中英文對照外文翻譯(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)ResearchontheBiddingSystemofConstructionProjectinChinaComparedwithForeignCountries(Thecomparisonofdomesticandforeign

constructionproject

biddingsystem)AbstractFollowing

throughthecomparativeanalysisofthe

biddingsystem

in

USA,

Hongkong

andFrance,

andpointsoutsome

characters

in

biddingfor

developedcountriesandregions,

andputsforward

someenlightenment

China

biddingsystem.

Usethemasareference,

thisis

averyimportant

guidingrole,

topromotethedevelopmentof

Chinese

currentbidding

system

intheory.

Theresultsofthisstudywill

showthepressure

andsignificance,

to

standardizethebidding

market

in

China,

butalsotopromotethe

domestic

biddingmarket

highlightstheproblem

andsolve

acleardirection,

butalsoconduciveto

theconstructionindustry

toimprovethemanagementleveland

internationalcompetitiveness

in

Chinese.

AsamemberofWTO,theleading

international

constructionmarketis

Chinese.INTRODUCTIONBiddingoriginatedfromBritainfirstly.In1782,BritainwasapioneerinsettingupStationeryPublicBureau,andthendevelopedasMaterialSupplyDepartment,whichwasasectioningovernmentpurchasingofficesupplies,whichwassettingupafoundationfordevelopingofadvertisedbidding(Liangetal.2006).InChina,in1980,theStateCouncilproposedin“InterimProvisionsofDevelopmentandProtectionSocialismCompetition”:“wemaytrybiddingandsubmittingabiddinginsomeconstructingprogramsandmanagementwhicharesuitabletousingcontract”,andthenourcountrytriedtoadoptingbiddingmodel(Bai1999).InNov.1984,StatePlanningCommissionandCityandCountrysideConstructionEnvironmentalProtectionDepartmentformulated“InterimProvisionsofConstructionProjectTenderandBid”,whichmarkedstartingofficiallybiddingforconstruction.Nowadays,biddinghasbeenthemainwayintradinginconstruction,andbeenpaidcloseattentionbythesociety.However,generallyspeaking,thesysteminbiddingforconstructioninourcountryisn’tenoughmature.Whateverintheoryorinpractice,therearemanyproblemsneedtoberesearched.ThispapercomparativelyanalyzesthebiddingsystemamongUSA,HongKongandFrenchregions,andgetssomecharactersinbiddingindevelopedcountriesandregions,thenputsforwardsomerevelationsofthebiddingsystemtoChina2.BIDDINGSYSTEMINDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESANDREGIONS2.1BiddingSysteminUSABiddingsysteminUSAisoneofthemostinfluentiallyallovertheworld.TherearesomecharactersbelowinconstructionbiddinginUSACarryingoutconstructionbiddingsystemandmanagementfrommanychannels.USAbelongstocommongenealogyoflaw,butUSAcarryingoutconstructionbiddingsystemandmanagementfrommanychannels,andamongwhichsomebelowclausesarecarriedoutwidely:differentkindsofclausesmadebyAIA;sublettingcontract’sstandardformatbyAGCA;arbitrationrulesinconstructionmadebyAAA;standardclausesmadebyETCDC;standardcontractformatbyfederalgovernment.EverystateinUSAhaslawinconstructionbidding,andtheenforcementofthelawisverystrictly.Tendersteamisdifferent.Large,mediumandsmallsizedprojectsallneedbidding.Forexample,project’samountofinvestmentis10,000~20,000canusebidding,butthegovernmentcanmanagethebiddingofprivatecompanythroughthedailydepartments.Thegovernmentsetsupawholeinstitutionwhichismadeupbydesigners