2022年初升高英語無憂銜接（通用版）專題02名詞與代詞名詞部分主要考察名詞的詞義辨析和習慣搭配、名詞的數(shù)（可數(shù)與不可數(shù)、單數(shù)與復數(shù)）、名詞的所有格、抽象名詞的具體化、物質(zhì)名詞的量化、名詞和冠詞的搭配主謂一致等。名詞一、名詞分類A:專有名詞B:普通名詞Countablenouns(可數(shù)名詞)Uncountablenouns(不可數(shù)名詞)IndividualNouns（個體名詞）CollectiveNouns（集體名詞）AbstractNouns（抽象名詞）MaterialNouns（物質(zhì)名詞）二、數(shù)(Number)A:Singularnumber

(單數(shù))B:Pluralnumber

(復數(shù))

（1）一般的詞，包括元音字母加y結(jié)尾的詞，直接在詞尾加－s（2）以-s,-x,-ch,-sh結(jié)尾的詞在詞尾加－es（3）以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的詞，變y為i再加－es（4）以f或fe結(jié)尾的詞，應變f或fe為v再加-es1.規(guī)則名詞單復數(shù)變化:2.不規(guī)則名詞單復數(shù)變化:（1）單復數(shù)同形:sheep,deer,fish,means,species,species,works(工廠),aircraft,spacecraft,Chinese,Japanese,Swiss（2）改變字母：man--men,woman--women,policeman--policemen,saleswoman--saleswomen,foot--feet,tooth--teeth,goose--geese,Mouse--Mice,phenomenon--phenomena

另：

penny

（pence或

pennies）（3）增加字母:

child--children,ox--oxen（4）以o結(jié)尾的詞：

加s:photo,radio,piano,zoo,studio,bamboo,tobacco,kangaroo

加es:

tomato,potato,hero,Negro,dingo澳洲野犬

另：zero

（zeros或

zeroes）（5）以f或fe結(jié)尾的詞:

直接加s：roof,proof,belief,chief,gulf,

變f為v再加es：life,wife,knife,half,leaf,wolf,thief

另：handkerchief

（handkerchiefs或handkerchieves）

beef（beeves菜牛、beefs怨言；牢騷）3.名詞單復數(shù)的特殊情況集體名詞只用作復數(shù)：

police,cattle,people,poultry,theyouth(2)集體名詞用作不可數(shù)名詞:

clothing,jewelry,furniture,luggage(baggage),machinery,wealth(3)集體名詞視具體情況而定單復數(shù)：

family,class,population,staff,crew,couple,public,group,team,party,club,company,government,committee,audience,enemy(4)只有復數(shù)形式的名詞:

clothes,trousers,jeans,twins,glasses,compasses,scissors,goods,thanks,wishes,wages,tears,troops,forces,resources(5)以s結(jié)尾但不表示復數(shù):mathematics,physics,politics,statistics,news,woods(森林),works(工廠)(6)有沒有s結(jié)尾意義不同：

glass–glasses,cloth–clothes,work–works,sand–sands,snow–snows,water–waters,wood–woods,good–goods,time–times(時代),

paper–papers(論文),green–greens(青菜),

custom–customs(海關),spirit–spirits(酒精,情緒),light–lights(燈),experience–experiences(經(jīng)歷),arm–arms(武器),iron–irons(鐐銬,熨斗),

compass(指南針)–compasses(圓規(guī)),

(7)姓氏后加s并帶冠詞，表一家人或夫婦倆:theGreens；theChengs(8)合成名詞的復數(shù)形式：

①將合成名詞中的主體名詞變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)：

looker(s)-on,passer(s)-by,mother(s)-in-law②將最后一部分變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)：

grown-up(s),go-between(s)

(中間人），

good-for-nothing(s)

