthreeconditions:1.Alltheirmeaningsareidentifical;2.Theyaresynonymousinallcontexts;3.Theyaresemanticallyequivalentonalldimensionsofmeaning,descriptiveandnon-descriptive.”61Infact,absolutesynonymsareprobablyrestrictedtoveryspecializedvocabularyinnaturallanguagesasarelationbetweenlexemes.61Partialsynonymsarenotasstrictastheabsoluteones.Manyexamplesofvarietycouldbeoffered.Forexample:“Theyliveinabig/largehouse.”Thesetwowordscouldberegardedassynonyms.However,that“big”and“l(fā)arge”arenotsynonymousinalloftheirmeaningbecausetheyfailtosatisfycondition(i)andsotheyarepartialsynonyms.61Therearetoofewabsoluteandpartialsynonymsinanylanguageandthemajorityofsynonymsarenearsynonymswhichrefertothesynonymsthataremoreorlesssimilarbutnotidenticalinmeaning.“Typicalexamplesofnear-synonymsinEnglishare‘mist’and‘fog’,‘stream’and‘brook’,‘dive’and‘plunge’”.60Nearsynonymsusuallyincludetwoormoreitemsamongwhichthereisaneutralwordwhichsubsumesalltherest.Forinstance:“indifferent”and“ancestry”inthefollowingsets:(1)apathetic/phlegmatic/passive/sluggish/indifferent(2)pedigree/ancestry/genealogy/descent/lineage1582.2AntonymAntonymmeansoppositenessinmeaningwhichcanusuallybedividedinto3categories:complementaryantonyms,gradableantonyms,andrelationalopposites{orconverseantonyms15924}Complementaryantonymsrefertothewordsthatcan’tbegradedandonlyoneofthepairisapplicable.E.g.“male/female”25,“alive/dead”;“awake/asleep”.159Converse(relational)antonymsrefertoanotherformof“oppositeness”withcertainpairsoflexicalitems,e.g.A).JuliaisMartin’swife.B).MartinisJulia’shusband.25Orrefertothat“theydisplaysymmetryintheirmeaning.E.g.ifXgivesYtoZ,thenZreceivesYfromX”.159Gradableantonyms,suchas:big/small;good/bad,permittheexpressionofdegrees(verybig,quitesmall).105Anotherfeatureofgradableantonymsisthatwithmanyexamples,particularlytodowithsizeandage,onlyoneofthepairiscommonlyusedasthe“Unmarked”term,e.g.“Howlongistheroom?”(Not“Howshortisit?”)“It’ssixmeterslong.”(Not“sixmetersshort.”).27Thisisthecasewithantonymssuchastall/short,fast/slow,etc..159Onethinglanguagelearnerswillhavetobeawareofisthatawordmayhavedifferentoppositesindifferentcontexts.182.3HomonymHomonymmeansthatasinglewordformhasseveraldifferentmeaningswhicharenotcloselyrelated.14WhileLyons’definitionisthathomonymsrefertodifferentwordswiththesameform,sotherearetwokindsofhomonymyaccordingtoLyons’(1995,55),absolutehomonymyandpartialhomonymy.Forexample:“bank1”(financialinstitution),“bank2”(sloppingsideofariver);“sole1”(bottomoffootorshoe),“sole2”(kindoffish);and“find”&“found”sharetheform“found”intwofollowingsentences:(1)Theyfoundhospitalsandcharitableinstitutions.(2)He/shefoundhospitalsandcharitableinstitutions.AccordingtoFromkin,etaltherearetwokinds:homophonesandhomographsbecause“homonymsaredifferentwordsthatareeitherpronouncedthesameorspeltthesame,orboth.”156Forexample:“to”,“too”and“two”arehomophoneswhile“tear”in“atearintheeye”,and“tear”in“atearinherblouse”arehomographs,and“saw”(vb)and“saw”(n.)aretheboth.Infact,theresultsofthedivisionarethesamewithdifferentnamewhichwecanconcludefromtheexamplesprovided.Ⅲ.Teachingandlearningsynonyms,antonymsandhomonymsThereissomuchvocabularyinEnglishtextbooksthatmustbelearned,andwithoutit,noonecanspeakorunderstandthelanguage.7Soastudentmustknow“notonlywhatitrefersto,butalsowheretheboundariesarethatseparateitfromwordsofrelatedmeaning”.13Bothteachersandstudentsshouldhaverichknowledgeinsynonymy,antonymy,andhomonymy,becausestudyingsynonymsisanexcellenttime-savingapproachtovocabularystudy.Comparingsynonymshelpsstudentsseetherelationshipbetweenwordsofsimilarmeaning,andalsohelpsthemgeneralizeandclassifywordsandconcepts.52Studyingantonymsisanothereffectivewaytohelpstudentsimprovetheirabilitytolearnalanguage.Sowhenlearninganewword,studentsshouldlearntheoppositeofit.Justasnotwosynonymsareexactlyalike,fewantonymsaretheexactopposite,sowecanclassifythembecause“classifyingantonymshelpsstudentstothinkintermsofcontrastingorcontradictoryconceptsandstatements”.56Withthestudyof