，architectsordepositaries,whichcarryingoutbiddingpublicly.Oncetheabovedepartmentsbeingsetup,theycanchargethefeasibilitystudyoftheproject,choosingthecontractorsforthebiddingoftheprojectsandadmininthecarryingouttheprojects,thewholeprojectcanbefinishedbytechnicianswhohaveprofessionalcertifications.Biddingcanbecarryingoutbyowners,andthebiddingcompanieshavenoquotarestrictions,butthecertifications,prestigeandbiddingpriceofthecompaniesmayinteracteachother.Ifthequantityofthebiddingprojectexceeds50,000dollars,thecompanyshouldpassprequalificationofprospectivebidders.Thecontractors’levelshouldbeexaminedbythedepartmentwhichmakecreditverifying,thecontractorsshouldtaketherelevantprojects,inparticularcases,itjustexceed10%ofthequantity.Theprincipleofbidevaluationandbidpicketage.Usuallythebidderwhosebiddingpriceisleastcangetthebid.Generally,principleofthebiddingcanbeensuredbyadoptingthetotalpricesortheunitprice.Inthedefiniteprinciple,neitherthetoolowpricenorthetoohighpriceischosen.Butmoreattentionshouldbepaidtothetrapofthebidding.2.2TheBiddingSysteminHongKongHongKongistheplacewhichisfulloftheconstructioncontractors.Mostly,iftheownerinvestsonaconstructionproject,hewillentrusttheconsultantfirms,thus,thecompilingofbiddingdocumentsisfinishedbyconsultantfilms.ThebiddingsysteminHongKongfollowsBritain,whichhasnonormalizedprice,onlyhas“HongKongStandardMethodofMeasurementofBuildingWorks”.ThepriceadjustmentinHongKongisdecidedbythequotationwhichispublishedbyHongKongCountsBureau,thecontractorscomputethepriceadjustmentaccordingthequotation.Thus,thepriceisabsolutelyaccordingtothebehaviorofcompanyorhuman.TheannouncementoftenderofconstructionprojectinHongKongispublishedineveningpapereveryFriday,soaccordingtotheprojectinthepaper,thecontractorswhohavethelicensewiththeratificationbyEngineeringBureaucanparticipatethebidding(Liang2003).ThebiddersinHongKongshouldstudytheprojects,readtheeveryclauseinbiddingdocumentsanddrawings.Iftheyhavesomethingnotunderstoodorlackofthedrawings,theyshouldseethemincompany,andtheyalsomakephysicalverification.Generally,thebiddersshouldunderstandeverythingbeforebidding,otherwisetheownersmaynotchargeforthelossofbidding.ItisthecharactersofthepriceofthebiddinginHongKongthattheownersshouldgivethebiddingdocumentswhichincludedrawingsandlistofitems.Thebiddersshouldfilltheentireunitpriceandeverykindofcost,accordingtothelistofitem.Becausetherearen’tcoherentpricestandard,withthecompetitionamongthecontractors,thebidderscanbidaccordingtotheabovedocuments.Thecharacterisnorestrictions.Infact,thebiddersgivetheirpricethroughcontactingwiththecontractorsandsupplierandmakinganalysis.2.3TheBiddingSysteminFrenchRegionsThemaincharacterofbiddinginFrenchregionsistheprojectsadoptingAppendOffersandAdjudication(Liu1999).AppendOffersisthemainmethodofbiddinginFrenchregions,whichissimilartocompetitivebiddingcarriedoutbytheWorldBank.ThecharactersofAppendoffersare:(1)topermitthebiddersgivesomecasesaccordingtotheclausesofbidding,sothebiddershavemuchspacetochoose;(2)Thebidopeningissecret.BeforethebiddinginFrenchregions,thetendercommitteeshouldbefounded.Inthebidding,thecommitteeusuallybecomesjury.Forexample,intheadjudication,firstly,thebidderorthecommitteeexist;secondly,theownerspublishthebiddingbulletin,andrequestthecontractorssubmittingthebiddingapplicationandsomerelativedocuments;thirdly,thecommitteeexamsthequalificationsofthebidders;fourthly,therecognizedcontractorsgivethebiddingprice;fifthly,thecommitteeexamthebiddingpriceagain.ThecharactersofAdjudicationare:(1)thebidderscangiveeitherthetotalpriceortheunitprice;(2)thepriceofeverybiddermustbeannouncedseparately;(3)ifthereisatleastonebidderspricewhichisbelowthepre-tenderprice,theawardresultshouldbeannounced.Ifallthebidpricesexceedthe20%ofthepre-tenderprice,itwouldfail.Thebidderscanmodifytheconditionsofthebidandbidagain.Alltheabovecharactersavoidtheinformalacts.ThebiddingsystemintheFrenchregionsrestrictstheinformalactsinthebidding.Especiallythebiddersmakethepriceinthespecialbidding,inthecaseofthebiddingpricebeingbelowthestandardprice,thelowestpriceshouldbesuccessful.TheFrenchregionsadopttheAppendOffersandAdjudication,sotheevaluationandthepicketageofthebidareconcise.Afterthecommitteemakesthebidopeningpublicly,itgivesthebidtemporarily.Ifthereisnopricebelowtheacceptableprice,thecommitteecanaskthebidderstomakebidagain;ifthereisnoacceptableprice,thecommitteewouldannouncethebidfailed.Andthecommitteeexamthepriceagainin10days,sothereisadequatetimetostudythebiddocumentsandbidpriceagainandagain3.THEREVELATIONOFTHEBIDDINGSYSTEMINDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESANDREGIONSTOCHINA3.1TheLawSystemofDevelopedCountriesandRegionsIsRelativelyPerfectForeigncountriespaymoreattentiontosettingupandperfectingthelawsystemofbidding.Formanyyears,EuropeanUnionhasgotgoodgradeinpromotingtheall-in-oneinlawsystemofbiddingamongthestates,anditsetsupaseriesoflaws,sothestates’bidlawsarethereificationofEuropeanUnion’slaws,andthereisnoprincipledifference.Thoughtherearesomedifferencesinadjectiveprovision,itmustbeinkeepingwiththetotallaws.From1stJan.1999,Euroboreastheuniquecash,whichconsolidatesanddevelopstheunifyingthebidlaws,andmakespositivemilitate.InChina,thebidlawshave3levels(Wen2005):firstofall,thelawssetupbyNationalPeople'sCongressandstandingcommittee,forexample,“TheLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaonBidInvitationandBidding”;thesecondlevelisbidlawssetbyStateCouncilandotherbidlawssetbysomePlaceNationalPeople'sCongress;thethirdlevelisthebidlawssetbysomedepartmentsinStateCouncilandthegovernment,forexample,“Engineeringconstructiontenderpolicingmethod”setupbyConstruction.Thelawshavecarriedoutin20years,andthesystemshavebeenawholesystem,whichlikeinUSAandEU,butinthebidding,therearesomefaultsincarryingoutthelaws.Thebiddingisoneofmanyeconomicactions.Theprinciplesofthebiddingarejust,fairandopen.Thebetterthelawsystemsetup,themoredetailedtheregulationmade,andthemorestandardthebiddingcarriedout.Theproblems,suchastendentiousbidding,stringbidding,nonstandardevaluating,canalsobefoundinUSAandEU.ButtherearerelativeperfectlawsinUSAandEU,soitcancontactwithcriminallaws.However,thebidlawisnotenoughperfectinChina.Theremainare“TheLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaonBidInvitationandBidding”,“BuildingOrdinance”andsoon,andthebiddingsofconstructionprojectaremainlybasedonlawssetupbyConstructiveDepartment.Seefromthecarryingoutthebiddingsofconstructionproject,thelawsandlegislationsaretoogeneraltoeasilycarryingoutthelaws.Forexample,indealingwiththecomplaintsaboutthebidding,everydepartmentbasicallydealwiththeproblemintheirownwayandintheirownunderstanding,andthesimilarcasemayhasthedifferentresultsindifferentregions.Ifcorrelativeenterprisescan’taccepttheresultforthedealingwithcomplaints,theywillappealtotheseniordepartment.InUSAandEU,theplaintiffsanddefendantsarealwaysbiddersbutnotgovernment.Inthedealingwiththedisputeineconomicactions,thegovernmentsareprimaryinterceder.ButinChina,finallyaccordingtothe“AdministrativeApprovalLaw”,thedefendantsbecometheadministrators.Thus,alloftheseneedtogostepfurtherstudyinganddiscussion,andthenweshouldenrichandperfectthelawsandlegislationswhichareaccordwithChina.LearningfromthemethodsofUSAandEU,Chinawillmakethedealingwiththecomplaintsstandardized.3.2TheDevelopedCountriesandRegionsQuitePaymuchAttentiontotheResearchonBidders'PreliminaryBehaviorDevelopedcountries'biddersarequiteearnesttotheearlierperiodresearch,fromtheenvironmentanalysis,thepublicrelationsstrategyandsoon,studyingitembyitem.Butinourcountries,biddersneglectthisaspect,andmuddledinvestment,theblinddecision-making,bringsthemassivelossfortheenterpriseandthecountry.Table1haslistedtherelatedmainpointsoftheearlierperiodresearch,formakinganalysisandresearch.Itcanbeseenfromthetablethatthebidders’ideainstudythetenderingprojectisessentiallydifferentcomparedwithdevelopedcountries.Soitisafavorablewayofstrengtheningtheearlierperiodresearchofbidding,toimprovetherateofsuccessfulbids,andstandardizebiddingmarketsandincreaseenterprises’socialimage,enhanceeconomicbenefit.Table1:ComparativeTableofEarlierPeriodofBiddingbetweenChinaandDevelopedCountries(Regions)__________No.ResearchprojectsDevelopedcountries(regions)practicesChinapractices1BidenvironmentalsurveyThesituationofpolitical,economic,legal,social,natural,marketetc.Seldom2ProjectsurveyConstructionnature,scale,thescopeofthetendertechnicalrequirements,period,thesourceoffunding,theownerscreditandstyleofwork,supervisionengineers,buildingmaterialsprocurementatthesceneofemploymentandlaborconstraints,thedifferencebetweendifferentcountryontractors,treatment,thepriceofthemethodsofpaymentandforeignexchangeratioetc.Constructionnature,scale,thescopeofthetender,technicalrequirements,period,thesupervisingengineer,thescene,buildingmaterialsprocurement,pricetopayetc/3FindanagentActingadvisorybody,theAdvisoryengineersetcNothing4SeekcooperationpartnersCombinewithlocalcompany,andsetupacombo,enjoyingthelocalconcessionstoreducetheformalitiesoftheproceduresLittle5IntelligencegatheringParticipatetenderlist,thecontracttobeadopted,data,biddocumentowners’potentiallyimportantsub-itemsParticipatetenderlist,competitors,biddocuments3.3TheBiddingProcedureandOperationinDevelopedCountriesandRegionsIsmoreReasonableBiddingprocedureandoperationisoneofthecorecontentinanationalbiddingsystem.NormativebiddingproceduresandoperationisaperfectembodimentinanationalbiddingsystemBiddingoperationmodeincludesbidopening,bidevaluation,bidaward,andsoon.Ithastwomainprinciples:competitioninpublicandprotectionthebehalfoftendersandbidders.Thesetwoprinciplesmustbeobservedinbidopening,bidevaluation,andbidaward.Inpractice,thereisagreaterdifferencebetweenChinaandUSAinbidopening,bidevaluation,andbidaward,seetable2Table2:ComparativeTableofBiddingProceduresandOperationbetweenChinaandUSA________No.ComparedprojectUSAChina1eConsultingfirmsParticipat“Designing&Supervising”firmsparticipateinfulloftheBiddingprocedure,andplayanimportantroleAdvisoryservicesarenotdevelopedyet2BiddingProcedureTheuseoffixedpriceThecontractor'sbusinesssecretsNationalconstructioncostmanagementissueduniformfixedprice3Computer-aidedQuantitysurveyorslarge-scaleusecomputertocalculatethequantityandcostofprojectsTherearelessrelevantvaluationsoftwareimpactingtheefficiencyandaccuracy4EstablishmentthedatabaseofbiddingexpertsFairlyperfect;theGovernment,thetenderagentconsultingfirmshavetheirownexpertsIngerminationstage,andsometimesnotasquicklyorganizedthecommitteeofexperts5OperationPre-tenderPre-tender,butalsowidelynonpre-tenderPre-tender,seldomnonpre-tender6PriceassessmentInthesecasesthatbidpriceishigherorlowerthan10%,onlyonebidpriceofexceedsthelimitedpriceorthelowestbidpriceishigherthan25%ofpre-tenderprice,thegovernmentprocurementsectorwillmeetdirectlywiththelowestpricebidderGenerally,thebidswhichexceedacertainpercentageofthepre-tenderwillbeeliminated3.4TheBidEvaluationandBidPicketageinDevelopedCountriesandRegionsAreStricterThebidevaluationofinternationalprojectsindevelopedcountriesisconductedinsecret,whichnormallytakes10-15days.Thebidevaluationofinternationalprojectsischargedbytheownersgenerally,andthemethodis:(l)anevaluationcommitteeisestablished,chargedbychiefeconomist,composedwithexpertsfromengineering,technology,construction,planning,finance,accounting,cost,economy,contracts,legalandotheraspects,whichworksinthejointoffice,discussesandconsultscollectively,evaluatesthebidcomparatively;(2)tohandoutthebiddocumenttotheengineering,constructionmanagement,planningandscheduling,financialaccounting,legaladviser,ChiefEconomist,andotherfunctionaldepartmentsforanalysisandevaluation,toformtheevaluationreportbythefinaluniformevaluationresults;(3)toensure2-3bidawardcandidatesandthenreviewthequalifications,onlythepassedqualifiedbidder,betheawardbiddercan.ThebidevaluationinChinaisalsocarriedoutinrelativesecrecy,butthetimeofevaluationisquiteshorter,usuallyinabouttwohours,sotheevaluationprocessonlystaysonthesurface,whichcannotevaluatetheinherentmeaningofthebid,resultinginlotsofproblemsanddisputesafterawardingthebid.ThoughthebidevaluationisorganizedbytheownersinmostareasofChina,theevaluationcommitteealsocontainsmanyadministrativepersons.So,theevaluationlacksoffairandjustsometimes,withgovernmentintervention,theblack-boxoperationsandsoon.ThemethodofbidpicketageisessentiallydifferentbetweenChinaanddevelopedcountries.InChina,comprehensiveevaluationscoreareusuallyused.Ifthefirsthighscorebidislowestinbidprice,thennodoubtthattheawardbidder.Ifthesecondhighscorebidderisinfivescorediscrepancywiththefirst,theownerscanchooseoneastheawardbidderfromthetwocandidates.ThisshowsthatthetimeofbidevaluationinChinaisonlyonefortiethofdevelopedcountries,andcomprehensiveevaluationisnotaccurate,sotheownersalwayscan’tchoosetherightcontractor.Sofurtherstudyshouldbemadetostandardizethebidevaluationandbidpicketage.3.5TheBiddingManagementinDevelopedCountriesandRegionsismoreStandardizedInthebiddingmanagementinChina,thegovernment'sadministrativeinterferenceisrelativelystrong.ThisismainlybecausebiddingsysteminChinaisnotperfect.Currently,biddingsupervisionofprojectsinvestedbygovernmentischargedbytheadministrativedepartmentsinChina.Theseadministrativedepartmentsalsochargethecomplaintsofthebiddersandotherstakeholders,andcognizancethequalificationofthetenderagencies.Suchmanagementmethodisessentiallyself-monitoring,self-supervising,andit’sdifficulttofundamentallyformbysupervisorsandoverseersofmutualrelationsbetweenthechecksandbalances.Inparticular,withtheexistingmanagementsystemforprojectsinvestedbygovernment,somedepartmentsdirectlyinterveneinthemanagementofprojects,especiallydirectintervenethebiddingactivities,andsomeresponsiblepersonofthedepartmentsalsoservesasprojectleader.Consideringfromtheinterestsofthedepartments,theindustryandindividual,it’sdifficulttoformamechanismtosupervisetheactivitiesofbiddingstrictly.ThebiddingmanagementofUSgovernmentisquiteperfect.Itsfiveplatesystems,thataretendersysteminpublic,operatingsystemstandardizationandaccreditationsystemproviders,auditsystem,deliverytrackingsystem,makegovernmentofficialshavenochancetointervenethebiddingprocessbyadministrativeinterferences,butfocusontheestablishmentandmanagementofthecontractprocess.Inaword,thebiddingandoperatingsystemindevelopedcountriesisfairlyperfect,comparatively,thereisalargedisparityinChina.CONCLUSIONSThroughtheabovecomparativeanalysisofthedomesticsystemofbiddingandbiddingsystemindevelopedcountriesandregions,foundintheChinabiddingsystemfortheimplementationofthedefectsandshortcomings,italsohighlightstheneedtorecruitChinaspecificationandthesignificanceofthebiddingmarket.Ourcountrycanlearnfromthebiddingsystemofdevelopedcountriesandregions,promotetheimprovementofChinesecurrentbiddingsystem,andfindanimportantdirectioninthetheory.Inordertobetterandmoreproblemsexistinginbiddingandimplementationofvulnerabilitysolutiontothedomesticconstructionprojects,toperfectthelegalconstructionbiddingandbiddingmarket,eventothesocialeconomyhavemadeanimportantandpositiverole.Sowhetheritisinthecurrentbiddingpositionoftheeliteorisengagedinthebiddingworkofcollegestudents,shouldunderstandthebiddingcontent,alwayspayattentiontoimprovementandperfectingthesystemofbiddingbidding,andinthecaseofconditionsfordomesticbiddingandperfectingsystemofbiddingtomakealittleofhisowncontribution.References:[1]Bai,H.Y.(1999).“DevelopmentandApplicationofBidandTenderinOurCountry.”InformationSystemEngineering,(10),20pp.[2]Liang,W.(2003).“BidofProjectConstrutionofWorksBureauinHongKong.”ConstructionEconomy,(3),31-33.[3]Liang,Y.P.,Yu,X.F.,andZhang,A.Q.(2006).“PerfecttheSystemoftheGovernmentProcumentUsingInternationalExperienceforReference.”TheoreticalExploration,(2),130-132.[4]Liu,Z.(1999).PracticeoftheLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaonBidInvitationandBidding,XiyuanPress,Beijing,China,1489-1561.Wen,J.(2005).“WhereisOurDisparity?CompareofBiddingbetweenChinaandUSA.”HonestyOutlook,(2),6-7.[5]\o"SearchAuthor"Casinelli,Massimoluigi