(無用之人）

③含boy,girl,lady等的合成的名詞：它們始終為單數(shù)，其后的名詞則用復數(shù)形式。如：

boystudents,girlfriends,ladydrivers

④含man或woman的合成名詞：它們隨其后名詞單復數(shù)的變化而變化。如：

amandoctor,twomendoctors(9)名詞只能用復數(shù)形式的短語doexercises做操takenotes做筆記taketurns輪流makerepairs搞修理changetrains改換火車makefriendswith交朋友shakehandswith握手asfollows如下inrags衣衫襤褸indozens成打的(10)名詞單復數(shù)形式意義相同的短語：makefaces/aface（做鬼臉）havetalks/atalkwithsb.(與某人交談）playjokes/ajokeon（拿…開玩笑）makecontributions/acontributionto（為…做貢獻）(11)名詞單復數(shù)意義不同的短語：haveawordwithsb.（與…某人說句話）havewordswithsb.（與…某人吵架）makecloth(織布）makeclothes（制衣）三、名詞的格(Case)A:通格(Commoncase):主格(Subjectcase)

賓格(Objectcase)B:所有格(Possessivecase)1.～’s屬格：

原則上只用于表示有生命的人或物的名詞。如：

theteacher’sbook;thehorse’stail

然而，時間、距離、太陽、地球、月亮、江河、海洋、船只、國家、城市、團體機構(gòu)等名詞也可以用～’s屬格。如：today’snewspaper;thecity’stransportation①一般的名詞，包括不以s結(jié)尾的復數(shù)名詞，在詞后加’s。如：thechildren’sgifts②以s結(jié)尾的復數(shù)名詞的所有格形式只在詞后加～’。如：theteachers’officebuilding③以s結(jié)尾的專有名詞的所有格，既可加～’s

也可加～’。如：Engels’（s）letter

④兩者或兩者以上共有的所有格形式只在后者用所有格形式，如:TomandMike’sbedroom

若表示分別擁有時，則要在每個名詞后用所有格形式，如:Tom’sandMike’sbedrooms

2.of～屬格：

多用于無生命現(xiàn)象的名詞，也可用于有生命現(xiàn)象的名詞；當一個名詞有較長的定語時，就只能用of～短語來表示所有關系。如：thecoverofthebook;atoyofJenny’syoungerbrother3．雙重屬格：

既有～’s的屬格，又有of～的屬格。通?！痵屬格表示所有關系，of屬格表示部分與整體的關系。如:afriendofmyfather’s;abookofTom’s4.表示“某人自己的”的屬格:

用ofone’sown表示，不可用of＋反身代詞。例如：Thisisthehouseofmyown.四、名詞的性（Gender)Masculine（陽性）:actor,waiter,master,prince,lad,hero

2.Feminine（陰性）:

actress,waitress,mastress,

princess,lass,heroine

3.Neuter（中性）:

teacher,worker,monkey,sheep,tree,crop

五、名詞在句子中的作用（Function)

功能

例子

主語Bushwaselectedpresident.

表語Thesearenotgoatsbutsheep.

賓語Shewasreadingabook.同位語Mr.Smith,themanager,willhostthemeeting.

定語Youaresupposedtogatherattheschoolgate.

補語MarxmadeLondonthebaseofrevolution.

狀語Thecouplewalkedshouldertoshoulder.

呼語Bequiet,children.

