PAGEPAGE1中英文對照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)InformationSystemDevelopmentandDatabaseDevelopmentInmanyorganizations,databasedevelopmentfromthebeginningofenterprisedatamodeling,datamodelingenterprisesdeterminethescopeofthedatabaseandthegeneralcontent.Thisstepusuallyoccursinanorganization'sinformationsystemplanningprocess,itaimstohelporganizationscreateanoveralldatadescriptionorexplanation,andnotthedesignofaspecificdatabase.Aspecificdatabaseforoneormoreinformationsystemsprovidedataandthecorporatedatamodel(whichmayinvolveanumberofdatabases)describedbytheorganizationmaintainingthescopeofthedata.Datamodelingintheenterprise,youreviewofthecurrentsystem,theneedtosupportanalysisofthenatureofthebusinessareas,theneedforfurtherdescriptionoftheabstractdata,andplanningoneormoredatabasedevelopmentproject.Figure1showsPineValleyfurniturecompany'senterprisedatamodelofapart.1.1InformationSystemArchitectureSeniordatamodelisonlygeneralinformationsystemarchitecture(ISA)orapartofanorganization'sinformationsystemblueprint.Intheinformationsystemplanning,youcanbuildanenterprisedatamodelasawholeinformationsystemarchitecturepart.AccordingtoZachman(1987),SowaandZachman(1992)viewsofaninformationsystemarchitectureconsistsofthefollowingsixkeycomponents:DataManipulationofdataprocessing(ofadataflowdiagramcanbeused,withtheobjectmodelmethods,orothersymbolsthat).Networks,whichorganizationsandinorganizationswithitsmaintransmissionofdatabetweenbusinesspartners(itcanconnectthroughthenetworktopologymapandtodemonstrate).Peoplewhodealwiththeimplementationofdataandinformationandisthesourceandreceiver(intheprocessmodelforthedatashowsthatthesenderandthereceiver).Implementationoftheeventsandtimepoints(theycanusestatetransitiondiagramandothermeans.)Thereasonsfortheincidentanddataprocessingrules(oftenintheformoftextdisplay,buttherearealsoanumberofchartsfortheplanningtoolssuchasdecisiontables).1.2InformationEngineeringInformationsystemsplannersinaccordancewiththespecificinformationsystemplanningmethodsdevelopedinformationsystemarchitecture.Informationengineeringisapopularandformalmethods.Informationengineeringisadata-orientedcreationandmaintenanceoftheinformationsystem.Informationengineeringisbecausethedata-oriented,sowhenyoubegintounderstandhowthedatabaseisdefinedbythelogoandwheninformationengineeringaconciseexplanationisveryhelpful.InformationEngineeringfollowtop-downplanningapproach,inwhichspecificinformationsystemsfromawiderangeofinformationneedsintheunderstandingderivedfrom(forexample,weneedaboutcustomers,products,suppliers,salesandprocessingofthedatacenter),ratherthanmergingmanydetailedinformationrequested(orderssuchasascreenorinaccordancewiththeimportationofgeographicalsalessummaryreport).Top-downplanningwillenabledeveloperstoplanmorecomprehensiveinformationsystem,considersystemcomponentsprovideanintegratedapproachtoenhancetheinformationsystemandtherelationshipbetweenthebusinessobjectivesoftheunderstanding,deepentheirunderstandingofinformationsystemsthroughouttheorganizationinunderstandingtheimpact.InformationEngineeringincludesfoursteps:planning,analysis,designandimplementation.Theplanningstageofprojectinformationgeneratedinformationsystemarchitecture,includingenterprisedatamodel.1.3InformationSystemPlanningInformationsystemsplanningobjectiveistoenableITorganizationsandthebusinessstrategycloselyintegrated,suchintegrationfortheinformationsystemsandtechnologytomakethemostoftheinvestmentinterestisveryimportant.Asthetableasadescription,informationengineeringapproachtheplanningstageincludethreesteps,weinthefollow-upofthreesectionstheydiscussed.1.CriticalfactorsdeterminingtheplanningPlanningisthekeyfactorthatorganizationalobjectives,criticalsuccessfactorsandproblemareas.Thesefactorsdeterminethepurposeoftheestablishmentofplanningandenvironmentplanningandinformationsystemslinkedtostrategicbusinessplanning.Table2showsthePineValleyfurniturecompany'skeyplanninganumberofpossiblefactors,thesefactorscontributetotheinformationsystemsmanagerforthenewinformationsystemsanddatabasesclubstopprioritytodealwiththedemand.Forexample,giventheimprecisesalesforecaststhisproblemareas,informationsystemsmanagersintheorganizationmaybestoredinthedatabaseadditionalhistoricalsalesdata,newmarketresearchdataandnewproducttestdata.2.TheplanningorganizationssettargetsOrganizationsplanningtargetsdefinedscopeofbusiness,andbusinessscopewilllimitthesubsequentanalysisandinformationsystemsmaychangeplaces.Fivekeyplanningtargetsasfollows:●organizationalunitsinthevarioussectors.●organizationslocationoftheplaceofbusinessoperations.●functionsofthebusinesssupportorganizationshandlingmissionoftherelevantgroup.Unlikebusinessorganizationsfunctionmodules,infactafunctioncanbeassignedtovariousorganizationsmodules(forexample,productdevelopmentfunctionistheproductionandsaleofthecommonresponsibilityoftheMinistry).●typesofentitiesmanagedbytheorganizationonthepeople,placesandthingsofthemajortypesofdata.●InformationSystemdatasetprocessingsoftwareapplicationsandsupportprocedures.3.TosetupabusinessmodelAcomprehensivebusinessmodelincludingthefunctionsofeachenterprisefunctionaldecompositionmodel,theenterprisedatamodelandthevariousplanningmatrix.Functionaldecompositionisthefunctionoftheorganizationforamoredetaileddecompositionprocess,thefunctionaldecompositionistosimplifytheanalysisoftheissue,distractedandidentifycomponentsandtheuseoftheclassicalapproach.PineValleyfurniturecompanyinordertofunctioninthefunctionaldecompositionexampleinfigure2below.Indealingwithbusinessfunctionsandsupportfunctionsofthefullset,multipledatabases,isessentialtoaspecificdatabasethereforelikelyonlytosupportfunctions(asshowninFigure2)provideasubsetofsupport.Inordertoreducedataredundancyandtomakedatamoremeaningful,hasacomplete,high-levelbusinessviewisveryhelpful.Theuseofspecificenterprisedatamodeltodescribethesymbol.Apartfromthegraphicaldescriptionofthistypeofentity,acompleteenterprisedatamodelshouldalsoincludeadescriptionofeachentitytypedescriptionofbusinessoperationsandasummaryofthatbusinessrules.Businessrulesdeterminethevalidityofthedata.Anenterprisedatamodelincludesnotonlythetypesofentities,includingthelinkbetweenthedataentities,aswellasvariousotherobjectsplanninglinks.Showedthatthelinkagebetweenplanningtargetsacommonformofmatrix.Becauseofplanningmatrixneednotbeexplicitmodelingdatabasecanbeclearlydescribedbusinessneeds,planningmatrixisanimportantfunction.Regularplanningmatrixderivedfromtheoperationalrules,itwillhelpsocialdevelopmentactivitiesthattopprioritywillbesortinganddevelopmentactivitiesunderthetop-downviewthroughanenterprise-wideapproachforthedevelopmentoftheseactivities.Therearemanytypesofplanningmatrixisavailable,theircommonalitiesare:●locations-featuresshowbusinessfunctioninwhichtheimplementationofoperationallocations.●unit-functionswhichshowedthatbusinessfunctionorbusinessunitresponsibleforimplementation.●InformationSystem-dataentitiestoexplainhoweachinformationsysteminteractwitheachdataentity(forexample,whetherornoteachsystemineachentityhavethedatatocreate,retrieve,updateanddelete).●supportfunctions-dataineachfunctionalentitiesinthedatasetfortheacquisition,use,updateanddelete.●InformationSystem-targetindicationforeachinformationsystemtosupportbusinessobjectives.Dataentitiesmatrix.Suchamatrixcanbeusedforavarietyofpurposes,includingthefollowingthreeobjectives:1)identifygapsinthedataentitiestoindicatethetypesofentitiesnotuseanyfunctionorfunctionswhichdonotuseanyentity.2)foundthatthelossofeachfunctionalentitiesinvolvedintheinspectionstaffthroughthematrixtoidentifyanypossiblelossoftheentity.3)Thedistinctionbetweendevelopmentactivitiesiftheprioritytothetopofasystemdevelopmentfunctionforahigh-priority(probablybecauseitimportantorganizationalobjectivesrelated),thenthisareausedbyentitiesinthedevelopmentofthedatabasehasahighpriority.Hoffer,GeorgeandValacich(2002)aretheworksofthematrixonhowtousetheplanningandcompletionoftheInformationEngineering.Theplanningsystemmorecompletedescription.2databasedevelopmentprocessBasedoninformationengineeringinformationsystemsplanningdatabaseisasourceofdevelopmentprojects.Thesenewdatabasedevelopmentprojectsisusuallyinordertomeetthestrategicneedsoforganizations,suchasimprovingcustomersupport,improveproductandinventorymanagement,oramoreaccuratesalesforecast.However,manymoredatabasedevelopmentprojectisthebottom-upapproachemerging,suchasinformationsystemuserneedsspecificinformationtocompletetheirwork,thusbeginningaprojectrequest,andasotherinformationsystemsexpertsfoundthatorganizationsneedtoimprovedatamanagementandbeginnewprojects.Bottom-upeveninthecircumstances,tosetupanenterprisedatamodelisalsonecessarytounderstandtheexistingdatabasecanprovidethenecessarydata,otherwise,thenewdatabase,dataentitiesandattributescanbeaddedtothecurrentdataresourcestotheorganization.Boththestrategicneedsoroperationalinformationneedsofeachdatabasedevelopmentprojectsnormallyconcentratedinadatabase.Someprojectsonlyconcentratedinthedatabasedefinition,designandimplementationofadatabase,asafollow-uptothebasisofthedevelopmentofinformationsystems.However,inmostcases,thedatabaseandassociatedinformationprocessingfunctionasacompleteinformationsystemsdevelopmentprojectwaspartofthedevelopment.2.1SystemDevelopmentLifeCycleGuidemanagementinformationsystemdevelopmentprojectsisthetraditionalprocessofsystemdevelopmentlifecycle(SDLC).SystemdevelopmentlifecycleisanorganizationofthedatabasedesignersandprogrammersinformationsystemcomposedofthePanelofExpertsdetaileddescription,development,maintenanceandreplacementoftheentireinformationsystemsteps.ThisprocessisbecauseWaterfallthanforeverystepintotheadjacentthenextstep,thatis,theinformationsystemisaspecificationdevelopedbyapieceofland,everypieceoftheoutputisunderaninput.Howevershowninthefigure,thesestepsarenotpurelylinear,eachofthestepsoverlapintime(andthuscanmanageparallelsteps),butwhentheneedtoreconsiderpreviousdecisions,butalsotorollbacksomestepsahead.(Andthereforewatercanbeputbackinthewaterfall!)Figure4onthesystemdevelopmentlifecycleandthepurposeofeachstageoftheproductcanbedeliveredconcisenotes.Thesystemdevelopmentlifecycleincludingeachstageanddatabasedevelopment-relatedactivities,therefore,thequestionofdatabasemanagementsystemsthroughouttheentiredevelopmentprocess.InFigure5werepeatofthesystemdevelopmentlifecyclestageoftheseven,andoutlinesthecommondatabaseateachstageofdevelopmentactivities.Pleasenotethatthesystemsdevelopmentlifecyclestagesanddatabasedevelopmentsteps一一對應(yīng)existsbetweentherelationshipbetweentheconceptofmodelingdatainbothsystemsdevelopmentlifecyclestagesbetween.EnterpriseModelingDatabasedevelopmentprocessfromtheenterprisemodeling(systemdevelopmentlifecyclestageoftheprojectfeasibilitystudies,andtochooseapart),Organizationssetthescopeandgeneraldatabasecontent.Enterprisemodelingininformationsystemsplanningandotheractivities,theseactivitiesdeterminewhichpartofinformationsystemsneedtochangeandstrengthentheentireorganizationandoutlinesthescopeofdata.Inthisstep,checkthecurrentdatabaseandinformationsystems,developmentoftheprojectasthemainareasofthenatureofthebusiness,withaverygeneraldescriptionofeachterminthedevelopmentofinformationsystemswhenneededdata.Eachitemonlywhenitachievedtheexpectedgoalsoforganizationscanbewhenthenextstep.ConceptualDataModelingOnehasalreadybegunontheInformationSystemproject,theconceptofdatamodelingphaseoftheinformationsystemsneedsofallthedata.Itisdividedintotwostages.First,itbegantheprojectintheplanningstageandtheestablishmentofaplansimilartoFigure1.Atthesametimeoutliningtheestablishmentofotherdocumentstotheexistingdatabasewithoutconsideringthecircumstancesspecificdevelopmentprojectsinthescopeoftherequireddata.Thiscategoryonlyincludeshigh-leveldata(entities),andmaincontact.Theninthesystemdevelopmentlife-cycleanalysisstagemusthaveamanagementinformationsystemsettheentireorganizationDetailsofthedatamodeldefinitionofalldataattributes,listingalldatatypesthatalldatainter-entitybusinesslinkages,definingdescriptionofthefulldataintegrityrules.Intheanalysisphase,butalsotheconceptofinspectiondatamodel(alsocalledtheconceptbehindthemodel)andthegoalofinformationsystemsusedtoexplainotheraspectsofthemodelofconsistencycategories,suchasprocessingsteps,rulesanddataprocessingtimeoftiming.However,eveniftheconceptissuchdetaileddatamodelisonlypreliminary,becausefollow-upinformationsystemlifecycleactivitiesinthedesignofservices,statements,displayandinquiriesmayfindthatmissingelementormistakes.Therefore,theconceptofdataoftensaidthatmodelingisatop-downmanner,itsareasofoperationfromthegeneralunderstandingofthedriver,ratherthanthespecificinformationprocessingactivitiesbythedriver.3.LogicalDatabaseDesignLogicaldatabasedesignfromtwoperspectivesdatabasedevelopment.First,theconceptofdatamodeltransformintorelationaldatabasetheorybasedonthecriteriathatmeans-between.Then,asthedesignofinformationsystems,everycomputerprocedures(includingproceduresfortheinputandoutputformat),databasesupportservices,statements,andinquiriesrevealedthatadetailedexamination.Inthisso-calledBottom-upanalysis,accurateverificationoftheneedtomaintainthedatabaseandthedataineachaffairs,statementsandsoontheneedsofthoseinthenatureofthedata.Foreachseparatestatements,services,andsoontheanalysismusttakeintoaccountaspecific,limitedbutcompletedatabaseview.Whenstatements,services,andotheranalysismightbenecessarytochangetheconceptofdatamodel.Especiallyinlarge-scaleprojects,thedifferentanalyticalsystemsdevelopmentstaffandtheteamcanworkindependentlyindifferentproceduresorinacentralized,thedetailsoftheirworkuntilallthelogicdesignstagemaybedisplayed.Inthesecircumstances,logicdatabasedesignstagemustbetheoriginalconceptofdatamodelanduserviewtheseindependentormergedintoacomprehensivedesign.Inlogicdesigninformationsystemsalsoidentifyadditionalinformationprocessingneedsofthesenewdemandsatthistimemustbeintegratedintothelogicofearlieridentifiedinthedatabasedesign.Logicaldatabasedesignisbasedonthefinalstepfortheformationofgooddataspecificationsanddeterminetherules,thecombination,thedataafterconsultationspecificationsorconvertedintobasicatomicelement.Mostoftoday'sdatabase,theserulesfromtherelationaldatabasetheoryandtheprocessknownasstandardization.Thisstepistheresultofmanagementofthesedatahavenotcitedanydatabasemanagementsystemforacompletedescriptionofthedatabasemap.Logicaldatabasedesigncompleted,webegantoidentifyindetailthelogicofthecomputerprogramandmaintenance,thereportcontentsofthedatabaseforinquiries.4.PhysicaldatabasedesignanddefinitionPhysicaldatabasedesignanddefinitionphasedecisionscomputermemory(usuallydisk)databaseintheorganization,definitionofAccordingtothelibrarymanagementsystemforphysicalstructure,theproceduresoutlinedprocessingservices,producethedesiredmanagementinformationanddecisionsupportstatements.Theobjectiveofthisstageistodesignaneffectiveandsafemanagementofalldata-processingdatabase,thephysicaldatabasedesigntocloselyintegratetheinformationsystemsofotherphysicalaspectsofthedesign,includingprocedures,computerhardware,operatingsystemsanddatacommunicationsnetworks.5.DatabaseImplementationThedatabasepreparedbytherealizationstage,testingandinstallationproceduresforhandlingdatabases.Designerscanusethestandardprogramminglanguage(suchasCOBOL,CorVisualBasic),thededicateddatabaseprocessinglanguages(suchasSQL),ortheprocessofthenon-exclusivelanguageprogramminginordertoproduceastatementofthefixedformat,theresultwillbedisplayed,andmayalsoincludecharts.Inachievingstage,butalsothecompletionofallthedatabasefiles,trainingusersforinformationsystems(database)usersetupprogram.Thefinalstepistouseexistingsourcesofinformation(documentslegacyapplicationsanddatabasesandnowneedsnewdata)loadingdata.Loadingdataisoftenthefirststepindatafromexistingfilesanddatabasestoanintermediateformat(suchasbinaryortextfiles)andthentoturnintermediateloadingdatatoanewdatabase.Finally,runningdatabasesandrelatedapplicationsfortheactualusermaintenanceandretrievalofdata.Inoperation,theregularbackupdatabaseandthedatabasewhendamagedoraffectedresumedatabase.6.DatabasemaintenanceDuringthedatabaseintheprogressivedevelopmentofdatabasemaintenance.Inthisstep,inordertomeetchangingbusinessconditions,inordertocorrecttheerroneousdatabasedesign,databaseapplicationsorprocessingspeedincrease,deleteorchangethestructureofthedatabase.Whenaprocedureorfailureofthecomputerdatabaseaffectordamagethedatabasemayalsobereconstruction.Thisstepusuallyisthelongestinthedatabasedevelopmentprocessstep,asitcontinuedtodatabasesandrelatedapplicationsthroughoutthelifecycle,thedevelopmentofeachdatabasecanbeseenasabriefdatabasedevelopmentprocessanddatamodelingconceptsarise,logicalandphysicaldatabasedesignanddatabasetoachievedealingwiththechanges.2.2InformationSystemdevelopedbyothermeansSystemDevelopmentLifeCycleminorchangesinlaworitsvariantoftheoftenusedtoguideinformationsystemsanddatabasedevelopment.InformationSystemisalife-cyclemethodology,itishighlystructuredapproach,whichincludesmanychecksandbalancestoensurethateverystepofproduceaccurateresults,andneworalternativeinformationsystemanditmustcommunicationsordatadefinitionsconsistentexistingsystemneedsconsistency.Systemdevelopmentlifecyclebecauseoftheregularneedtohaveaworkingsystemforalongtimebeencriticizedbecauseonlyworkinthesystemuntiltheendofthewholeprocessgenerated.Moreandmoreorganizationsnowuserapidapplicationdevelopmentmethod,itisaincludesanalysis,designandimplementationofstepstorepeattherapiditerativeprocessuntilconvergencetousersthesystemsofar.RapidApplicationDevelopmentActrequiredthedatabasehasbeeninexistence,andenhancesystemismainlytotheapplicationofdataretrievalapplication,butnottothosewhogenerateandmodifydatabaseapplications.Themostwidelyusedmethodofrapidapplicationdevelopmentisoneoftheprototype.Theprototypesystemisamethodofiterativedevelopmentprocess,analystsandusersthroughcloseco-operation,continuingtorevisethesystemwilleventuallyconvertalltheneedsofaworkingsystem.Figure6showsprototypeoftheprocess.Inthisdiagramwecontainsnotes,brieflydescribeseachstageoftheprototypeofthedatabasedevelopmentactivities.Normally,wheninformationsystemsproblemswereidentified,triedonlyaroughconceptofdatamodeling.Inthedevelopmentoftheinitialprototype,thedesignoftheuserwantstodisplayandstatements,andthatanynewdatabaseneedsanddefineatermprototypedatabase.Thisisusuallyanewdatabase,copythepartoftheexistingsystem,butmightalsoaddedsomenewcontent.Whentheneedfornewcontent,theseelementsareusuallyfromexternaldatasources,suchasmarketresearchdata,thegeneraleconomicindicatorsorindustrystandards.Whenaprototypeofanewversiontorepeattheachievementandmaintenanceofdatabaseactivities.Usuallyonlyaminimumlevelofsecurityandintegritycontrol,becauseatthistimethefocusisassoonaspossibletoproduceaprototypeversioncanbeused.Butdocumentmanagementprojectalsodeferredtothefinal,onlybeusedinthedeliveryofusertraining.Finally,onceconstructedanacceptableprototype,developers,anduserswillbethefinaldecisionofwhethertoprototypedeliveryandtheuseofthedatabase.Ifthesystem(includingdatabase)efficiencyisverylow,thenthesystemanddatabasewillbere-programmingandre-organizationinordertoachievethedesiredperformance.Alongwithvisualprogrammingtools(suchasVisualBasic,Java,VisualC++andfourthgenerationlanguage)increasinglypopularuseofvisualprogrammingtoolscaneasilychangetheuserinterfacewiththesystem,theprototypeisbecomingthechoiceofsystemdevelopmentmethodology.Customersusingtheprototypemethodstatementsandshowchangestothecontentandlayoutisquiteeasy.Intheprocess,thenewdatabaseneedswereidentified,soitisthedevelopmentoftheuseoftheexistingdatabaseshouldbeamended.Thereiseventhepossibilityofaneedforanewdatabasesystemprototypemethod,insuchcircumstances,whenthesystemdemandintheiterativeprocessofdevelopmentintheever-changingneedsaccesstosampledata,theconstructionorreconstructionofthedatabaseprototype.3databasedevelopmentofthethree-tierarchitecturemodelInthisarticleonthefrontofthedatabasedevelopmentprocessmentionedintheinterpretationofasystemdevelopmentprojectontheestablishmentoftheseveraldifferent,butrelateddatabaseviewormodel:●conceptualmodel(intheanalysisstageoftheestablishment).●externalmodeloruserview(intheanalysisphaseandtheestablishmentoflogicaldesignphase).●physicalmodelorinternalmodel(inthephysicaldesignphaseoftheestablishment).Figure7describesthedatabaseviewthattherelationshipbetweenthethree,itisimportanttorememberthattheyarethesameorganizationsdatabaseviewormodel.Inotherwords,eachorganizationhasadatabaseofthephysicalmodel,aconceptmodelandoneormoreusersview.Therefore,thethree-tierarchitecturemodelusingthesamedatasetobservethedifferentwaysdefinitiondatabase.Conceptmodelsonthefulldatabasestructure,hasnothingtodowiththetechnicalspecifications.Conceptualmodeldefinitiondonotinvolvetheentiredatabasedatastoredinthecomputerhowthesecondarymemory.Usually,theconceptualmodelbyentities-links(E-R)maporobjectmodelingsymbolssuchagraphicalformattodescribe,wehavethistypeofconceptmodelcalledthedatamodel.Inaddition,theconceptualmodelspecificationasametadatastoredinthedatabaseordatadictionary.Physicalmodelsincludingconceptualmodelofhowdatastoredincomputermemoryinthetwospecifications.Analystsandthedatabasedesignisasimportanttothephysicaldatabase(physicalmode)definition,itprovidesinformationonthedistributionandmanagementofdatastorageandaccessofthephysicalmemoryspaceoftwofulldatabasetechnologyspecifications.Databasedevelopmentanddatabasetechnologydatabaseisamongthethreemodelsdividedintobasis.Databasedevelopmentprojectsmayhavearoletoonlydealwiththesethreeviewsofarelatedwork.Forexample,abeginnermaybedesignedforoneormoreproceduresexternalmodel,andanexperienceddeveloperwilldesignthephysicalmodelorconceptualmodel.Databasedesignissuesatdifferentlevelsarequitedifferent.4three-tierstructureofthedatabasepositioningsystemObviously,allthegoodthingsinthedatabaseare,andthe"three"!Whendesigningadatabase,youhavetochoosewheretostoredata.Thisoptioninthephysicaldatabasedesignstage.Databaseisdividedintoindividualdatabases,theWorkingGroupdatabase,departmentaldatabases,corporatedatabasesandtheInternetdatabase.Individualsoftenbytheend-userdatabasedesignanddevelopmentoftheirown,justbydatabaseexpertstogivetrainingandadvicetohelp,itonlycontainsindividualend-usersinterestedinthedata.Sometimes,personaldatabasefromthedatabaseorenterpriseWorkingGroupextractedfromthedatabase,suchcircumstancesdatabasepreparedbysomeexpertsfromtheregularroutinetocreatelocaldatabase.SectorWorkingGroupdatabaseandthedatabaseisoftentheend-user,businessexpertsandthecentraldatabasesystemexpertsdevelopment.Thecollaborativeworkoftheseofficersisnecessarybecauseinthedesignofthedatabasetobesharedbyalargenumberofissuesweigh:processingspeed,easeofuse,datadefinitiondifferencesandothersimilarproblems.DuetocorporatedatabasesandtheInternetdatabasebroadimpact,large-scale,itisnormallyconcentratedinthedatabasedevelopmentteamhasreceivedprofessionaltrainingtodevelopadatabaseofexperts.1.CustomerslayerAdesktopornotebookalsoknownasthatlayer,whichspecializedmanagementuserinterfaceandsystemlocalizationdatainthislayercanbeimplementedontheWebscriptingtasks.2.Server/WebserverHTTPprotocolhandling,scriptingtasks,theimplementationofcomputingandprovidedataaccess,thelayerknownasp