(CasinelliAssociates)

Source:CostEngineering(Morgantown,WestVirginia),v47,n2,p21-27,February2005對比國內(nèi)外建設(shè)項目招投標制度摘要下面通過對比分析了招投標制中美國，香港及法國地區(qū)，并指出了一些字符在競標發(fā)達的國家和地區(qū)，并提出了招投標系統(tǒng)的一些啟示中國。使用它們作為參考，這是非常重要的，以促進中國目前的招投標系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展在理論上的指導(dǎo)作用。這項研究的結(jié)果將顯示壓力和意義，以規(guī)范招投標市場在中國，更促進了國內(nèi)招投標市場的問題凸顯和解決方向的明確，也有利于建筑行業(yè)在中國提高經(jīng)營管理水平和國際競爭力。作為WTO的一員，中國領(lǐng)先的建筑市場正國際化。關(guān)鍵詞：建設(shè)項目；招標投標制；建設(shè)市場；招投標程序及操作一、引言招投標最早源自英國。1782年，英國是設(shè)立“文具公用局”的先驅(qū)，該機構(gòu)后來發(fā)展為政府采購辦公用品的物資供應(yīng)部，這為廣告招標的發(fā)展奠定了基礎(chǔ)。在中國，1980年，國務(wù)院提出了“發(fā)展和保護社會主義競爭的暫行規(guī)定”：“我們可能會嘗試競標，在一些建設(shè)項目和管理中都適合使用合同提交投標”，然后我們的國家嘗試過以采用競價模式。1984年11月國家計委和城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)環(huán)境保護部制定了“建設(shè)工程招標投標和暫行規(guī)定”，這標志著正式施工招標的開始。如今，招投標已經(jīng)成為了交易建設(shè)的主要途徑，并得到了社會各界的密切關(guān)注。但總的來講，該施工招標系統(tǒng)在我國還不夠成熟。無論在理論上還是存在很多問題，在實踐中還需要進一步研究。本文分析比較了美國，香港和法國地區(qū)的招投標制度，并得到了一些字符在招投標中發(fā)達國家和地區(qū)，然后提出了招投標系統(tǒng)的一些啟示中國。二.發(fā)達國家和地區(qū)的招投標制度2.1美國的招投標制度美國招投標制度是全世界最有影響力招投標制度之一，下面是一些美國的工程建設(shè)招投標例子：進行施工招標投標制度和管理多渠道。美國的法律屬于常見的法律譜系，但美國實施建筑工程施工招標投標制度和管理多渠道，其中以下一些條款進行了廣泛的應(yīng)用：不同種類的由美國友邦保險條款；轉(zhuǎn)租合同的標準格式的AIA；由AAA建筑仲裁規(guī)則；標準條款由聯(lián)邦ETCDC制定；政府標準合同格式。美國所有的地區(qū)在建設(shè)工程招標投標中都有法律制度，并且法律的實施很嚴格。招標小組是不同的。大，中小型項目都需要招標。例如，投資項目的金額為10000-20000可以使用投標，但政府可以通過日常的部門管理私營公司的投標。政府建立了一個由設(shè)計師，建筑師或托管人組成的完整機構(gòu)來進行公開招標。一旦上述部門設(shè)立，他們可以負責(zé)該項目的可行性研究，在實施項目過程中選擇承包商投標的項目管理，整個項目由專業(yè)認證的技術(shù)人員完成。招標可以是業(yè)主，或沒有配額限制的招投標公司，但是認證方面，公司的信譽和投標價格可能相互作用。如果投標工程量超過50000美元，公司應(yīng)通過資格預(yù)審的潛在投標人。承包商應(yīng)使信用水平得到相關(guān)部門檢驗合格，承包商應(yīng)采取相關(guān)的項目，在特定情況下，它僅僅只能超過10%。評標、定標的原則。通常，該投標人的投標價格至少能獲得投標。一般的原則，招標可采用總價或單價的確定。在一定的原則下，選擇既不太低的價格和也不太高的價格，而且應(yīng)注意招標投標的陷阱。2.2香港的招投標制度香港是一個到處可見到建筑承包商的地方。最主要的是，如果業(yè)主投資建設(shè)項目，他將委托顧問公司，因此，招標文件的編制是由顧問公司制定的。香港的招投標制度源于英國，沒有標準價格，只有“香港測量建筑標準法”。在香港，價格調(diào)整是由香港發(fā)表統(tǒng)計局決定，承包商根據(jù)計算價格來報價。