連詞Themomenttheysawthetower,theycheered.代詞為了行文簡潔，避免重復，人們常用一部分詞來指代上文提到過的名詞，名詞詞組或更高層次的語法結(jié)構(gòu)，這部分詞被稱作代詞。代詞的分類:人稱代詞，物主代詞，反身代詞，指示代詞，相互代詞，不定代詞，連接代詞，關系代詞，疑問代詞。單數(shù)復數(shù)第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱人稱代詞主格Iyouhe,she,itweyouthey賓格meyouhim,her,itusyouthem代詞分類物主代詞形容詞性myyourhis,her,itsouryourtheir名詞性mineyourshis,hers,itsoursyourstheirs反身代詞myselfyourselfhimself,herself,itselfours-elvesyours-elvesthem-selves指示代詞this,thatthese,those疑問代詞what,which,who,whom,whose關系代詞that,which,who,whose,as連接代詞who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whomever,whichever,whatever不定代詞all,both,either,other,another,one,each,many,much,(a)few,(a)little,some,any,none,noone,more,most復合不定代詞someone,anyone,something,anything,nothing,everything,everyone,nobody…相互代詞賓格eachother,oneanother所有格eachother’s,oneanother’s一、人稱代詞人稱代詞有主格和賓格之分，主格在句中作主語、表語等成，賓格在句中作動詞、介詞賓語、同位語等成分，有時也可作表語。不僅指人，也可指物，有人稱和數(shù)的變化。人稱代詞，物主代詞，反身代詞1)Mostofthehomeworkwasdonebytwomembersofthefamily,mymotherand______.AIB.mineC.meD.myselfC2)Openthedoor,please.It’s_____(我).whatwouldyoudoifyouwere______他.3).Itis_____(他）whotakesgoodcareofme.Itis_______（我）thathelovesmost.人稱代詞單獨使用或作表語，用賓格mehimheme選詞填空1.Jimtold______(we/us/our)toleave_____(him/he/his)alone.2.---Whoisknockingatthedoor?---It’s_____(I/me/you)3.IwishtospeaktoMary.---Thisis______(she/I/her).二、物主代詞1.物主代詞分為形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞，必須與所指的名詞在人稱、數(shù)和性別方面保持一致。如：Thewaitersofferedtheirfoodtothehomelessman.【注意】單數(shù)陽性名詞和單數(shù)陰性名詞連用作主語時，如果前面有every，each修飾，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，代詞用his。如：2.形容詞性物主代詞相當于形容詞，只能作名詞或動名詞的定語。e.g.Thisisourclassroom.Wouldyoumindmyopeningthewindow?Eachboyandeachgirlwantstolendhisraincoattothesoldiers.3.名詞性物主代詞相當于“形容詞性物主代詞＋名詞”，可單獨作主語、賓語、表語。此外，名詞性物主代詞還可與名詞及of連用，構(gòu)成雙重所有格。如：Thisishercoat.Mineisoverthere.Somefriendsofminewillattendmybirthdayparty.1）Someofthe

stampsbelongtome,whiletherestare______.AhimandherB.hisandhersC.hisandherD.himandhers2)Ourhomeisfinerthan_______.ByoursorhimB.you’sorhisC.youorhisD.yoursorhisBD三、反身代詞1.反身代詞通常在enjoy,teach,hurt,buy,introduce,seat,dress,express,amuse,behave等動詞和by,for,to,of等介詞后作賓語。如：Hewasleftathomebyhimselfthewhole

dayyesterday.2.反身代詞可以作主語的同位語，主要起加強語氣的作用，意為“親自，本人，親身”。e.g.Theteacherandpupilsmendedthe

roadthemselves.3.反身代詞可以在be,feel,look,seem等系動詞后作表語，表示身體或精神狀態(tài)處于正常。e.g.—Youlookpale.What’swrongwithyou?—I’mnotfeelingmyselftoday,notserious,though.注意(1)反身代詞本身不能單獨作主語。(正)Imyself

drovethecar.我自己開車。(誤)Myselfdrovethecar.(2)在由and,or,nor連接的并列主語中，第二個主語可用反身代詞，特別是myself作主語。e.g.Charlesandmyself

sawit.(3)在不強調(diào)的情況下，but,except,for等介詞后賓語用反身代詞或人稱代詞均可。e.g.Noonebutmyself/meishurt.4.反身代詞的習慣搭配介詞+反身代詞foroneself為自己；親自地tooneself對自己；獨用ofoneself自動地byoneself獨自地(2)動詞＋反身代詞dressoneself自己穿衣makeoneselfathome不要客氣seatoneself=beseated就坐teachoneself自學cometooneself蘇醒devoteoneselfto=bedevotedto致力于enjoyoneself過得愉快，玩得高興helponeselfto自行取用，請自便accustomoneselfto=beaccustomedto習慣于amuseoneself消遣，自娛behaveoneself表現(xiàn)良好applyoneselftosth.致力于explainoneself說明自己的意圖expressoneself表達自己的思想abandononeselfto沉迷于，放縱一、指示代詞指示代詞是用來指代或標記人或事物的代詞，表示“這個（些）”、“那個（些）”。1.指上文提到的事物，一般用that，有時也用this；指下文將要提到的事物，常用this或these。如：HesaidIwaslying,andthatwasunfair.

(that指代上文HesaidIwaslying)WhatIwantyoutorememberis

this：Practisemakesperfect.

(此句中this指代下文，不能換為that)指示代詞，相互代詞，疑問代詞和不定代詞2.that/those可作定語從句的先行詞，但this/these不能；其中those可指人，但that不能。如：Shehasknownthatwhichshewantedtoknow.Iadmirethosewhoarealwayshelpingothers.(those作定語從句的先行詞，指人)二、相互代詞相互代詞是表示相互關系的代詞，只有eachother和oneanother兩個詞組，都表示“互相，相互”。1.eachother和oneanother在句中可以作動詞或介詞的賓語。如：Let’shelpeachotherandlearnfromeachother.Theylookedatoneanotherandlaughed.2.作定語時eachother和oneanother須用所有格，表示“彼此的”。如：

Wesaidhellotooneanother’s/eachother’sfamily.三、疑問代詞疑問代詞是用來進行提問，構(gòu)成特殊疑問句的詞，包括who,whom,whose,what,which等。1.疑問代詞后接-ever的用法。(1)whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever表泛指，意為“無論……”。如：Youhaveoursupport,whateveryoudecide.

Whicheverofyougetsherefirstwillgettheprize.Idon’twanttoseethem,whoevertheyare.(2)置于疑問代詞后，用于加強語氣。如：

Whateverdoyoumean?

Whoeverheardofsuchathing!2.疑問代詞的單復數(shù)形式要由所代表的人或事物的單復數(shù)形式來確定，如果不清楚代表的人或物是復數(shù)還是單數(shù)，則謂語動詞多用單數(shù)形式。who/what/which作主語時，謂語動詞既可以用單數(shù)形式，也可以用復數(shù)形式。

如：

Whatheneedsmostishismother’slove.

Whatweneedaregoodbooks.四、不定代詞1）不定代詞可分為兩類：a.由body,one,thing構(gòu)成的復合不定代詞人物某someone/somebodysomething任何anyone/anybodyanything每個，所有everyone/everybodyeverything沒有noone/nobodynothingb.some,any,both,none,either,neither,all,one,each,many,much,another,other,more,most,few,little等。2）不定代詞在句中可用作主語、賓語、表語、同位語、定語或狀語。如：Oneshouldbecarefulwhencrossingthestreet.Tesswentandsaidgoodbyetoallherfavouritecows,touchingeachofthemwithherhand.Hewaslittleornothingofatranslator.Inthatcase,we’lleachpayhalf.There’sstillsomewineinthebottle.ItwasnothinglikewhatIhadimagined.3）復合不定代詞構(gòu)成的固定短語：

anythingbut根本不，一點也不nothingbut只不過donothingbut只有，除……之外什么事也不做havesomething/nothingtodowith與……有/無關somethingof有點，有幾分單項選擇Alansoldmostofhisbelongings.Hehasn’tgot______leftinthehouse.everythingB.nothingC.somethingD.anything2)Afteralongwalkinthefields,Iwantedtodrink____.A。coldsomethingB.somecoldthingsC.somethingcoldD.somethingtomakecold3)Playingtricksonothersis______weshouldneverdo.A.anythingB.somethingC.everythingD.nothingDCB4.Themanhaslivedinthesmalltownfor20years.Soheknows_____here.somebodyBeverybodyCnobodyD.nobody5.Wehaven’tenoughbooksfor_______;someofyouwillhavetoshare.SomebodyB.anybodyC.everybodyD.nobody6.Heis_______ofamusician.AnybodyB.anyoneC。SomebodyD.somethingB

CDTheadvertisementssay2046isthemostromanticfilm.ButIamsureitwon’tinterest_____.somebodyB.anybodyC。everybodyD。NobodyC當all,both,each,every(body,thing)等表示整體意義的代詞與否定詞連用時，一般只表示部分否定。Allofthestudentsdidnotturnup.

noone,noneHowmanyelephantsdidyouseeatthezoo?______._________ofthemhaveleftyet.________ofthismoneyismine.Iwantsomemilk,buttherewas______inthehouse.___________toldusthathewasthere.Whoisstillintheofficenowattwelveo’clock?__________.NoneNoneNonenoneNooneNooneHowmany..?-----None.