因此，價格絕對是根據(jù)公司或人的行為而定。在香港，建設(shè)工程招標公告刊登在每星期五的晚報上，所以根據(jù)文中的項目，有許可證的工程局批準承包商可以參加投標（(Liang2003）。在香港，投標人應(yīng)研究項目，閱讀每一條款在招標文件和圖紙。如果他們有什么不了解或缺乏的圖紙，他們應(yīng)該在公司見到他們，他們也實地考察驗證。一般情況下，投標人應(yīng)在投標文件中說明清楚，否則業(yè)主將為相關(guān)損失負責(zé)。在香港招標，業(yè)主應(yīng)在招標文件標明相關(guān)圖紙和清單的產(chǎn)品特征。投標人根據(jù)項目清單填寫完整的單價和各種費用。因為沒有一致的價格標準，所以在承包商的競爭投標中，投標人可根據(jù)上述文件。一般是沒有限制的。事實上，通過與承包商和供應(yīng)商接觸與分析，競標者給出他們的價格。2.3法國一些地區(qū)的招投標制度在法國區(qū)的主要特點是采用招標追加提供審項目（Liu1999）。將提供的是在法國地區(qū)招標的主要方法，這是類似的競爭性招標，由世界銀行進行的。特點是：（1）將提供給某些情況下允許投標人根據(jù)招標條款，所以投標人有很多的選擇空間；（2）開標是秘密。在法國區(qū)招標，招標委員會應(yīng)該建立。在招投標中，委員會通常會成為陪審團。例如，在審判，首先，投標人或委員會的存在；其次，業(yè)主發(fā)布招標公告，并要求承包商提交投標申請及相關(guān)文件；第三，委員會對投標人資格考試；第四，認可承包商提供投標價格；第五，委員會考試再次投標價格。審判的特點是：（1）投標人可以給任何總價或單價；（2）各投標人的價格必須另行公布；（3）如果有至少一個投標人的投標價格低于標底價格，裁決結(jié)果應(yīng)當公布。如果所有的報價超過標底價格的20%，它會失敗。投標人可以修改投標條件再次出價。所有的上述特點避免非正式的行為。在法國地區(qū)的招投標制度限制了在招投標中的非正式行為。尤其是投標人使價格在招標中，投標價格低于標準價格的情況下，最低的價格應(yīng)該是成功的。法國地區(qū)采用追加提供和裁決，所以，報價的定標評價簡潔。在委員會進行了公開開標，投標暫時。如果有低于可接受的價格，沒有價格，委員會可以要求投標人出價了；如果沒有可接受的價格，該委員會將宣布收購失敗。該委員會在10天內(nèi)再次給出價格，以便有足夠的時間來研究招標文件和投標價格。三、發(fā)達國家和地區(qū)的招投標制度對中國的啟示3.1發(fā)達國家和地區(qū)的法律體系比較完善國外更注重建立和完善招標投標法律制度。多年來，歐洲聯(lián)盟在促進各州的招標法律制度的一體化取得了好成績，并建立了一系列的法律，所以美國的投標法律是歐盟法律的具體化，并沒有原則上的區(qū)別。雖然有一些差異的形容詞的規(guī)定，它必須符合總規(guī)律。1999年1月1號開始，歐元作為獨特的現(xiàn)金，對鞏固和發(fā)展統(tǒng)一招標的法律有著積極的影響。在中國，投標法律有3個層次（Wen2005）：首先，法律由全國人大及其常委會，例如，《中國中華人民共和國招標投標法》；第二層是由國務(wù)院和其他投標的法律規(guī)定一些地方人大招投標法律；第三層次是在國務(wù)院有關(guān)部門制定投標法律和政府，例如，《工程施工招標投標管理辦法》的設(shè)立。法律已經(jīng)進行20年，已經(jīng)組成一個整體的系統(tǒng)，如美國和歐盟，但在招投標中，在執(zhí)行法律時仍有一些故障。招標投標作為一種經(jīng)濟行為，投標報價的原則是公正，公平和公開的。為了更好的樹立法律制度的規(guī)定，作了較為詳細的，和更多的標準來進行招投標。問題是，如有假公開招標，不規(guī)范的信用評級，串標，也可以在美國和歐盟被發(fā)現(xiàn)。但美國和歐盟有著相對完善的法律，所以這種行為將被刑事法律所處置。然而，中國招投標法在這方面不夠完善。這主要是《中國中華人民共和國招標投標法》，《建筑法》等，以及建設(shè)項目的招標主要是基于法律的建設(shè)性的部門設(shè)置。從開展建設(shè)項目招標投標的法律法規(guī)，過于籠統(tǒng)地執(zhí)行法律。例如，在處理有關(guān)投標投訴，各部門基本上用他們自己的方式處理和