NoneofWho..?----Noone一、全部否定與部分否定由some和any構(gòu)成的不定代詞的用法與some和any的用法基本一致。all,both,everyone,everybody,everything以及“every+名詞”都表示全部肯定；noone,none,nobody,nothing,not...any以及“no+名詞”都表示全部否定；易混辨析但當not出現(xiàn)在含有全部肯定的不定代詞的句子中，不管not在它們之前還是在它們之后都表示部分否定。此外not與總括性副詞如everywhere,always,wholly,altogether等連用時也表示部分否定。e.g.

Alloftheboysareclever,butnoneof

themcanworkoutthisproblem.(all表示全部肯定，none表示全部否定)Suchathingcan’tbefoundeverywhere.

(“not＋everywhere”表示部分否定)Theexamisveryeasy,butnotallofthestudentscanpassit.(“not＋all”表示部分否定)二、both,either,neither,each,all,noneboth表示兩者都，具有肯定含義；either表示兩者中的任何一個；neither表示兩者都不；each表示兩者或兩者以上的每一個；all表示全部，指三者或三者以上的人或物，也可籠統(tǒng)地表示“一切，所有”；none表示三者或三者以上的人或物的全部否定，與of連用或用來回答howmany/much的提問?！究祭縄t’saneither-orsituation—wecanbuyanewcarthisyearorwecangoonholidaybutwecan’tdo_____.

A.others

B.eitherC.another

D.bothD三、another,other,theother,others,theothersanother泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中不確定的另一個；other表示“另外的人/物，別的人/物”；theother指兩者中的另一個；others=other+名詞，泛指“別的人或物”；theothers指“一定范圍內(nèi)其余的人或物”，如果被指代的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，則用therest?！究祭縄nsomecountries,peopleeatwithchopsticks,whilein_____,knivesandforks.

(福建2014)A.another

B.othersC.both

D.allBShanghaiisreallyafascinatingcityandwe’vedecidedtostayfor______twoweeks.A。anotherB.otherC.theotherD.other’s2)Ihavedonemostofthework.Couldyoupleasefinish_______intwodays?TherestB.theotherC.anotherD.theothers3)IgotthestoryfromTomand______peoplewhohadworkedwithhim.everyotherB.othersC.otherD.otherthanAAC4)First,itisimportanttorecognizewhatkindofpersonyouareandwhichspecialqualitiesmakeyoudifferentfrom________.everyoneelseB.theotherC。someoneelseD.therest5)Ifthisdictionaryisnotyours,______canitbe?whatelseB.whoelseC.whichelseD.whoelse’s6)OnecommonfamilynameisSmith;_____isBrown.A.anotherB.theotherC.otheroneD.anotherADA四、much,many,(a)few,(a)little修飾或代替肯定否定可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)manyafewfew不可數(shù)名詞muchalittlelittleYourhairlookstoolong.Have____cut,willyou?Hemade____clearthathewouldgoatonce.3.--Whoisknockatthedoor?--Ihavenoidea.Ijustpretendednobodywasathome,soIdidn’taskwho__was.A.thatB.thisC.ititit前面提到的that從句不知道性別，或是嬰兒it的用法4.Iwouldappreciate___verymuchIfyoucouldchangetheplanabittomakeitmoreworkable.5.＿＿＿wasin1979＿＿Igraduatedfromtheuniversity.

A.That;thatB.It;that

C.That;whenD.It;when6.--Wherewas＿＿＿＿youpickedupthewallet﹖--Justneartheschoolgate.

A.itB.itthat

C.theplaceD.theplacethat7.It’snouse_________(read)withoutunderstand.itreading強調(diào)句Itwas….that疑問詞+itwas/isthat…it作形式賓語Ilike______inautumnwhenthereareallkindsoffruitavailable._________isnodoubtthatheisshoplifting._________isapossibilityitwillbecomeverycoldtomorrow.Ifind_____impossibletoforgetallaboutit.Let’smake______aruleforeveryoneofustokeepsilentwhilestudying.there

or

it

itThereThereitit7.替代詞(the)one,(the)ones,that，those,itMr.Smithgavemeaveryvaluablepresent,________thatIhaveneverseen.Mr.Smithgavemeveryvaluablepresents,_______thatIhaveneverseen.Thebookonthedeskisbetterthan_________underthedesk.Thebooksonthedeskarebetterthan_______________underthedesk.3.TheParkersboughtanewhou